魔域装备怎样嵌宝石:初中英语中考复习资料(5)
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(二) 例题解析
通读下面短文,掌握其大意。然后从短文后各题所给的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。
Once there was a clever farmer Though he was poor, he decided one day to take the king a roast goose (烤鹅) as a present He had not had ____ 1 ____to cat that day, and soon the ____ 2 ____ of the roast goose became too much for him as (当……时) he ____ 3 ____ it to the king, so he ate one of its legsWhen he came before the king and gave him the goose, the king ____ 4 ____ saw that it had only one legNow, the king ____ 5 ____ was born with one bad leg, so he had never been able to ____ 6 ____ properly (正常地) When he saw the goose with only one leg, he thought the farmer had ____ 7 ____ this to laugh at him Of course he was very ____ 8 ____ The farmer was told that if anybody laughed at the king, he would be ____ 9____ at once"Where is ____ 10 ____ leg of the goose?" the king asked" All the geese (goose 的复数) in this ____ 11 ____ of the country have one leg only, " the farmer answered"Do you think I'm a fool(傻子)?" the king shouted"____ 12 ____ ," said the farmer, "if you look out of the window, you will see geese with one leg by the ____ 13____ "The king looked, and there the geese were ____ 14 ____ on one leg beside the water The king at once told one of his men to ____ 15 ____ them with a big stick, and of course, they ____ 16 ____ their other legs and ran away"There, " said the king " You were lying(说谎) That ____ 17 ____ that the geese here have two legs, like all other ____ 18 ____ in the country""But it doesn't show anything," answered the farmer, "if your men threw a big stick like that at me, I would grow two ____19 ____ legs myself to help me to run away ____ 20 ____ "
1 A less B all C little D much
2 A head B neck C smell D temperature
3 A returned B carried C sent D handed
4 A at once B at last C by then D on time
5 A once B really C himself D yet
6 A come B walk C see D eat
7 A kept B done C made D found
8 A sorry B worried C sad D angry
9 A helped B killed C saved D covered
10 A other B another C that D the other
11 A city B village C farm D part
12 A Certainly not B Of course C That's nothing D Never mind
13 A hole B forest C lake D house
14 A swimming B resting C flying D lying
15 A fill B lock C hit D keep
16 A sent up B put down C did with D moved away
17 A shows B talks C sees D knows
18 A geese B animals C legs D farmers
19 A slower B faster C less D more
20 A more slowly B more carefully C faster D earlier
[答案] 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 C
6 B 7 B 8 D 9 B 10 D
11 D 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 C
16 B 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 C
其中1选 much是应能从文章字里行间中猜到的,它应为much food to eat 而将food 省略。2要知道 smell 可以作系动词,但也可以作名词,而4则为多个短语的词语辨析:at once 立刻, at last 最终, by then 到那时为止,on time 准时。所以应为at once 7则要熟悉英语的习惯用法,即干这件事要用do,而不用make 10之所以要用D则是因为鹅有两只腿,由于只剩一只而问另一只哪里去了,要用特指的定冠词。而 other 则为泛指的形容词,一般指复数, another虽然也指单数,但也应用于泛指的情况。而11题因其后有 of the country, 是在乡村的这个部分,所以只能用part country 是不可数名词作"乡村"讲,作为可数名词则作"国家"讲。而作"乡村"讲时,前面的定冠词不可少。19则是要通读全文才知道鹅一只腿站立体息,而一被哄赶则放下另一只腿跑走了,人是两条腿站着,当被哄赶时那应是再长出两条腿奔跑着逃走。由此可见中考的难题越来越不在语法项,而在阅读和完形上用以选拔高质量的学生。
We were going to play a team from a country school They didn't come until the game time arrived They looked ____ 1 ____ than we had thought They were wearing dirty blue jeans (仔裤) and looked like farm boys We even thought that they had never seen a basketball beforeWe all sat down We felt that we didn't ____ 2 ____ any practice (训练) against a team like thatIt was already so late that no ____ 3 ____ could be given to them for a warmupThe game beganOne of our boys ____ 4 ____ the ball and he shot (掷) a long pass to our forward (前锋) From out of nowhere a boy in a dirty Tshirt ____ 5____ the pass and with a beautiful form (姿势) he shot and got two points (分)They ____ 6 ____ usThen they got another ____ 7____ of points in a minuteSoon it was all over The country team ____ 8____ usWe certainly learned that even though a team is good, there is usually another ____ 9 ____ a little better But the important lesson learned was: One can't tell a man, or a team, by the ____10 ____
1 A stronger B younger C worse D less
2 A get B try C use D need
3 A basket B space C ball D time
4 A got B played C missed D carried
5 A caught B changed C started D stopped
6 A surprised B kept C broke D hit
7 A half B pair C group D double
8 A won B saved C beat D joined
9 A just B already C about D almost
10 A Tshirts B clothes C places D points
[答案] 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 D
6 A 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 B
[析] 在1题中可以看出stronger, younger worse, less 四个选项全可以选,语法是正确的。从文章开始到这里并看不出其原因为什么要选择C,这时只能将其选择空出往后面看,所以提醒考生要注意的是千万不要一一对完形填空作出选择,有很多情况 是后面的情景决定了前面的选择。当看到 We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before 和 We felt that we didn't need (2) any practice against a team like that 则就肯定会得到第一个空的选项决不是比我们强壮,也不可能是少,更不可能是年轻、而是球技不佳,比我们差得很远。而5题是要仔细考虑才能得到正确的结论。这四个动词都可以用在篮球运动中,但要注意的是,其后面的名词是pass,在这里应译为"长传"。而这个长传这里决不是开始,而是被截住了。所以这里应用stopped。 即"拦截了一个长传。"而 caught 的宾语应换为ball球就对了。B 选项为"改变",用于这里就不合题意了。而7项虽然很多人都知道篮球规则,投一球按两分计算,但这里应选哪个词则拿不准了,主要在B选项与D选项之间发生了问题。不知double的真实意义是"加倍,翻一翻"之意,还是"一对,一双,两倍"之意。其困难点还有9项,它的选择应为 just,这是由全文所决定的。它的意思是不论一个队多么好,总会有一个队会比你强出一点儿,哪怕是仅仅一点点。这也就是完形填空不易拿满分之处。这里要提醒大家的是:语言是十分灵活的,要经常不断地学习思考才会有所进步。
Peter was a small boy He lived with his parents in a small house near some hills The people there were all poorOne night it was very dry and windyWhen everybody was asleep, Peter suddenly heard some noise It came out from the kitchen (厨房) He got up and walked to the kitchen He found that the wood beside the stove (火炉) was burning There was no water tap (水龙头) in the house, so he could not put out (扑灭) the fire He shouted loudly to wake up everyone in the house Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up They all left their houses quicklyAt last the fire was put out by the firemen Many houses were burnt But nobody was hurt in the fire
1 Peter lived with his ______
A sisters B brothers C uncles D parents
2 One night he found that ______ beside the stove was burning
A the table B the wood C the door D the window
3______ , so he could not put out the fire
A Everybody was asleep B He couldn't shout loudly
C The kitchen was very big D There was no water tap in the house
4 Peter knocked on the doors of many houses ______z
A to wake the people up B to get some water
C to find his classmates D to visit them
5______ hurt in the fire
A People in other houses were B Peter's parents were
C Nobody was D Peter was
[答案] 1 D 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 C
[析] 本题属于表层理解阅读考查题目,因为完成其答案所需要的信息基本上可以直接从文章中获取,并不太多的需要推理和对环境,习俗的分析与了解。例如1题可直接从文章中 He lived with his parents in a small…中获取。2 题则可以从 He found that the wood beside the stove was buring 获取答案。3 题几乎是文章中的原句, There was no water tap in the house 所以得分率会很高。4 题也可从文章中:Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up 直接找出答案。5题的答案则可以从文章中最后一句获得,如: But nobody was hurt in the fire。 这样的阅读题目,是属于表层理解题目,也就是为了那些获取毕业成绩的分数所设计的。其目的在于对普通同学给予适当的分以求达到毕业之目的。这样的题目虽然容易,但还是要小心为好,不要粗心大意,以免不必要的丢分。
"You're just in time, Joe We're going to play cowboys (牛仔) and Indians, and you can be the Indians, " one of my cousins (堂兄弟) said"How many Indians?" I asked"Oh, about a thousand," he answered, and before I could say no, I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind The shouts of "After them Let's catch the killers!" and other such TVplay language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car"We've got him, boys Let's go and catch him!"But no one wanted to come to get me All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with me It was quiet outside And I went out of the car to have a lookJust then I heard a shout, "Bring the rope (绳子), and we can burn him""Only Indians burn people Cowboys …," I stopped just in time I had almost said, "Cowboys hang (绞死) people"I was tied to a tree, and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called, "We're leaving now""Untie me," I shouted "We're going""Why did Bobby want matches (火柴)?" Mum asked when we were in the car "He was asking Dad whether he had any""Oh, he was just going to matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches?"Mother was quite sure, and I didn't say any more
1 How many children played the Indians?
A One thousand. B One hundred. C One group. D One.
2 Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because ______
A there were not enough children for the game
B the game was just going to start
C none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians
D they were waiting for Joe
3 Joe didn't say "Cowboys hang people" out because ______
A he was tied to a tree
B that would make things worse
C he was caught by the cowboys
D that would make the cowboys angry
4 Which of the following is TRUE?
A One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches.
B Dad didn't want to give the children any matches.
C Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father.
D Mum didn't think children should play with matches.
5 The name of the story should be "______ "
A Joe and his cousins
B Who knows what danger is waiting there
C CowboysandIndians is a favourite children's game
D How cowboys and Indians fought in the past
[答案] 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 B
[析] 本文在阅读过程中会感到难度,而其问题与选项的设计更为困难。其难点不仅在于要阅读好文章,而且要对问题和问题中的选择项作深入仔细地阅读。如1题的问句之意是有多少个孩子在游戏中扮演印第安人。而文章中又有"How many Indians?" I asked 当作者问到有多少印第安人时,其答语为" about a thousand" 这对于看不懂全文,而只认识个别单词的人就是一种很强的误导作用。因题目中问的是 How many,而文章中的数字是 a thousand 但如果认真往下看则会发现: I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians 我被推入了黑暗之中变成了一千个印第安人。所以文章暗示了一个小孩来扮演一千个印第安人。这种题目的得分率自然不会很高。紧接而来的2题则更困难,问题问的是 Joe 的堂兄说他来的正是时候,是因为 ______。这是要认真去推理来判定的。由文中的句子 and before I could say no …这显然暗示了作者并不想扮演这样的角色,所以可以推论是没有人愿意扮演这个角色,但正在这个时候 Joe 来了,而且不由分说把 Joe 推入了角色之中。而3题则更加困难,其题目之意是"Joe 没有说出牛仔是绞死人"的这一句话是为了什么 ______。从文章中 Joe 被一群孩子追逐后被抓住,十分不高兴,想从中解脱出来。因其他孩子讲我们可以烧死他。所以 Joe 为了摆脱困境而要讲出的话是:"只有印第安人才烧人,而牛仔是用绳子绞死人。"后半句没有讲出来,是因为他看到如果要烧死人还需要找柴,找火柴,还是要一段时间的,但绳子就在他身上,如果绞死人那几乎是立刻马上之事。所以其答案选择了B。 这样的话可能会使事情更糟。4 题的题目是简单的,即下面陈述中那个是真实的。由于中考英语答案是唯一的,所以只有一个是符合标准的。这时可以采用选取正确答案的方法,但实际上更好的办法是排除法。把不正确的排除后再对其他项进行对比,作出选择。这叫作所谓的排除法。首先排除的应是C选项,因文章中讲在他们上车回家的路上妈妈问他:"为什么 Bobby 要火柴,他问爸爸是否有火柴。" 这里的爸爸显然指的是 Joe 的爸爸而不是 Bobby的爸爸。而其他三个选项则都处于可选之例:如A项应为 Joe 的一个堂兄在找火柴。B项是爸爸不想给孩子任何火柴。D项是妈妈认为孩子们不应玩火柴。而B项,在文章中根本没有进述Joe 爸爸的态度,所以应首先放弃,而D项是可以从推理中得到的,要不然他的母亲不会在车上问这个问题,但是文章中并未直接提出来,所以只有A是对的。因其妈妈讲 Bobby 是向 Joe的爸爸寻找火柴。而5项则更是要全文反复阅读才可能领会到其中的原由的。文章的题目要概括全部文章内容,但更重要的是从中抽取最重要的,也就是作者的主要意图。从文章的最后两句,当作者反问他妈妈时说:"他真的在找火柴?火柴、你敢肯定他是在找火柴吗?"妈妈表示十分肯定,而作者再也不讲什么了。显然他感到如果玩下去危险的存在。所以其答案是B。这也就是中考中要求较高的题目,虽然分数不多但对要进入重点高中的学生来说,这是个关键问题,也就是成功与失败的焦点所在。
例:We spent a day in the country and picked a lot of flowers Our car was full of flowers inside! On the way home we had to stop at traffic lights, and there my wife saw the bookshelfIt stood outside a furniture (家具)shop "Buy it," she said at once "We'll carry it home on the roofrack(车顶架) I've always wanted one like that"What could I do? Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer, and the bookshelf was tied on to the roofrack It was tall andnarrow, quite heavy tooAs it was getting darker, I drove slowly Other drivers seemed more polite than usual that evening The police even stopped traffic to let us through Carrying furniture was a good ideaAfter a time my wife said, "There's a long line of cars behind Why don't they overtake(超车)?"Just at that time a police car did overtake The two officers (警官) inside looked at us seriously when they went past But then, with a kind smile they asked us to follow their car through the busy traffic The police car stopped at our village church(教堂)One of the officers came to me"Right, sir,"he said"Do you need any more help now?"I didn't quite understand"Thanks, officer," I said "You've been very kind I live just down the road"He was looking at our things: first at the flowers, then at the bookshelf "Well, well," he said and laughed "It's a bookshelf you've got there! We thought it was-er something else"My wife began to laugh Suddenly I understood why the police drove here I smilcd at the officer "Yes, it's a bookshelf, but thanks again" I drove home as fast as I could
1 From the story we know that ______
A the writer was poor and didn't buy the bookshelf for his wife
B the writer's wife didn't like the bookshelf at all
C the writer was always glad to buy something for his wife
D the writer was not very glad to buy the bookshelf for his wife
2 What made the writer think that carrying furniture was "a good idea"?
A He could drive slowly and it was safe
B Other drivers would let him go first
C His wife could use a new bookshelf
D He could save a lot of money and time
3 Why were the police and other drivers so kind to the writer?
A Because they thought the writer liked studying very much and needed a bookshelf
B Because they didn't think it was polite to overtake a car with a bookshelf on it
C Because they thought somebody in the writer's family had died and he needed help
D Because they thought it was dangerous to carry a bookshelf on a car
4 Why did the writer's wife begin to laugh?
A Because now she knew what mistake the police had made
B Because at last her husband understood why the police had driven to the church
C Because the officer was always looking at the flowcrs and the bookshelf
D Because the police had helped them a lot
5 When did the officers begin to realize(意识到)they had made a mistake?
A Before they arrived at the church
B Before they overtook (overtake的过去式) the writer's car
C After one of them looked at the flowers and the bookshelf carefully at the church
D After the writer's family left the church
[答案] 1D 2B 3C 4A 5C
[析] 这篇文章有英国幽默的味道。英国的幽默是十分特别的,它一般都是讲述一个故事,但当结尾时仅几句话则道出天机来。对于这样的文章要从头认真看到尾,不要在考场中为了赶时间自认为是全懂了,其实则不然。造成不必要的丢分。从1题可以看出作者十分不情愿地为其妻子买了个书架呢。第二段则出现"Buy it"这样的祈使句。初学者不易看出里面的原委。要知道祈使句在对话中常常带有命令,或不客气之意,所以从这里开始已看出作者的情绪了。其后的What can I do?又是一句抱怨的话,"我还能作什么吗?"其后又是一句风趣的抱怨:Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer即暗示十分不情愿地又花了20美元。所以其答案是D。其后2题则是推理题,从作者买了书架之后一连串的奇怪事情发生了。首先是其他的驾驶员开车对他十分的礼貌,甚至警察阻挡其他车辆让他先行。所以其答案是B。第3题则一句道破天机。因为前两件事已使作者感到奇怪了。后来警察竟然亲自驾驶汽车为他开道。而且警察并不知道他要去什么地方就把他带到教堂来了。这是因为英美人一生三件大事都要在教堂做:其一是出生时在教堂洗礼,其二是结婚,其三则是死亡。所以警察不问其由而将他带到教堂是为了帮助他。所以答案是C。当警察讲到We thought it was …er something else?时,显然有个词是不好意思讲出口的,所以道出了文章的真实情况。这时不难对5题作出答复其答案是C。
附 录
中学生英语学习常见错误一览表
A
a
[误] I think it is an useful English dictionary.
[正] I think it is a useful English dictionary.
[析] 在不定冠词a与an的用法中要注意的一点是:an用在以元音开头的词之前;而a则用在以辅音开头的词之前。要特别注意的是以u字母打头的单词,如useful,university等,其第一个音标是[j],所以要特别予以注意。
[误] I need a hour to finish this letter.
[正] I need an hour to finish this letter.
[析] 要注意hour和honest的第一个字母不发音。
[误] My teacher is a unknown man, but he is a very good man.
[正] My teacher is an unknown man, but he is a very good man.
[析] 要注意以u打头的单词,它的发音为[]时,单数名词前要用an,如uncle等。
[误] There is a "f" in the word "football".
[正] There is an "f" in the word "football".
[析] 英文字母单独使用时,如其第一个发音是元音时,其前面的不定冠词应该用an而不是a.
[误] I have a little brother. He is a 8yearold boy.
[正] I have a little brother. He is an 8yearold boy.
[析] 要注意这些字母的第一个发音为元音,如eight, eleven等。
able
[误] This bike is able to be repaired.
[正] This bike can be repaired.
[析] be able to 主要表达某事或某人具有某种能力去作某事,应译为"有本领"、"有能力"、"可以"作某事,如:I'm able to swim across this river. 而can可以用来表示具有接受能力或吸收能力。如:This radio can be repaired here.
about
[误] This class is about to begin just now.
[正] This class is about to begin.
[析] 要注意be about to 是"将要"的意思,含有将来时之意,不要与表示过去时的时间状语连用。另外,be about to 一般用作书面语,对应的口语是be going to.
about on
about与on都可以作"关于"讲,但却有所不同,例如:This book is about physics. 应译为"这是一本关于物理学的科普读物。"而:This book is on physics.则应译为"这是一本物理学方面的专著。"
above
[误] The temperature is five degrees over zero.
[正] The temperature is five degrees above zero.
[析] 表达"在……上方"时,above与over是可以互换的,如:The sky is above(or over)our heads. 但是要表达在垂直方向上的上方时则应用above不可用over,如:The sun has risen above the horizon.
[误] There is often thick cloud above the South of China in summer.
[正] There is often thick cloud over the South of China in summer.
[析] 当表达覆盖之意时,只可用over而不能用above.
[误] There is a bridge above the river.
[正] There is a bridge over the river.
[析] 用来表达"从……上方越过"时不能用above只能用over,如:The plane flew over the city. 但要注意There is waterfall above the bridge. 则应译为"在桥的上游有一个瀑布。"
across
[误] He ran across the wood.
[正] He ran through the wood.
[析] across是指某一动作在一平面内进行,而through则是指该动作在一三维立体空间的运动过程。如:The man came in through the window. He walked across the square.
across
across的主要用法有两个。其一,意为"对面",如:There is a school just across the street. 其二,意为"横过",如:He walked across the street.
afraid
[误] I dont't afraid of him.
[正] I am not afraid of him.
[析] 要注意"害怕"afraid一词在英语中不是动词,而是形容词,要与be动词连用。
after
[误] Two weeks after he left.
[正] Two weeks later he left.
[正] He left after two weeks.
[析] 要表达"在多少时间之后",英语中有两种表达法,即:用later时,要时间在前,如three hours later; 而用after时要时间在后,如after three hours.
[误] My father will be back after a few hours.
[正] My father will be back in a few hours.
[析] 受中文的影响,这个介词常常被误用。当你要表达在一段时间内某个动作可以完成时,一定要用in,而不能用after,因为after是指在某一时间之后。例如:This work will be done in two days. 即表明在两天内这一工作一定会做完。而如用了after,即表示在两天之后,完成的时间是不确定的。
after behind
after多用于表示顺序的前后,如:She walked in the line after Tom. 或用来表示"追赶",表示一种动态,如:He ran after Mary. 而behind多用于强调先进与落后,如:She is much behind the other girls in sewing. 或者用于表达"迟于",如:The train was ten minutes behind the time table. 或者与表示静态的动词连用,如:She hid herself behind the flowers.
afternoon
[误] He worked very hard in a hot afternoon.
[正] He worked very hard on a hot afternoon.
[析] 习惯用的词组in the afternoon, 如果加入任何修饰词后其前面的介词in都要改为on,不论其修饰词在前还是在后,如:He swam in this river on the afternoon of June lst. 又如:Are you free on Sunday afternoon?
against
[误] He against me.
[正] He is against me.
[析] 要注意against意为"反对",但它在英文中却不是动词,而是介词,如要讲反对某事或某人时则要加动词be, 如:He is against somebody/something.
against for
against意为"反对"、"不赞成";而for则意为"同意",为其反意词。如:Are you for or against the plan?
age
[误] He is twenty years old of age.
[正] He is twenty.
[正] He is twenty years old.
[正] He is at the age of twenty.
ago
[误] Tom's father has been dead five years ago.
[正] Tom's father died five years ago.
[析] ago意为由说话时算起,若干时间以前。它只能和一般动词过去时连用,而不要与完成时连用。
[误] Yesterday I met a friend. We didn't see each other for a long time since we left the college twenty years ago.
[正] Yesterday I met a friend. We hadn't seen each other for a long time since we left the college twenty years ago.
[析] 要注意的是在本句是ago是用在由since引起的从句之中,只是从句应用过去时,但不影响主句的时态。
agree
[误] Does the teacher agree to us?
[正] Does the teacher agree with us?
[误] Does he agree with our plan?
[正] Does he agree with us?
[析] agree with 指"同意某人的提议、建议、计划"等。如果要讲同意某项计划则要用agree to, 如:Do you agree to the plan?
all
[误] The old man has two sons. All of them are workers.
[正] The old man has two sons. Both of them are workers.
[析] all是指三者或以上的全部,而both则是指"两者都"。
[误] The all children are playing football now.
[正] All the children are playing football now.
[析] all作修饰词时其位置要在所有的修饰词之前,不论这些修饰词是定冠词、指示代词、形容词或名词,或代词的所有格。
[误] You all are right.
[正] You are all right.
[析] all作同位语时其位置要置于be动词之后,实意动词之前,如:The teachers all work hard. 或用于第一助动词之后,如:The boys have all been waiting for their mothers.
almost
[误] Nearly nobody thinks he is right.
[正] Almost nobody thinks he is right.
[析] nearly与almost是近意词,其含意差别不大,但是与否定词连用时要用almost, 例如:She brought almost no money with her. 此句中的almost不能用nearly替换。
alone
[误] The old man lived lone but he didn't feel lonely.
[正] The old man lived alone, but he didn't feel lonely.
[析] alone, lone, lonely 三个词全具有"孤单、孤独"之意。但其用法不同:lone可以作定语,而alone则只能作表语,lonely则多指感情上与感觉上的孤独。
already
[误] We are already for the work.
[正] We are all ready for the work.
[析] already 是副词,其意为"已经",如:He already knew about it. 而all ready为形容词意为"准备好"。
already yet
already多用于肯定句中,例如:The students have already finished the work. 而yet则多用于疑问句与否定句中,如:Have you finished it yet? I haven't finished it yet.
also
[误] I didn't find the dictionary also.
[正] I didn't find the dictionary either.
[析] 作为"也"讲,在否定句中要用either而不能用also.
also too
also与too都可用在肯定句中表示"也",但also通常用于be动词或情态动词之后,如:I can also do it myself. 而too一般放于句尾。I'll attend his class, too.
always
[误] Always he asked himself why he had come here.
[正] He always asked himself why he had come here.
[析] always一般不能用于句首,它在一般句中的位置是于动词之前第一助动词之后,如:I've always thought he is honest. 又如:He is always late.
among
[误] If the three apples are divided among the two boys how much will each receive?
[正] If the three apples are divided among the three boys how much will each receive?
[析] among常用于三个事物或人物之间,而between则多用于两者之间。
an
[误] This is an useful dictionary.
[正] This is a useful dictionary.
[析] 详见a条。
and
[误] He did not speak loudly and clearly.
[正] He did not speak loudly nor clearly.
[误] Our school is not in New York and Chicago, but in Boston.
[正] Our school is not in New York or Chicago, but in Boston.
[析] "和"这一概念在肯定句中应用and,但在否定句中则要用or
angry
[误] My mother was angry to me.
[正] My mother was angry with me.
[误] He was angry with what I said.
[正] He was angry at what I said.
[析] 要注意be angry后面如果接人,表示"对某人生气不满"时应用be angry with somebody. 但要接事物时要用be angry at something.
another
[误] I have two sisters, one in America and another in English.
[正] I have two sisters, one in America and the other in English.
[析] 要注意英语中another, other, the other, the others, others的不同用法,现分别说明如下:another作形容词其意为:泛指的另一个或再一个,别的,类似的。一般在句中作定语,如: This is not good enough, please show me another one. another还可以作为代词用,如:One student said:"I want to play baskball."another said:"I want to play football."other作形容词其意为"泛指其余的,别的"。如:I have other books besides these. 又如:Ask some other people please. the other则为特指,作形容词时其后面可接单数或复数名词,如:She has two flowers. One is white, the other one is yellow. (特指,单数)又如:There are fifty students in our class, twenty five are boys, the other students are girls. (特指,复数)但当the other作为代词时,它代表的可以是单数,也可以是复数,如:He has a book in one hand, and a pen in the other. (单数)又如:There are some people in the room. Four are girls, the other(复数)are boys. 要注意的是当the other作主语时,其后面的谓语动词要视具体情况而定,它可能是单数,也可能是复数。others则只能作代词,其意为other ones即为:泛指某些,某一部分人或物,如:Each of us must think of others. 而the others只能作为代词,它是特指某一些人或物,如:I know only one or two of the students; the others are unknown to me.
answer
[误] Someone is knocking at the door. Please reply the door bell.
[正] Someone is knocking at the door, Please answer the door bell.
[析] answer与reply是近意词,作为及物动词用时有时二者是可以互换的,如:The student answered/replied that he wanted to watch TV. 但在某些特定场合则不易互换。作为应答之意时则多用answer,如:You should answer to your name. Please answer my letter as soon as possible. Answer my question in English.
any
[误] Do you have some questions?
[正] Do you have any questions?
[析] some一般要用于肯定句,而any则用于否定句或疑问句。
[误] China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
[正] China is larger than any other country in Asia.
[析] 要注意any other 其后要跟单数名词,但any of the other 其后要接复数名词。China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.
[误] Here are some books; you can choose anyone of these.
[正] Here are some books; you can choose any one of these.
[析] anyone只能指人,而any one即可指人 也可以指物。
around
[误] The nine planets go around of the sun.
[正] The nine planets go around the sun.
[析] around后面不要再加介词,如:The sun shines all around us.
around round
作介词用的around与round通常可以互换,只不过美语常用around,而英语常用round,例如:You can see the post office round/around that corner. (绕过那个弯你就可以看到邮局。但是一定要区别它们的不同之处:round可以用作形容词、副词、介词、动词、名词;而around只能用作副词或介词。例如:The post office is just round (around) the house (用作介词). He has round face (用作形容词). The river rounded the stones. (用作动词)
arrive
[误] I arrived Beijing the day before yesterday.
[正] I arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday.
[正] I reached Beijing the day before yesterday.
[误] He arrived in the school at 11∶00.
[正] He arrived at the school at 11∶00.
[析] arrive为不及物动词,当到达的是较大的地理区域时用介词in,而到达较小的地方时则用at, 如:arrive in New York, arrive at the village.
arrive reach get
arrive如上所述是不及物动词,而reach则是及物动词。如:How did you reach the school this morning? 而get可用作不及物动词,作"到达"讲时其后面多与to连用。如:When did you get to New York?
as
[误] This man works in the bank for a manager.
[正] This man works in the bank as a manager.
[析] as与for有时是可以通用的。如:This room is used as (for) a classroom. 但是用来指官衔、职位时只能用as.
[误] My brother is so taller as Tom.
[正] My brother is as tall as Tom.
[析] as… as之间只能用形容词与副词的原级,而不能用比较级。在否定句中可以用so…as,也可以用as…as,但在肯定句中只能用as…as,如:He is not so tall as Tom.
[误] I'll give him the note as soon as he will come.
[正] I'll give him the note as soon as he comes.
[析] as soon as所引导的状语从句中应使用一般时态表示将来。
ask
[误] The student asked a question to the teacher.
[正] The student asked the teacher a question.
[析] ask应接双宾语,即ask somebody something.
[误] They asked some books.
[正] They asked for some books.
[析] 向某人要求某物时应用ask somebody for something或ask for something from somebody, 如:He asked his mother for some money. 或He asked for some money from his mother.
asleep
[误] He is deeply asleep.
[正] He is fast asleep.
[析] 要讲"熟睡",就要用fast来修饰asleep。另外, 在英语中一般不讲somebody is sleeping而要用asleep。关于睡觉这一词的惯用法还有:go to sleep(如:The old man usually goes to sleep at ten.), fall asleep(如:I fell asleep at English class yes terday.)
at
[误] It will really do you no harm quite.
[正] It will really do you no harm at all.
[析] at all和quite的汉语意思均为"全然"、"确定的",但at all适用于否定句,例如: -I'm sorry. I'm late.
-No trouble at all.
又如:I don't think it is right at all. 而quite则适用于肯定句,例如:He is quite a good teacher.
[误] The children play football for lunch.
[正] The children play football at lunch.
[析] 英语中的at lunch为"在吃午饭时"。这种惯用法还有at work(在工作),at table(在吃饭),at desk(在学习)。而for lunch则是为午饭而准备的食物,又如:We had some milk for breakfast.
[误] There is a post office in the corner of the street.
[正] There is a post office at the corner of the street.
[析] at the corner是指墙外面的角,而in the corner是指建筑物内部的角落。例如:There is a computer in the corner of the room. There is a street lamp at the corner of the street.
at in on
在表示时间时用来表示具体钟点用at,如:He will be back at six. 表示一天的上、 下午时要用in,如:I usually get up at six in the morning. 但要注意的是,in the morning和in the afternoon这两个词组中如果加入了任何修饰词,其介词要换为on, 如:on the cold morning, on the hot afternoon.又如:See you on Monday morning. 如讲到具体的某一天,要用on, 如:on Sunday, 如:I usually want to visit my mother on Sundays. 在谈到周、月、季、年时要用in,如:All the children will be happy in Easter week. He was born in July. 但要注意在泛指圣诞节、复活节、感恩节时都用at, 如:Where are you going at Easter.
B
back
[误] I'm sorry. I have to back home.
[正] I'm sorry. I have to go back home.
[正] I'm sorry. I have to go home.
[析] back用作"回到(某处)"之意,不是动词。
be
[误] Where do you from?
[正] Where are you from?
[析] "你从何处来"应为Where are you from?或Where do you come from? 但要注意这两句话均是问对方从哪个国家来的。要是口语中问"你是从什么地方来?"应讲Where did you come from? 回答用I came from the library.
beat
[误] We have won your class.
[正] We have beaten your class.
[正] We have won the game.
[析] win是胜过之意,它是及物动词,但其后的宾语只能接比赛、战争、奖品、奖金的名称,如:Which team won the football match? 而beat指打败对手、敌人……如:My brother beat me at poker.(要注意的是,beat的过去式与原形相同,而过去分词为beaten)。
[误] The ball beat me badly.
[正] The ball hit me badly.
[误] He used to hit the little boy black and blue.
[正] He used to beat the little boy black and blue.
[析] beat指打击多次,而hit则为击中对方的一次性打击。
beautiful
[误] He is a beautiful boy.
[正] He is a handsome boy.
[析] 我们可以讲She is a beautiful girl. This is a beautiful park. 但要讲男人的"英俊"时要用handsome.
because
[误] The reason why I was late is because I was ill.
[正] The reason why I was late is that I was ill.
[误] Because it was Sunday, so the park was crowded.
[正] Because it was Sunday the park was crowded.
[析] 这种错误是因为中文的习惯与英语的表述法不同,中文常讲我来晚了的原因是因为我病了,而英文中的第二个因为要用that代替。又因中文常讲因为……所以……,而英文中用了因为就不能再用所以了,同样用了"所以"也就不要再用"因为"一词。例如:Because we study hard, we passed the exam easily. 或者:We study hard so we passed the exam easily.
because because of
because后要接从句,例如:We like physics because we can learn a lot of new ideas. 而because of后要接名词作介词宾语,如:He is not at school because of the illness.
before
[误] We have two hours to kill before we will go home.
[正] We have two hours to kill before we go home.
[析] kill time意为"消磨时光"。
英语状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。如:If it rains we will not go to the park.
[误] I did this work two days before.
[正] I did this work two days ago.
[析] 用ago组成的时间状语其主句中的谓语动词要用过去时,而before引起的时间状语其主句中的谓语动词多用完成时,如:I has done this work a few days before.
before long long before
before long是"不久"之意,例如:I shall go to America before long. 而long before则是"很久很久"之意,如:We knew this teacher long before we saw him. (我们在看到这位老师之前很久就知道他了。)
begin
[误] The meeting will begin from Monday.
[正] The meeting will begin on Monday.
[误] The film has begun for ten minutes.
[正] The film has been on for ten minutes.
[析] begin是瞬间动词,所以它的完成时态不能接表示一段时间的状语,如:The film has begun. 这句话是对的,即"电影已经开始"。但要讲已经开始10分钟了则要用has been on即"上演了10分钟"。
begin start
begin与start两词后面加不定式或动名词都可以,且意思并无区别,但在表达习惯时接动名词的用法较多,如:How old wern you when you first started learning English?但这两个词的进行时态中则多用不定式,如:I was beginning to get hungry. 但如果句子的主语是物而不是人,则多用不定式,如:The ice began to melt. It started to get dark before we got to school. 当动词是表达某种心理状态时,要用不定式,如:The student began to understand his mistakes.
[误] They study hard in the class from the beginning to the end.
[正] They study hard in the class from beginning to end.
[析] from beginning to end是习惯用法,即自始至终,不要加冠词,但如单独使用则要加冠词,例如:At the beginning,the teacher gave us an exam.
behind
[误] He missed the class because he was behind the time.
[正] He missed the class because he was behind time.
[析] behind time一短语意为"晚了",而behind the times意为"落后于时代"。behind是介词同时又是副词,如Come out from behind the door(介词). He's a long way behind(副词). He fell behind with his classmates(副词).
below
[误] What's that below the chair.
[正] What's that under the chair.
[析] under意为"正下方",而below意为"比……低",或指"在下游"。如:There is a fall below the river. (河的下游有一个瀑布。)其反义词为over,如:There is a big plane flying over the city. 但在"下面的例子"一表达语中则要用the example below, 而不要用under.
beside
[误] The students stood besides the teacher.
[正] The students stood beside the teacher.
[误] I study English beside Chinese.
[正] I study English besides Chinese.
[析] beside意为"在……旁边",而besides是"除……以外(还如何)"。
beside by near
beside意为"在……旁",如:There is a tall tree beside the river. by多指"倚、靠"、"沿着"之意,如:She is standing by the window. near多用来表示两地间距离不远,如:There is a post office near our school.
better
[误] You had better to do it at home.
[正] You had better do it at home.
[误] You hadn't better wake me up at six.
[正] You had better not wake me up at six.
[析] had better在肯定句中为"应该作某事",其后加不带to的不定式,而在否定句中应用had better+not+动词原形。在简答语中had常省略为'd,如:You'd better not. 又如:
Let's go first. No, we'd better not.
between
[误] Among the two trees there is a space of the feet.
[正] Between the two trees there is a space of the feet.
[析] 两者之间多用between,三者或三者以上之间则用among.
[误] You must choose between this club or that club.
[正] You must choose between this club and that club.
[析] 在两个之间作出选择要用between…and…,而不能用between…or….
big
[误] There was a big rain last night.
[正] There was a heavy rain last night.
[析] 大雨在英语中只能用a heavy rain而不要用a big rain.
bit
[误] He is a bit fool.
[正] He is a bit of a fool.
[析] a bit可以作程度副词,与a little相同,但它用于名词前应用a bit of, 而用于形容词前则应用a bit,如:I'm a bit tired, 而其简答的否定句应为Not a bit, (一点儿也不。)又如:
-Do you mind if I open the door?
-Not a bit.
black
[误] The children became black after swimming in the sea.
[正] The children became sunburned after swimming in the sea.
[析] 因太阳照晒而皮肤变黑,不应用black而应用sunburned, sun colour或dark.
[误] The girl has black eyes and black
hair.
[正] The girl has dark eyes and black hair.
[析] 英语中black eyes的意思是被打得发青的眼睛。
[误] The Europeans like red tea.
[正] The Europeans like black tea.
[析] 红茶在英文中应为black tea. 这种惯用法还有:black and blue(鼻青脸肿,青一块紫一块);blackandwhite(黑白电视片)。go black意为"在失去知觉时眼前一片黑暗";look black意为"情况不妙,前景暗淡"。如:After the fight he was black and blue.On TV, I like colour for something and blackandwhite for others.
body
[误] Going to bed earlier and getting up earlier is good for your body.
[正] Going to bed earlier and getting up earlier is good for your health.
[析] 中文常讲对你身体有利,而英文中则讲对你健康有利。
borrow
[误] May I lend some books from the library?
[正] May I borrow some books from the library?
[误] How long can I borrow it?
[正] How long can I keep it?
[析] 英语中有三个词都可译为"借",但意义各不相同如:"借入"是borrow,其常用句型结构是borrow something from somebody,这是个瞬间性动词,不可与表示延续的时间状语连用。例如:The students want to borrow some books from the library. "借出"用lend,即借给别人东西。其常用句型是lend somebody something, 或lend something to somebody.例如:Could you lend us your dictionary?或Could you lend your dictionary to us? 它也是瞬间性动词,也不能与延续的时间状语连用。keep则是延续性动词,可以和表示长时间段的时间状语连用,也可与how long等疑问词连用,如:You can keep it for three days.
born (bear的过去分词)
[误] I born in Shanghai.
[正] I was born in Shanghai.
[误] He was born from Greek parents.
[正] He was born of Greek parents.
[析] "出身于……样的家庭"不要作from而要用of,例如:He was born of a poor family.
both
[误] They both are students.
[正] They are both students.
[误] They refuse both to answer this question.
[正] They both refuse to answer this question.
[析] both作同位语时,一般要用在be动词之后实意动词之前。
[误] I know his both parents.
[正] I know both his parents.
[误] The both brothers were students.
[正] Both the brothers were students.
[正] Both brothers were students.
[析] 当both与形容词性物主代词my, his, her等以及定冠词the连用时,都应将这些词置于both之后。另外,在与定冠词连用时the可以省略。
[误] Both of my parents are not at home.
[正] Neither of my parents are at home.
[误] Both of your answers are not right.
[正] Neither of your answers is right.
[正] Both your answers are wrong.
[析] both不能用于否定句中作主语。表示"两者都不"时要用neither;但作宾语时both与either则都对,但要注意句意有所不同。例如:I cannot give both of the books to you. (我不能将两本书全给你。)而I cannot give either of the books to you. (两本书中哪本书也不能给你。)
bring
[误] Please bring this dictionary to Mr Brown.
[正] Please take this dictionary to Mr Brown.
[误] Next time, please take your little sister here.
[正] Next time, please bring your little sister here.
[析] 英语中bring是"带来",而take是"带走"。还有一个词fetch, 表示"到某处去把某物取、接回来"。如:Please fetch the doctor at once.
business
[误] My father went to Shanghai for business.
[正] My father went to Shanghai on business.
[析] on business出差
busy
[误] The students were very busy to prepare for the exam.
[正] The students were very busy preparing for the exam.
[析] be busy doing something为"忙于作某事"
[误] The students were busy for the exam.
[正] The students were busy with the exam.
[析] busy直接接名词时应用with.
but
[误] He couldn't help but realizing that he was wrong.
[正] He couldn't help but realize that he was wrong.
[误] She couldn't help to cry when she saw her mother.
[正] She couldn't help crying when she saw her mother.
[析] couldn't help其后应接动名词,表示情不自禁的动作,但couldn't help but后面要加动词原形即省to的不定式,所以前一句应译为"他才真正认识到他错了。"
buy
[误] I have bought this dictionary for three years.
[正] I have had this dictionary for three years.
[析] buy是截止性(即瞬间)动词,它可以有完成时,如:I have bought this dictionary. 但是不能与表示较长的时间状语连用。如要讲我这本字典已买了3年了则要用have had这一结构即我拥有这本字典已3年了。
by
[误] The boy shot the cat by a gun.
[正] The boy shot the cat with a gun.
[误] He came to school by a taxi this morning.
[正] He came to school by taxi this morning.
[析] 作为某种运输手段来讲,by与名词间不能有冠词,如:by car, by bike, by air等。如有了冠词或其他修饰词,则应用别的相应的介词,如:"我们今天早上是乘他的车来的"一句应译为:We came here in his car this morning.与by结合而成的词组很多,常用的有:by the way顺便说说;by hand手工制作;by oneself独自地;by no means决不。
C
call
[误] I'll call at Mr Brown.
[正] I'll call on Mr Brown.
[误] I'll call on Mr Brown's home.
[正] I'll call at Mr Brown's home.
[析] 作"拜访"讲时,at后面接访问地点,而on后面接访问的人。
call on drop in visit
call on比较正式的为公务的访问,如:We were called on by the old students. 而drop in则是比较随便的走走,顺便拜访,如:If you're free, drop in. 而visit则是更正式的外交访问或友好往来,如:My school's headmaster will visit America next week.
can
[误] A blind man can not judge colours.
[正] A blind man cannot judge colours.
[误] I cann't call for you at ten.
[正] I can't call for you at ten.
[析] can的否定形式应为cannot或can't.
[误] It's only six o'clock. That mustn't be the postman.
[正] It's only six o'clock. That can't be the postman.
[析] must用来表示一种肯定的推断,如:She must have some problems. She keeps crying. 但在否定句中则要用can't, 要表示对过去的推测则要用"must+have+过去分词"的表达法,如:The lights have gone out.A fuse must have blown.而对过去的否定推测则多用"can't+have+过去分词",如:I don't think he can have heard you. Call again.
[误] We could not help to laugh at once.
[正] We could not help laughing at once.
[正] We could not help but laugh at once.
[析] "couldn't help+动名词"表示禁不住做了某事。但could not help but与could not but后面要加不带to的不定式,意思都是不得不去做某事.如:You could not (help) but respect him.
can be able to
can与be able to都可以用来表示能力,但can只有现在时与过去时,be able to则可用任何时态,如:He will be able to teach the child. 但要表示经过努力而达到的一次性动作则只能用be able to,如:He finally was able to jump over 210 meters. 或:The plane was able to fly over the mountain. 但要注意的是这两个词都没有进行时态,而be able to后面不接不定式的被动态。
can could
can与could都可以用在现在时的口语中,只是用could更为礼貌,语气更委婉。如:Could you tell us a story?
care
[误] I don't care coffee.
[正] I don't care for coffee.
[误] Take care for your steps.
[正] Take care of your steps.
[析] care for是"对某物感兴趣",而care of是"关心,要当心某事",如:She didn't care for him. Take care of what you are doing.
[误] I don't care where we will go if it doesn't rain.
[正] I don't care where we go if it doesn't rain.
[析] 在it doesn't matter, I don't care, I don't mind, 及in case引出的状语从句后面要用现在时表示将来。如:I've got a football in case we have time for a game.
change
[误] I want to change my camera with that one.
[正] I want to change my camera for that one.
[析] change for为"以某物为交换物"。而change with则是"随……而变",如:The wood's colour changed with the season.
cheap
[误] A teacher's salary is generally very cheap.
[正] A teacher's salary is generally very low.
[析] 工资的高低要用low,cheap是指价格便宜,如果要讲物美价廉则要用not expensive, 如:This car is not expensive.
choose
[误] We each had to have a choose of A or B.
[正] We each had to have a choice of A or B.
[析] choice是名词,而choose是动词。
class
[误] The class is watching TV.
[正] The class are watching TV.
[析] class作主语时,如果作为整体讲则应用单数形式的谓语动词,如:The class was more than forty in number. 如考虑到具体的每个成员时则应用复数形式的谓语动词,如:The class are, in general, very bright.
clean
[误] Sorry, I didn't bought it here. I cleanly forgot.
[正] Sorry, I didn't bought it here. I clean forgot.
[析] clean可以作为副词讲,其意为"完全",而cleanly则意为"正确地"、"干净利落地",如:The knife doesn't cut cleanly. 而clean作为形容词讲时意为"清洁的"、"干净的",如:Her face is not clean now.
clever
[误] I'm not clever in English.
[正] I'm not clever at English.
[析] clever at是固定搭配,表示在某方面有特长。
close
[误] It is cold outside. Please keep the door close.
[正] It is cold outside. Please keep the door closed.
[析] 这里的close是动词,意为"关闭",而keep后要加形容词,所以要用close的过去分词形式closed作形容词。作形容词用的close意为"近的"、"亲密的"。
[误] Come closely so that I can see you.
[正] Come close so that I can see you.
[误] Good teaching and good testing are close related.
[正] Good teaching and good testing are closely related.
[析] close,closely同样可以作副词用,但其意义不同,close是"靠近"、"接近"之意,而closely则是"紧密"、"严密"、"密切"之意。
[误] My school was quite close from my home.
[正] My school was quite close to my home.
[析] "与……接近"是close to…,例如:
He was close to fifty.
There is a busstop close to the station.
close shut turn
shut与close是同义词,如close the door或shut the door. 但要讲把某人关在门外时则只能用shut somebody out而不能用close,因shut语气较强,并含有隔离之意。而turn off是指关上电视、电灯、煤气之类,有切断之意。
cloth
[误] The children wear very good cloth to go to school.
[正] The children wear very good clothes to go to school.
[误] I need a lot of clothing.
I'm going to make a new cloth.
[正] I need a lot of cloth.
I'm going to make a new dress.
[析] cloth是"布"、"布料",没有复数形式。一块布料是a piece of cloth, 而clothes统指衣服,是复数名词,"一套衣服"要讲a suit of clothes, 如果是"一件件衣服"应讲shirt, dress, sweater等。而clothing是衣物的总称,是不可数名词。例如:This clothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英语中的dress是指比较正式的服装,如a school dress(校服),a student dress(学生套装),a working dress(工作服)。
coffee
[误] Please give me two waters.
[正] Please give me two coffees.
[正] Please give me two cups of water.
[析] 虽然coffee, water, tea等都是物质名词,但是只有coffee可用coffees取代若干杯coffee,而其他的却不行,其前要加a cup of或a glass of.
colour(color)
[误] Colours of flowers are red, yellow and white.
[正] Flowers are red, yellow and white.
[析] 中文的"花的颜色有红色、黄色和白色",若译为英文Colours of flowers are…,就显得重复了。
[误] I like green colour.
[正] I like green.
[正] I like colour green.
[析] colour green中的colour是green的同位语,所以这种说话方式英语是可以接受的。
come
[误] I came across with an old friend in the street yesterday.
[正] I came across an old friend in the street yesterday.
[析] come across是"偶然碰见、遇见",要直接加宾语,如:I've just come across a beautiful poem in this magazine.
[误] Where do you come from?
I come from the station.
[正] Where did you come from?
I came from the station.
[正] Where do you come from?
I come from China.
[析] Where do you come from?意为"你是什么地方的人?"而Where did you come from?则是"你从何处来?"
[误] The stars are coming out from the cloud.
[正] The stars are coming out of the cloud.
[析] come out of意为"从……地方出来"。
come in come into enter
come in与come into的意义相同,但come into后面要加宾语,而come in后面不用宾语。如I found someone came into my room. The door opened and the child came in.
enter常作为及物动词使用,如:The bus entered the English tunnel.
congratulate
[误] I want to congratulate you for your success with all my heart.
[正] I want to congratulate you on your success with all my heart.
[析] 动词congratulate somebody on something是"向某人祝贺某事"。其名词congratulation在用时一般要用复数,如:I offered him my congratulations on his success.
又如:Congratulations!
cook
[误] My father is a good cooker.
[正] My father is a good cook.
[析] 很多动词加上er则变为执行该动作的一种人,如workworker,teachteacher. 但cook即是动词"做饭",同时名词也是"厨师"。而cooker则是"厨具"、"炊具"之意。如:I will cook the dinner. I bought a good press cooker(高压锅)。
corner
[误] There is a post office in the corner of the street.
[正] There is a post office at the corner of the street.
[误] A girl sat at the corner of the room.
[正] A girl sat in the corner of the room.
[析] in the corner是在建筑物内部的角上,而at the corner是在外部的角上,如:There is a big tree at the corner of the building.
cost
[误] I cost ten dollars for the book.
[正] I spent ten dollars on the book.
[误] I cost two hours to do my homework.
[正] It took me two hours to do my homework.
[析] cost, spend. take都可以作"花费"讲,但用法不同。cost的用法是"something+cost+somebody+时间或金钱",如:The book cost me ten dollars. spend的用法是"somebody+spend+时间+(in)doing something",如:I spent two hours (in) writing this book. 或"somebody+spend+金钱+on something",如:I spend two dollars on this book. 而take的用法则要用逻辑主语it:"It+takes+somebody+时间+to do something", 如:It took me an hour to clean the classroom.
country
[误] You can find cows in a country.
[正] You can find cows in the country.
[析] country即可作"国家"讲,也可作"农村"讲。当作"农村"讲时,一定要加定冠词,而且只有单数形式。例如:
[误] Farmers live in the countries.
[正] Farmers live in the country.
[析] 但作为"国家"讲时则可有单、复数形式,例如:Japan is an Asian country. Japan, China, and India are Asian countries.另外,country一般指的是地理概念上的国家,如:New Zealand is an agricultural country. 而nation多指民族组成的国家,如:The Chinese nation(中华民族)。state多侧重于政权方面的区域、国家范围,如:the state farm(国营农场)。
cross
[误] There are traffic lights at the cross.
[正] There are traffic lights at the crossing.
[析] cross作为名词讲时是十字架、十字形的东西,如:Red Cross(红十字会)。
[误] The little boy is going to across the street.
[正] The little boy is going to cross the street.
[析] across是副词或介词,但不能作动词用。
cross pass
cross是指横过某地,如:He crossed the square. 而pass则强调从某物体旁经过,如:I mailed some letters when I passed the post office.
crowd
[误] The room soon was crowded by people.
[正] The room soon was crowded with people.
[析] crowded在这句话中应作为形容词,所以这句话不是被动语态而是系表结构,如:The room was crowded with books.
cup
[误] A silver glass was given to the winner.
[正] A silver cup was given to the winner.
[误] My mother was looking for the whisky cup.
[正] My mother was looking for the whisky glass.
[析] glass一般指由玻璃制成的器皿,而cup多指用陶瓷或金属制成的杯子,且cup尤其用在奖杯上。喝酒多用的是玻璃制成的杯子,如我们讲I drink a glass of wine at supper. 而不讲I drink a cup of wine at supper.
D
dance
[误] We'll invite you and your wife to a dance party.
[正] We'll invite you and your wife to a dancing party.
[正] We'll invite you and your wife to a dance.
[正] We'll invite you and your wife to a ball.(美语中常用ball作为舞会。)
date
[误] He studied ten hours a date.
[正] He studied ten hours a day.
[析] date是指具体日期。如问What's the date today? 应回答具体日期:"October 1st 1998."而day是指1日(24小时)。如What day is today? 问的是星期几,应回答"It's Sunday."
[误] Today's date is January first. 1998.
[正] Today's date is January 1, 1998.
[正] Today's date is January 1st, 1998.
[析] 在日期书写中不要用序数词全写,而要用1st, 2nd, 3rd……如果一定要用序数词,其顺序应为:It is the first of January.
day
[误] This is a book about every day English.
[正] This is a book about everyday English.
[正] This is an everyday English book.
[误] We go to school everyday.
[正] We go to school every day.
[析] everyday是形容词,意为"日常的",而every day则是"每天"、"天天"之意。
dead
[误] My father has died for ten years.
[正] My father has been dead for ten years.
[析] die是瞬间动词,它可以用于完成时,如:My father has died. 但用于完成时不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。它也可以用于过去时,如:My father died three years ago
[误] We'll always remember the deads who were killed in the war.
[正] We'll always remember the dead who were killed in the war.
[析] 形容词前如加定冠词表示一类人,如the rich(富人),the sick(病人),the poor(穷人),其后的谓语动词要用复数,如:The rich are not always happy.
dead deadly
dead在某些词组里是"完全"、"的确"的意思,如dead right, dead tired, dead sure。而deadly则是"致命的",如:The rich man had many deadly enemies. 又如:Cancer is a deadly disease.
dead died
dead是形容词,如:Mrs Ginty was dead. 而died是动词die的过去式及过去分词,如:She died in 1960.但英语中如表达出对某人去世的伤感说法是pass away, 如:My father passed away, this morning.
deer
[误] In the zoo, there are many deers.
[正] In the zoo, there are many deer.
[析] deer是单、复数同形的词,如:one deer,two deer,这样的名词还有fish,sheep等。但如果讲There are many fishes here. 这句话应译为"这里有许多种鱼类。"而不应译为"这里有很多鱼。"
desk
[误] The boy sat in his desk.
[正] The boy sat at his desk.
[析] 在课桌旁坐着应用介词at, 而at desk 则应译为"在学习",at table应译为"在吃饭"。
die
[误] In South Africa many people died from cancer.
[正] In South Africa many people died of cancer.
[误] The old man died of overwork.
[正] The old man died from overwork.
[析] 死于疾病应用die of,而死于某种外因事故则多用from.
[误] His mother is died.
[正] His mother is dead.
[误] The old woman was dead at the age of seventy.
[正] The old woman died at the age of seventy.
[析] dead是形容词,而die是动词。形容词表示状态,动词则表示动作。
[误] He died in a traffic accident.
[正] He was killed in a traffic accident.
[析] 由于事故而造成的死亡一般用to be killed.
[误] When the doctor came,the old man had already died.
[正] When the doctor came,the old man was already dead.
[正] The old man died before the doctor came.
different
[误] My room is different with yours.
[正] My room is different from yours.
[误] The village is very different with what it was.
[正] The village is very different from what it was.
[析] different from是"与……不同"之意。
difficult
[误] English is very difficult to be learned.
[正] English is very difficult to learn.
[误] He learned physics is difficult.
[正] It is very difficult for him to learn physics.
[析] 要学习英语的表达法而不要生硬地按字去译中文。It is difficult for somebody to do something.为"对于某人来说做某事很困难。"
difficulty
[误] There was little difficulty to find him.
[正] There was little difficulty in finding him.
[析] 这种用法还有trouble, 即difficulty (trouble) in doing something.
dinner
[误] When did you have the supper?
[正] When did you have supper?
[析] 英语中一日三餐前无冠词,例如:
[误] I had a lunch at 12 o'clock.
[正] I had lunch at 12 o'clock.
[析] 在某些特定场合,如指某次宴会,则要加冠词,如:The dinner was given in honour of the guest.
dress
[误] My father bought a new dress for himself yesterday.
[正] My father bought a new suit for himself yesterday.
[析] 一般来讲男套装用suit,女服则用dress;作男服的服装店是tailor shop (tailor's), 而做女装的服装店是dressmaker's.
[误] The mother dressed the clothes on her child.
[正] The mother dressed her child.
[析] dress作及物动词当"穿衣服"讲时,其后不能接衣服而只能接人,如:The boy is still too young to dress himself. 但作为一种穿着打扮的状态时,则多用其过去分词作形容词,如:He is not dressed in his new suit.或She is dressed in red. 词组dress up是过节日时应服装整齐,如:They dressed up for the holiday.
dress have on put on wear
要区别这几个动词需分清是表示动作的动词还是表示状态的动词。表示状态的动词是have on和wear,如:He has on a white coat. He was wearing heavy shoes. 而put on则表示穿衣的动作,如:Put on your coat,it is cold outside.而dress即可以作状态又可以作动作,作动作讲时其后面接人而不能接衣服,作穿着状态时则多用dressed的形式。如:I saw a lady dressed in red. I saw a girl dressing herself.
drop
[误] The students fell their voice.
[正] The students dropped their voice.
[析] drop与fall都可以表示"落下、掉下"之意,有时可以互换,如:The dictionary fell (dropped) from the table. 但drop还可以作及物动词,而fall一般只能作不及物动词。
[误] I shall drop in you.
[正] I shall drop in on you.
[析] drop in是随便拜访某人,而其后要接人时应加介词on再加人称。
during
[误] During I was sick,I couldn't eat well.
[正] While I was sick,I couldn't eat well.
[析] during后不能接从句,而when和while后可接从句。
[误] I have been studying English during three days.
[正] I have been studying English for three days.
[析] during不能表达一个动作持续多长的时间,而只能表达在某段时间内某事件的发生。即带有由during引导的时间状语的句子只能用过去时,不能用完成时。
E
each
[误] Every of them has his habit.
[正] Each of them has his habit.
[析] each可以作形容词,但也可作代词,而every只能作形容词。
[误] The manager comes to America almost each month.
[正] The manager comes to America almost every month.
[析] each与every都作形容词讲时,都有"每个"之意,但有不同。each多指个体,而every则多指整体。如:We want every student to succeed. each不同来表达总体概念,所以不能与almost, nearly, likely等词连用。
[误] We each has a book.
[正] We each have a book.
[析] each 作同位语时,其数应与其同位的名词相同,而each作主语时则应取其单数形式。
each other one another
each other与one another这两个词组的区别在很多语法书中强调each other是两者之间,而one another是多者之间,其实不然,如:All students must care for each other, must love and help each other. 事实上这两个词组是同义的,如果要讲有什么区别的话,当我们非常笼统地谈,而不特指什么人时,多用one another.
early
[误] Could you come here more early?
[正] Could you come here earlier?
[析] 单音节和少数双音节副词的比较级和最高级要用er和est来作其结尾,如fast, soon, early, hard, long, near等。
earth
[误] What on the earth do you mean?
[正] What on earth do you mean?
[析] on earth这一词组在句中为的是加强语气,其意为"究竟"、"到底"。而作为"地球"讲时则要加定冠词,如:How far is the earth from the moon. 而作为"泥土"讲时则为不可数名词,如:He filled the pot with earth and wanted to plant some flowers.
easy
[误] You can easy imagine my surprise.
[正] You can easily imagine my surprise.
[析] easy只在有限的词组中被用作副词,如take it easy (不要紧张),go easy, stand easy等。 例如:Easy come, easy go. (钱来的容易花的也快. )Easier said than done. (说的容易做着难。)
east
[误] Japan is on the east of China.
[正] Japan is to the east of China.
[析] 在讲述地理位置时,有3个介词常用,它们是in, on和to, 其中in表示处于所表达的范围之内,如:Shanghai is in the east of China. on则表示双方接壤,如:North Korea is on the northeast of China. 而表示互不相接的两部分时则用to, 如:Taiwan is to the east of Fujian.
either
[误] -I don't like opera.
-I don't like too.
[正] -I don't like opera.
-I don't like either.
[析] 在否定句中用either表示"也",而在肯定句中用too表示"也"。
[误] Either you or I are right.
[正] Either you or I am right.
[析] 这在语法书中被称作就近原则,即哪个主语离谓语动词近,则应采用与哪个主语相一致的谓语动词,相同用法的还有neither…nor…,not only…but also…,以及or在连接两个主语时。如:You or he is to go home. The others will have to stay in the classroom.
elder
[误] My older brother has gone to Shanghai.
[正] My elder brother has gone to Shanghai.
[析] 在表示兄姐的长幼时应用elder表示"哥哥姐姐",如:my elder sister 姐姐,但表示岁数时则多用older,如:She is two years older than I.
empty
[误] Are these seats empty?
[正] Are these seats taken?
[析] empty是指空洞的没有任何物体,如:The house was empty, 其意思是没有任何家具或屋内无人。但座位是否有人坐应用take.
English
[误] My sister studied English language very well.
[正] My sister studied the English language very well.
[正] My sister studied English very well.
[析] 在泛指某一种学科时,不应加冠词,如:I like history.但如特指某一门学科时则应加冠词,如:He likes the history of America.
enjoy
[误] I enjoy to play football.
[正] I enjoy playing football.
[析] enjoy后要接动名词,而不接不定式。
[误] Did you enjoy at the English evening?
[正] Did you enjoy yourself at the English evening?
enough
[误] I'm sorry. You are not studying enough carefully.
[正] I'm sorry. You are not studying carefully enough.
[析] enough要用在形容词或副词之后。
[误] Do you have enough of money?
[正] Do you have enough money?
[正] Do you have enough of the money?
[误] The coffee isn't enough.
[正] There isn't enough coffee.
[析] enough可以作be动词的表语,但其主语应是代词,如:That's enough. It was enough. 如果是名词时应换用上面的句型。
entrance
[误] The entrance of the cinema is on your right.
[正] The entrance to the cinema is on your right.
[析] 在表示通往某处时entrance后面多用to作介词。这样的用法还有key to the door, answer to the question等。
evening
[误] I walked home in a cold evening.
[正] I walked home on a cold evening.
[析] in the evening这一词组如加上另外的修饰词则其介词应换为on.
everyone
[误] Everyone of you goes to class.
[正] Every one of you goes to class.
[析] everyone其后不能接of结构。在否定句中如果要讲"每一个人都没有注意到它",就译作:Nobody noticed it. 要注意Every one of us is not right. 应译为"我们不都对。"而None of us are right. 才应译为"我们全错了。"
exam
[误] We take part in an exam.
[正] We take an exam.
[析] take part in为"参加"某种活动,运动,而在学科中选择某一学科学习并进行考试应用take.
except
[误] The room is clean except two desks.
[正] The room is clean except for two desks.
[误] I come here every day except for Sunday.
[正] I come here every day except Sunday.
[析] 在同一类物体中排除某一部分用except, 在不同类物体中排除某一物体时用except for。而except that其后接从句,如:She is a good girl except that she is careless sometimes. 而besides则是"包括在内",如"我学习英语同时还学法语。"应译为:I study English besides French.
exercise
[误] The students exercise spoken English in the morning.
[正] The students practise spoken English in the morning.
[析] exercise多指运动、训练,而practise则多指把理论付诸于实践的练习。
[误] Everyone should do exercises every day.
[正] Everyone should do exercise every day.
[析] 作为运动讲exercise是不可数名词,而当"练习"、"体操"、"早操"则是可数名词,例如:I do a lot exercises in the P.E. class.