魔域骑士奈丽在哪买:初中英语中考复习资料 (11)
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every one与of连用必须分开写。
§176 examination/ test/ quiz
Ⅰ.examination表示考试的意思时,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如:
① We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。
② The students did very well in the terminal examination. 学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式)
③ They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。
Ⅱ.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如:
① We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。
② The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老师对我们进行了语法考查。
Ⅲ.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如:
① The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。
§177 exciting/ excited
Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。
exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”,主语常是物。如:
① Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。
② It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。
Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”,主语常是人。如:
① The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。
② The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。
[注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有:
interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的
worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的
tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的
bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的
§178 excuse …for/ excuse … from
Ⅰ. excuse … for “原谅某事”。如:
① He excused me for being late. 他原谅我迟到了。
② Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。
Ⅱ. excuse … from “使免于……,允许不……”如:
① The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。
② The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。
§179 expect/ wait
Ⅰ.expect 是及物动词,作“期待,预料,指望”解,表“期待某人会来或某事会发生”的意思,后接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。如:
① We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。
② We expect to meet you again next year. 我们期待明年再见到你。
▲ expect 可引申为汉语的“等待”,多用于进行时态,主要指“期盼”的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如:
③ Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢?
Ⅱ. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指“等候”的具体行为。如:
① Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说几句话。
② I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。
§180 family/ home/ house
这三个词都可以作“家”讲。
Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如:
There are four rooms in the house.
Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如:
① His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。
② My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。
Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如:
Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。
另外,home还可作副词。如:Let’s go home.
§181 faraway/ far away
Ⅰ.faraway指时间、距离、程度等,“遥远的”如:
the faraway guests 远方的客人
它还可表“心不在焉的”。如:
a faraway look 恍惚的神色
Ⅱ.far away是副词词组,只表距离远,在句中作状语还常作后置定语。如:
① He’s standing far away.
② He lived in a small village far away.
§182 farm / field
Ⅰ.farm是“农场”,它的范围大,包括田地、树木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介词on。
Ⅱ.field是“田地”,或生长草木的原野,多用复数形式,但一块稻田可以说:a rice field,其前常用介词in。如:
① There several kinds of animals on the farm.
§1 83 farmer/ peasant
Ⅰ.farmer指经营农庄的人。
Ⅱ.peasant包括雇农、小佃农或小耕农。在我国将农民都译为peasant。
§184 farther/ further
father, further都可以是far的比较级,意为“较远、更远”,但further除此之外,还有“更进一步,此外的”等意思,既可以作形容词,也可以作副词。如:
① They made further arrangement. 他们作了进一步的安排。
② I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。
③ She didn’t argue further about it. 她对此不再争论了。
§185 fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick
Ⅰ. fast “快”一般指物体的运动速度(speed)快,常用来形容交通工具跑得快,钟表走得快,人的动作快等。如:
① A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽车比卡车跑得快。
② How fast the horse runs! 这匹马跑得多快呀!
Ⅱ. quick 指较短的时间或较近的将来即可发生或完成某事,常用来形容动作敏捷、反应迅速。如:
① Come quick! 快来呀!
② Please give me a quick reply. 请迅速给我答复。
Ⅲ. rapid 表速度之快,往往可与fast通用,但它多指运动本身。如:
① The boy is making rapid progress. 这孩子进步很快。
② Rapid speech is usually indistinct. 急促的语言往往不清晰。
③ The current was rapid. 水流得很急。
Ⅳ. swift 表速度很快而又常指运动平稳而不费力。如:
① Eagles are swift in flight. 鹰飞得很快。
§186 feed/ keep
Ⅰ. feed “喂养”,强调具体的动作,意为:“给……喂食、给……东西吃”常用句型为:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed sth. to sb./ sth. 给(人或动物)某物作为食物。如:
① Mr King has a large family to feed. 金先生要养活一大家人。
② What do you feedyour dog on?你用什么喂狗?
③ Feed some stewed(炖的)apple to the baby. 给婴儿多喂些炖苹果。
Ⅱ. keep “饲养”,指总体情况,不涉及具体动作。如:
① The old woman kept many dogs. 那位老太太养了许多狗。
§187 festival/ holiday/ red-letter day/ vacation
Ⅰ.festival“节日”其特点是同欢乐,如:外国的圣诞节,我国的春节等。
① Christmas and Easter are Church festival.圣诞节和复活节都是教会的节日。
② A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival.
Ⅱ.red-letter day “纪念、节日、大喜日子”,指日历是用红字标明的日子,如:
There aare many red-letter day round the year.
Ⅲ.vacation通常指按规定停下工作或学习等活动而休息的一段时间,一般较长,如学校里的寒暑假。如:
§188 few/ a few/ little/ a little
few和a few 修饰可数名词,little 和a little 修饰不可数名词;few和little表否定意义,可受very修饰。a few 和a little表肯定意义,可受only修饰。如:
① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.
② This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.
③ -------There is little water left in my glass.
-------Will you please give me some?
④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left.
§189 fairly /quite / rather
Ⅰ. fairly 多用于褒义,语气最弱,表“适度、尚可”等意思。
① It’s fairly cold out; wear a jacket. 外面颇冷,穿件外套。
② This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅易的书。
Ⅱ. Quite 与fairly 用法相似,但语气较强。如:
① It is quite cold out; wear a coat. 外面很冷,穿件外套。
② You are not quite happy this morning. 你今天早上我太高兴。
Ⅲ. rather 多用于贬义。语气在这三个词中最强。如:
§190 fight/ struggle/battle
Ⅰ.fight 意为“战斗”,指人与人,动物与动物,用武器或不用武器的战斗,也可以引伸其义,如:
They fought their enemies bravely. 他们勇敢斗敌。
Ⅱ.struggle意为“斗争”,指那些费力、很艰苦、时间长的斗争,如:
His life was a hard struggle with sickness. 他一生与疾病作了艰苦的斗争。
Ⅲ.battle“作战”,一般指有组织的武装部队之间的斗争。如:
They were wounded in battle. 他们都在战斗中受了伤。
作为名词时,fight和battle都有“战斗”的意思,有时可以通用。如:
The fight/battle lasted a long time. 这次战斗持续了很长时间。
1) fight的意义比较广泛,还可指人对自然界的斗争,有时也指人们之间的斗争。如:
We have starded a fight against pollution. 我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。
2) struggle相当于a hard fight(奋斗),如:
The slaves won their struggle for freedom. 奴隶们为自由而进行的斗争胜利了。
§191 fill/ full
Ⅰ.fill为及物动词,表“使……满”,常与介词with搭配,表达“被……充满”时用be filled with结构。如:
① The bottle is filled with water. 这只瓶子装满了水。
② He was filled with joy at the news. 听到这个消息,他内心充满了喜悦。
Ⅱ.full是形容词,多作表语,表示主语所处的状态,常见于be full of 结构中。如:
① The schoolbag is full of books. 书包里装满了书。
② He drew in an old badsket full of sand. 他捞上来一个灌满泥沙的旧蓝子。
[注]:be filled with = be full of .可以互换。但介词with与of 不能混淆。如:
The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people.
§192 final/ last
Ⅰ.final表终止或结束之意,有时带有决定性或结论性等意味。如:
① Today is the final day of this term. 今天是本学期的最后一天。
② We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow. 明天我们将知道选举的最后结果。
Ⅱ.last “最后的、末尾的”指按次序的前后或时间的先后居于最后,并意味着后面不再有了。如:
① My house stands in the last row.
§193 finally/ at last/ in the end
这三个都可以作“最后”讲,但用法不同。
Ⅰ.finally表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”,无感情色彩,只用于过去时,它居句首时较多。
Ⅱ.at last 表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩,须用一般过去时。
Ⅲ.in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时或与 finally相互替换,但用于对将来的预测,则只能用in the end。如:
① Did the man in the shop understand him at last?
② Finally he went to see the famous man himself.
③ I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
§194 famous as / famous for
Ⅰ. (be) famous as “以(某种身份)……出名(著名)”as后跟人宾语往往与主语同位。如:
① She is famous as a poet. 他以一名诗人而著名。
② The town is famous as a car-making place. 该城镇以制造汽车而闻名。
Ⅱ. (be) famouse for “困……而闻名(驰名)”表示由于某种特征而出名,for后的宾语一般为主语人从属内容。如:
① China has been famous for its silk. 中国素以丝绸闻名。
§195 fix/ mend/ repair
Ⅰ. 这三个词都可译为“修理”,但fix 一词在美语中应用更广泛。fix 和repair 一样,都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性状或机能,如“修理、安装”钟表、收音机、照相机、电视机、汽车和机床等大型物体。repair 还可以用于修筑堤坝、道路和建筑等。如:
a
Ⅱ mend 一般用于“修补”破损的东西使其恢复原样,一般指较小之物。如衣服、鞋袜、伞和桌椅等。如:
mend
§196foolish/ silly / stupid
Ⅰ.foolish 的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,指显得缺乏判断力或普通常识的人或言行等。如:
① How foolish of you to condent! 你竟会同意,多么愚蠢啊!
② Don’t be so foolish. 别那么傻。
③ He is a foolish man to throw away such a chance. 他放弃这样的机会真是个傻瓜。
Ⅱ.silly的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,表示愚蠢到了极点,以致令人发笑或轻视,它还常常表示没有意思、无聊等意义。如:
① How silly of you to do that! 你竟做那件事,多么愚蠢啊!
② That is a silly story. 那是一个无聊的故事。
Ⅲ.stupid的意思是“愚蠢的、笨的”,指智力差,觉察理解力、学习能力等差。它有时可与foolish或silly通用,但其意味最强。如:
① He is a stupid person. 他是个蠢人。
§197for short/ short for
Ⅰ.for short意为“简称”、“缩写”,是介词词组,常用作状语,如:
① The teacher told Tom to write the text for short. 老师要汤姆缩写课文。
Ⅱ.short for意为“是。。。 。。。的缩写”与be 动词连用,构成系表结构作谓语,如:
① “There’re” is short for “there are”.
§198 from now on/ from then on
from now on“从现在起”,是以现在为起点延续下去,谓语通常用将来时态。from then on“从那时起”,是以过去为起点延续下来,谓语通常用过去时态和完成时态。如:
① She is going to live with you from now on. 从现在起我将刻苦学习。
② From then on, he hasn’t seen his uncle again. 从那以后他再也没有看见他叔叔了。
§199 game/ match/ race/ sport
Ⅰ. game 主要指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则,凡参加者均须遵守。如:
① After a game on the wports field they often become good friends. 他们在运动场上进行一场比赛之后,常常变成了好朋友。
[注]:说“比赛”, 在英国通常用match,在美国通常用game.另外game 的复数形式一般指大型的国际比赛或综合性体育运动会。如:the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会。
Ⅱ.match 表示相互间正式的体育比赛、球类比赛,英国人常用。
① They are going to have a volleyball match. 他们将进行一场排球赛。
Ⅲ. race 主要用于赛跑、赛车等速度比赛。如:
① Who can win the relay race, Class 3 or Class 4? 谁能赢这场接力赛,三班还是四班?
Ⅳ. sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,跳高,游泳,钓鱼,打猎,赛马和拳术等。如:
① Swimming is his favourite sport. 游泳是他最喜欢的运动项目。
② Skating is one of the winter sports. 滑冰是一个冬季运动项目。
[注]复数形式sports可指运动会。如:
③ He created a new record in high-jump at our school sports. 在我们学校的运动会上,他创造了跳高新纪录。
§200gift/ present
Ⅰ.gift“礼物”指较正式的礼物。如:
The watch was a gift from his father.
Ⅱ.present往往与gift通用,但不如gift正式。如:
① I’m buying it for a present, so please wrap it up nicely. 我买这东西是作礼物送人的,请你包扎得好一点。
§201grow / keep / raise / plant
Ⅰ. grow & plant 都可表示“种植”如种植草、树、苗、花卉粮食等植物。grow 着重指种植以后的栽培、管理过程。
plant 着重指“种植”这一行为。某人plant a tree 之后,树是死是活,不一定管,但某人grow a tree 则包括培育管理,使其生长的过程。如:
① The students are planting trees on the hill. 学生们正在山坡上栽树。(不用grow)
② The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位农民在这块田里种植小麦。(不用plant)
③ People grow bananas in Hainan. 海南种植香蕉。(不用plant)
Ⅱ. keep 表“赡养”后可接表人或动物的名词,不用来代替plant 或grow. 如:
① He has a wife and three children to keep. 他要养活妻子和三个孩子。
② My grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶养猪养鸡。
③ My uncle has a large family to keep. 我叔叔要养活一大家人。
Ⅲ. raise 除表“饲养(动物)”以外,还可表示“教育(子女)”; “培育(植物)”。如:
① We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。
② My grandma raised a family of five. 我祖母养育了五口之家。
③ Where were you raised ? 你在哪儿长大?
④ He raised some flowers in the back garden. 他在后园里种了一些花。
[注]:raise 强调从小精心培养到大,通常指培养花卉以及较难管理的植物。如:
① Let’s grow / raise some flowers in the garden.咱们在园子里种些花吧。
§202 glad/ happy/merry/ pleased
这组形容词都有:“高兴、快乐”之意。
Ⅰ.glad 多用在与人见面时的客套语中,指使人感到:情绪上有短暂的喜悦,常用作表语,一般情况下不作定语。如:
① I’m glad to help you with your English. 我很高兴帮你学英语。
① I’m glad to help you with your English. 我很高兴帮你学英语。
Ⅱ.happy指使人感到内心的满足、幸福和愉快,祝贺新年或庆贺生日时常用到它,可用作表语和定语。如:
① Happy New Year! 新年好!
② I’ll be happy to meet him. 我将高兴地与他见面。
Ⅲ.pleased 意为:“对……感到满意/高兴”常与be连用,后面接介词with(sb), at(sth) 等引起的短语,或不定式;pleased 通常不作定语。如:
① He is pleased with his new job. 他对他的新工作很满意。
② She was very much pleased at the news. 她听到这个消息非常满意。
[注意]:以下结构可互换:
be
Ⅳ.merry 除“高兴”之外,还有耳目可以感到的“热闹”,一般只作定语。如:
§203 go / walk
Ⅰ. go 指朝着一定地点的方向运动。如:
① We go to school at seven in the morning.
② Please go downstairs to have lunch.
③ 此外,go的主语还可以是动物、交通工具和机械等。如:
My watch goes fast.我的表走快了。
The train goes to Beijing. 火车开往北京。
Ⅱ. walk 指朝着一定地点或无目的地“走”,常译为“步行、散步”如:
① He often walks after supper. 饭后他经常散步。
② They are walking along the river. 他们正沿着河岸走。
③ Let’s go out for a walk. 我們出去散步吧。
§204 go on with sth/ go on doing sth/
go on to do sth
Ⅰ. go on doing sth,“(停顿以后)继续做某事”;“不停地做某事”即做原来在做的事情。如:
① Now let’s go on writing. 我们继续往下写。
② It’s raining, but the farmers went on working( = kept on working) in the fields. 天在下雨,然而农民們还在地里我停地干活。
Ⅱ. go on with sth 表示:“间断后做原来没有做完的事”后面跟名词,不能接动词-ing 形式。如:
① After a rest, they went on with the work. 休息以后,他们继续劳动。
Ⅲ. go on to do sth. 指“接着做另一件事”,即接下来做与原来不同人事情。如:
① That’s all for the text. Now let’s go on to learn the grammer. 课文就到这里,现在我们接着学语法。
② He went on to show us how to translate the sentence in a different way. 他接着教我们如何用另一种方法翻译这个句子。
§205 go to bed/ go to sleep/ sleep/ be(fall) asleep
Ⅰ. go to bed 指“就寝”, 只表示“上床去睡”这一动作,无“睡着”之意。是终止性动词。它的对应词 是get up “起床”
Ⅱ.in bed 表示一种状态,在句中常作表语,意为“躺在床上,睡着”。其中in不能用on 替换。
Ⅲ. go to sleep 与get to sleep 意义相近,也是终止性动词。即:“入睡、睡着”,强调进入梦乡的过程。“开始睡觉”,即:being to sleep.如:
① I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么时候睡着的。
Ⅳ. fall asleep意为“睡着”表示一个动作的过程,侧重于“自然而然地入睡”,有时也含有“不想入睡而入睡”之意;be asleep“熟睡”,强调睡眠的状态,该短语在句中作谓语。
Ⅴ. sleep 可动词和名词,表“睡着”“睡眠”,是可持续性的动词。
Ⅵ. asleep 是表语形容词,不能作定语 如:
① The children are all asleep. 孩子们都睡着了。
② Are you asleep? 你睡着了吗?
§206 good/ fine/ nice/ well
Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词,表“好的质量”,“好的品质”。等意思。如:
① Lucy is a good girl.
② These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。
Ⅱ. fine 侧重于“质量的精细”, “身体健康”,还可以表示“天气晴朗”等。如:
① This is a fine house.
② How are you? I’m fine, thank you.
③ It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。
Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的“好看、漂亮”。取悦于人的感觉。也可指“(对人)友好和蔼”如:
① It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错,但却不是一块好表。
② It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。
③ They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。
Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得“好”,修饰动词。也可作表语,指身体好。如:
① Well done! 干得好!
② I’m well. 我好了。
§207 grow/ increase
Ⅰ.作不及物动词,两者有相同的含意“增长”。如:
① The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越来快。
Ⅱ.grow还有“生长,发育”的意思。如:
① The rice is growing fine. 水稻长势不错。
Ⅲ.作及物动词,用法各异。
grow种植,栽 如:
① Wheat is grown in north of China. 中国北方种植小麦。
increase增加、增长 如:
① They are working hard to increase production. 他们正在努力工作以增加产量。
Ⅳ.increase可作名词,意为“增加、增长”。如:
①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中国我们正在尽全力降低人口数量的增长。
§208 hand in/ turn in
Ⅰ. hand in “传递、交给”。指交作业等。如:
The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老师要他们交作业本。
Ⅱ. turn in “上交、交出”。指将某物归公。或交给上级或组织以便找到失主。一般也可与hand in 互换。如:
① You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。
② You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。
§209 hands up/ put up one's hand
Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语,相当于Put up your arms over your head! “举起手来!”如:
① “Hands up, or I’ll shoot.” The policeman demanded the robber. “举起手来,不然我开枪了。”警察命令抢劫犯。
Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如:
① Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案?请举手。
② Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。
§210 happen/ take place/ occur
都有“发生”之意
Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语,应用广泛,指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即:“(某人)发生了什么事——happen to sb”,或 “(某物)发生了什么情况——happen to sth”。其主语通常由 accident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示“碰巧发生某事,——happen to do sth.”如:
① What has happened? 发生什么事了?–––
② What happened to you? 你发生什么事了?
③ It happened through your negligence. 这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。
④ He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。
⑤ I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。
Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事,无偶然之意。其主语常是表:“运动、活动、会议等”的名词。如:
① The Olympic Games take place every four years. 奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。
② The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四运动发生于一九一九年。
③ Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来,我国发生了巨大的变化。
Ⅲ. occur[?`k?:] 常与happen 通用。但,是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。
① When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么时候发生的?
② Don’t let the mistake occur again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。
§211 hare/ rabbit
Ⅰ. hare “野兔”比rabbit大,不打洞栖身。如:
① That is a hare. 那是只野兔。
Ⅱ. rabbit 指“野兔”时,比hare小,不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如
① I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。
② He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。
§212 harm/ hurt
Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有“伤害”之意,但二者有区别:
harm 用面较广,往往暗示“不良的后果”, 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。
hurt 往往暗示“肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快”其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词,所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。
① The nose of machines harmed their hearing.
机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。
② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。
§213 have been to / have been in / have gone to
Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:“曾经到过某处”但目前人未在那儿。如:
① Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了?(现在已回来)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(现不在北京)
② I have never been there before, have I? 我以前从未去过那儿,是吗?
Ⅱ. have been in 表示:“去了某地,并曾在那儿(一段时间),或现在仍在那儿。
① She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks.
Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:“去了”指人已经走了,(至少目前不在说话的地点,在去的途中或已经到目的地)。如:
① Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school. 凯特不在家,她上学去了。(在路上或已经在学校了)。
② She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿,她去南京了。
§214 have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep
Ⅰ. have sth done “让某事被做”如:
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。(让别人理)。
Ⅱ. have sh done。“让某人被……”如:
He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(让别人打)
Ⅲ. have sb do sth. “让某人做某事”如:
I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV. 我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。
Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing “让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如:
① Don’t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生們学习。
② They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。
Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词,如:
① The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。
§215 have to / must
Ⅰ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有不得不的意味。如:
① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗?
② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。
Ⅱ. must “必须 ”往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。如:
① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
② We must go. 我必须去。
§216 have/ own
Ⅰ. have “有”表人与物/人,物与物之间存在的“所有;所属”的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如:
① I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。
② Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗?
Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合,强调“(合法地)拥有”某物的所有权,主语一定是该物的主人。如:
① I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。
② Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的?
§217 head/ brains
Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的,有形的“头”。如:
Don’t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。
Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,无形的“脑力、智力”。
[注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。
§218 hear/ hear of/ hear from
Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力,强调听的结果。如:
① I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.
Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of,意义无多大的区别。如:
① We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息,我们都很高兴。
② Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗?
Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的来信(电话等)”如:
① Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。
② We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后,我们一直没有收到他的来信。
§219 hear/ listen
Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如:
① Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗?
② I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音,但并不用心去听她说的是什么。
Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如:
① Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?
② We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也没听到。
§220 heaven/ sky
Ⅰ. heaven “天、天国、天堂”与earth和 hell(地狱)相对。在文学语言中,它也可以指天空,常用算数形式。如:
① The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。
② He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。
Ⅱ. sky “天、天空”,一般用作单数。但在文学语言中,有时也用算数形式(skies).如:
① There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。
② Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies.
为有牺牲多斗志,敢教日月换新天。 (毛泽东)
§221 high/ tall
Ⅰ. high “高(的)”,普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高,或指所处位置较高。如:
① That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。
② He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。
Ⅱ. tall “高的”,常与short相对,也指同类中较高的,尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。当指物时,往往可与high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如:
① She is rather tall. 她相当高。
② We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。
§222 hill/ mountain
Ⅰ. hill “小山”通常比mountain 小。如:
① I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。
② The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。
Ⅱ. mountain “高山”,比hill大。如:
① We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。
② He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。
§223 help with / help…with.
Ⅰ. help with “帮助”后面直接跟名词。如:
① Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。
② The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。
Ⅱ. help …with. “帮助某人做某事”即help st with sth. 如:
① May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗?
§224 human being/ man / person/ people
Ⅰ. human being “人类”,可数名词,算数为human beings. 意义较具体,以区别于动物、鬼神之类。如:
There were no sight of human beings on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes. 那个岛上虽然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但没有人居住过的痕迹。
Ⅱ. man “人类”,单数或复数均可。其前不用限定词。如:
Man must make the earth support more people. 人类必须使地球养活更多的人。
Ⅲ. person. “人”着重指个别而言。与animal相对。指男,女,老,少均可。如:
There are only three persons in the room. 房间里只有三个人。
Ⅳ. people “人”是集合名词。与enemy相对,有较强的感情色彩。指普通人时,可与person代换。其复数形式为“民族”之意。如:
① Most people think so 大多数人这样想。
§225 hanged / hung
这两个词都是hang的过去分词。
Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作“上吊;绞死”时的过去时和过去分词。
① The murderer was hanged this morning. 那个杀人犯今天上午被绞死。
② He hanged himself from a beam in the attic. 他在阁楼上悬梁自尽了。
Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作“悬挂;下垂”等 意思时过去时和过去分词。如:
① She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree. 她把圣诞节的装饰品挂在树上。
② He hung his head in shame. 他羞耻得垂下脑袋。
§226 hurry up/ hurry off(away) / hurry to
Ⅰ. hurry up 中的up是副词。“赶快、快点、加紧”之意。含有催促、命令之意。且常用于肯定结构,偶而用于否定结构时,up可省。如:
① Hurry up! There is not enough time. 赶快!时间不够了。
② Don’t hurry. There is enough time. 别着急。还有时间。
Ⅱ.hurry off / away中的 away是副词。“匆匆离去”无催促之意。如:
① Li Lei hurried off /away without a word. 李雷一句话不说就匆匆走了。
② With this, the woman hurried away / off. = With this, the woman went away in a hurry.说完这话,那妇人匆匆离去。
Ⅲ. hurry to 是短语动词。to 介词。“匆匆去某地”如:
① He hurried to his office. = He went to his office in a hurry.
Ⅳ. in a hurry. 介词短语。“匆忙地(地)”,“慌忙地(的)”
① She dressed herself for the party in a hurry. 她为参加联欢会而匆忙地换穿衣服。
② You are always in a hurry. 你总是匆匆忙忙地。
§227 hurt/ injure/ wound
Ⅰ.hurt的意思是“使受伤、使疼痛、使伤心、伤害”,它是普通用语,可以表示使肉体受伤或疼痛,也可以表示使感情受到伤害。如:
① He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌到时伤了背部。
② My shoe is too tight, it hurts (me). 我的鞋太紧,使我的脚感到痛。
③ That’ll hurt her feelings. 那会伤她的感情。
Ⅱ.injure的意思是“伤害、损害”,指损害一个人的外表、健康、完好的东西(如自尊心、名誉、成就)等。如:
① He injured an arm in a car accident. 他在一次车祸中伤了一只手臂。
② You will injure your health by smoking too much. 你吸烟太多,有伤身体。
③ This injured his pride. 这伤了他的自尊心。
Ⅲ.wound的意思是“受伤、伤害”,通常指因外来的暴力使身体受伤,尤指在战争中或遭袭击受伤。它也可以指精神上受创伤。如:
① Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded. 十名士兵阵亡,三十名受伤。
② The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 枪弹打伤了他的肩膀。
③ He felt wounded in his honour. 他觉得他的名誉受到了伤害。
§228 if/ whether
Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某种情况下右互换。如:
① I don’t know if / whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。
Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether:
1. 正式文体中,句中有or not时。如:
I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。
2.引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如:
Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。
3. 作介词宾语时,如:
I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。
4. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组。如:
Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 李雷还未决定去还是不去。
5. 作discuss等词的宾语时,如:
They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。
6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如:
Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。
Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能,意为“如果”引导条件状语从句;而whether另有“不管,无论”之意,引导让步状语从句。如:
① I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我,我将很高兴。
② Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事。
§229 ill/ sick
Ⅰ. ill “病”,常用作表语,一般不作名词的前置定语用;而sick可直接作前置定语用。如:
① She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。
② He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。
Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如:
① He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。
Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时,一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说:seriously sick/ ill. 如:
① He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风,不久就更厉害了。
§231 in / of
均可用来表比较范围。
Ⅰ.of 表“属性”,意为“在同类中,最……”
Ⅰ.in表“在……内”,意指“在某地或某范围之中最……”,其后接表地点或组织、机构等的名词,与比较对象不属同一范畴。如:
① Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys.
§232 in the future/in future
这两个词组都有“在将来”的意思,但含义上有区别。
Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来,在时间上包括现在。如:
① You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。
② He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。
Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间,在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如:
① Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么?
② In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 将来,旅行社可能会组织去月球的旅行。
§233 in time/on time
Ⅰ.in time“及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。
Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如:
① Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。
② They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。
③ Can you get there in time? 你能及时感到那儿吗?
④ You must always return your library book on time. 你必须总是按时归还从图书馆借的书。
§234 in/ on/ to
Ⅰ.in 表示“在某范围之内”,如:
① In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night.
② Beijing is in the north of China.
Ⅱ.on 表示“两地接壤”。如:
① Tianjin is on the north of Beijing.
② Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong.
Ⅲ.to 表示“在某范围之外,两地不接壤”。如:
① There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River.
② Japan is to the east of China.