魔域购买幻兽蛋:初中英语中考复习资料(6)
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F
fail
[误] Tom failed his exam.
[正] Tom failed in his exam.
[正] Tom failed to pass the exam.
[析] fail为不及物动词,其后可用in加名词,或直接接不定式。
family
[误] I'm sorry I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.
[误] I'm sorry I have to go. Tom's family is waiting for me.
[正] I'm sorry I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.
[析] family是集合名词,把它当作整体看它是单数,如看作家庭中的每个成员则为复数。如:Your family are very kind to me. My family is very large.
far
[误] My school is ten miles far from here.
[正] My school is ten miles away from here.
[析] far一般不与实际距离连用。
[误] "Did you walk far?"
"Yes,I walked far."
[正] "Did you walk far?"
"Yes, I walked a long way."
[析] 一般肯定句中不用far单独作状语,而用a long way.far组成的常用词组有:as far as. ①远至,一直到。如:He walked as far as the station. ②就……而言。如:As far as he was concerned these books were very good. ③只要。如:I can help you as far as I can. so for到目前为止。例:He is very well so far.
farther further
far有两个比较级,即farther和further,其意思略有不同:farther主要用于表示距离的远近,如:Milan is farther away than Rome. 而further则是指"进一步的",如:Will we need any further discussion on this matter.
fast
[误] A fast train runs fastly.
[正] A fast train runs fast.
[析] fast其形容词与副词形式相同。
fast soon
fast指行动本身的速度快,如:The foreigner speaks too fast. 而soon则多指两个动作之间间隔短,时间到来的迅速,如:She will come soon.
feel
[误] I feel badly about my mistakes.
[正] I feel bad about my mistakes.
[析] 感观动词如feel, smell等后面要接形容词而不是副词。feel good是指某人精神好,而feel well是指人身体状况良好。
[误] I try not to hurt her feeling.
[正] I try not to hurt her feelings.
[析] feeling在作"感情"讲时要用复数,而作"感觉"讲则要用单数。如:I have a feeling that we will win the game.
few
[误] Few of them is very good.
[正] Few of them are very good.
[析] few意为"几乎没有",但要用复数谓语动词。如果讲有一些人应用a few, 如:There were only a few people in the street.
[误] There are less farms than there used to be.
[正] There are fewer farms than there used to be.
[析] few的比较级为fewer,其后接可数名词;而little的 比较级为less,其后接不可数名词。
field
[误] He is a famous scientist on the field of physics.
[正] He is a famous scientist in the field of physics.
[析] in the field是"在田野上"或是"在某一学科领域内",而on the field则多指"在战场上"。如:He lost his life on the battle field.
fill
[误] She filled orange into my glass.
[正] She filled my glass with orange.
[析] 表示要用某种物品装满某容器时要用fill with词组,如:The boy ran back home filled with joy.
fill full
fill是动词,但有及物与不及物两种用法,当表示"充满"之意时是不及物动词,应用fill with,如:The little girl's eyes filled with tears. 而当表示"使……装满某物"时,是及物动词,如:He filled his pocket with books. 而be filled with应看作系表结构,如:The boy's mother was filled with anger. full是形容词,要用be full of这一词组,如:The boy was full of joy.
find
[误] He has finded his lost bike.
[正] He has found his lost bike.
[析] find是不规则动词,其过去式和过去分词均是found。但found一词又意为"建立",它是规则动词,其过去式及过去分词均为founded.
[误] It is very difficult to look for a suitable job.
[正] It is very difficult to find a suitable job.
[析] look for为"寻找",而find是找到。寻找工作并不难,难的应是找到合适的工作。
find find out
find out意为"找出、算出、发现",如:I have found out how to do it. 而find的主要侧重点在找到某物,如:I find my book under the desk.
finish
[误] I finished to read that book last night.
[正] I finished reading that book last night.
[析] 英文中有些动词其后只能用动名词作宾语而不能用不定式作宾语,这样的动词在中考范围内有两个,即finish和enjoy。
fire
[误] There's no smoke without a fire.
[正] There's no smoke without fire.
[析] 此句应译为中文"无风不起浪"。fire作为物质名词"火"讲时为不可数名词,而作为"炉火"、"火灾"讲则是可数名词,如:There was a fire in the next street last month. 如要讲"着火了"要用be on fire, 如:The factory was
on fire.
[误] The man fired to us.
[正] The man fired at us.
[析] fire (on) at均指"向某目标开火",at用于较小目标,而on用于较大目标。
first
[误] Is this your firstly visit to Beijing?
[正] Is this your first visit to Beijing?
[析] 除了在强调第一、第二、第三等场合中有时还可见firstly一词外,这个词已不多见,而均被first取代。first还有"首先"、"首次"、"第一次"之意。
follow
[误] I received a letter which ran as follow.
[正] I received a letter which ran as follows.
[析] as follows是惯用法,其意为"如下",不论在任何场合均要用follows.
[误] As follows are his arguments.
[正] The following are his arguments.
[析] as follows主要用于句尾,而the following则用于句首。
food
[误] Too much sweet food, such as cakes, chocolates,pastry…may increase your weight.
[正] Too many foods, such as cakes, chocolates,pastry…may increase your weight.
[析] food泛指食物时为不可数名词,如:There is no food for supper. 而指一种种食物时则用作可数名词。
foot
[误] There is a fivefeetwide bridge.
[正] There is a fivefootwide bridge.
[析] 用连字符组成的形容词中所有名词均要用单数形式。
[误] We went to college on feet.
[正] We went to college on foot.
[析] by后面加接交通工具时,不应加任何冠词,不要用名词的复数形式。如加了某些修饰词后,其前面的介词要作适当的改变,如:I came to school in his car yesterday. I go to shool on a train.
for
[误] I wanted to go to the pub for having a drink.
[正] I wanted to go to the pub for a drink.
[正] I wanted to go to the pub to have a drink.
[析] 用for表示目的时,其后面只能接名词,而不要接动名词。
[误] I went to the office for seeing the headmaster.
[正] I went to the office to see the headmaster.
[析] 用不定式来表示动作的目的。
[误] I will leave Beijing to Shanghai.
[正] I will leave Beijing for Shanghai.
[正] I will leave for Shanghai.
[析] leave for为一固定搭配,不要改动。
[误] I bought a book to you.
[正] I bought a book for you.
[误] He is a friend for us.
[正] He is a friend to us.
[析] 在英文中"为"一词在泛指时用to, 在特指时要用for.
[误] This food is good to us.
[正] This food is good for us.
[析] 词组be good (bad) for 表示"对……有好(坏)处"。
[误] For I was feeling quite hungry, I wanted to have lunch.
[正] I wanted to have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.
[析] for作为"因为"讲时一般不要置于句首,而且口气也比because弱的多。
forget
[误] I left my key.
[正] I left my key at home.
[正] I forgot my key.
[析] leave是"丢下"之意,所以一定要接地点状语,而forget是"忘记",所以不用接地点状语。
[误] I will not forget the rules.
[正] I will never forget the rules.
[误] Please don't forget posting my letter on your way home.
[正] Please don't forget to post my letter on your way home.
[析] 要注意forget to do something为"忘了去作某事",而forget doing something则应译为"对已经作过的事记不起来了"。如:He forget returning the book to the library. 应译为"他忘记已把书还给图书馆这件事了。"同样用法的词还有remember和regret.
free
[误] You can speak free in front of my parents.
[正] You can speak freely in front of my parents.
[析] free作为副词时意为"免费"、"不必付款",如:You can eat free in my restaurant. 而freely则意为"自由地"、"无限制地"。
French
[误] She comes from French.
[正] She comes from France.
[析] French是"法语"、"法国的",而France才是"法国"。
friend
[误] He nodded to me friendly.
[正] He nodded to me in a friendly fashion.
[析] friendly是形容词,不是副词。在英语中应避免讲He is a friend of my mother. 又比如:I go to school with my friend. 从语法上讲是对的但不是习惯上英语的说法。而应讲He is a friend of my mother's. I go to school with a friend. be friends with 则是"交朋友"之意,例如:I hope you will be friends with me. 而不应讲I hope you will be my friend. 交朋友还有一惯用法是make friends.
from
[误] Where do you come from?I come from the library.
[正] Where do you come from?I come from England.
[正] Where did you come from?I came from the library.
[析] Where do you come from?应意为"你是从什么国家(地方)来的?"(即意为"你是哪的人?")而Where did you come from? 才是"你刚刚从哪来?"
front
[误] There are three tall trees in the front of my house.
[正] There are three tall trees in front of my house.
[析] in front of是某物体外部的前面,而in the front of是在某物体内部的前面。如:The bus driver is seated in the front of the bus.
G
game
[误] He went to America to take part in the Olympic Game.
[正] He went to America to take part in the Olympic Games.
[析] game作为"运动会"讲时应用其复数形式,而具体一个游戏则可用其单数形式。如:Our school team won the game.
German
[误] They are Germen.
[正] They are Germans.
[误] She comes from German.
[正] She comes from Germany.
[析] German是"德国人"、"德国的"、"德语",其复数形式是Germans;而Germany才是德国。
gather
[误] All the students and teachers are gathered together now.
[正] All the students and teachers are gathered now.
[析] 用了动词gather就不要再用together了。这句话还可以这样讲:All the students and teachers got together.
give
[误] She gives up to look for the lost bike.
[正] She gives up looking for the lost bike.
[析] give up意为"放弃",其后只接动名词作介词宾语,而不应接不定式。
glad
[误] His parents were very glad for his success in business.
[正] His parents were very glad of his success in business.
[正] His parents were very glad to know his success in business.
[析] "为……感到高兴"应是be glad of something或be glad to do something.
glass
[误] The old teacher has two pair of big glass.
[正] The old teacher has two pairs of big glasses.
[析] glass作为"眼镜"讲,应用复数形式,在英语中手套gloves 裤子pants,剪刀scissors均用复数形式。glass作"玻璃杯"讲时则可用单数形式或复数形式,如:I want two glasses of milk. 而作为物质名词"玻璃"讲则要用作不可数名词,如:The boy broke two panes of glass.
go
[误] -Mary, could you come to my home now?-Yes, I'm going.
[正] -Mary, could you come to my home now?
-Yes, I'm coming.
[析] go是指离开说话人所在地,而come指的是朝向说话人的方向:如:Come here!Can I come and help you?但在口语中也有一些例外,如表示要参加到某人或者某件活动时常用come, 如:We are going to have a party tonight. Would you like to come with us?
gone been
He has gone to Shanghai. 指此人已去上海不在此地了。
He has been to Shanghai. 指此人去过上海现已回来了。
gold
[误] She brushed her gold hair carefully.
[正] She brushed her golden hair carefully.
[析] gold作形容词指"金质的",如:a gold ring, a gold coin,而golden是"金色的",如:golden age(金色的时代),但"金鱼"例外,为gold fish。
good
[误] I've been waiting for good twenty minutes.
[正] I've been waiting for a good twenty minutes.
[析] a good之意为"足足"、"整整"之意。
good well
He is good. 应译为"他是个好人。"而He is well. 应译为"他身体不错。"I feel good. 即精神状态良好,而I feel well.即身体状况不错。
[误] This food is very good to you.
[正] This food is very good for you.
[析] be good for是"对……有利、有好处",而be good to是指"对待某人不错",如:Your friend is very good to me.
grade
[误] -What grade are you in?-I'm in grade 1.
[正] -What grade are you in?-I'm in Gread 1.
[析] 当泛指那一年级时grade的头一个字母小写,当有具体数字时则要大写。
H
had better
[误] You have better hurry.
[正] You had better hurry.
[析] had better只用过去时had,不要误用成现在时have。
[误] You hadn't better worry.
[正] You had better not worry.
[析] had better后面加不带to的不定式,其否定式是"had better not+动词原形"。
half
[误] I had driven about half mile.
[正] I had driven about half a mile.
[析] "半小时"有两种讲法half an hour, a half hour. 而"一个半小时"应讲an hour and a half或one and a half hours."半天"应讲half a day,"半镑"应讲half a pound.但要尽量避免使用half a year,而应用six months;不用half a month, 而用two weeks或fifteen days.
[误] Half us could go to the park.
[正] Half of us could go to the park.
[析] half用于名词前可用of结构也可不用of结构,但用于代词前则必须加of。如:More than half (of) my classmates are boys.
[误] One and half apples are left on the table.
[正] One and half apples is left on the table.
[析] 一个半one and half后面的名词要用复数,而句中的谓语动词却要用单数。
[误] Half of the work are done.
[正] Half of the work is done.
[误] Half of the six apples is red.
[正] Half of the six apples are red.
[析] "half of+名词"这一结构后面的谓语动词应与of后面的名词相一致,如为不可数名词或可数名词单数,要用单数谓语动词;而复数名词后面要加与复数相对应的谓语动词。
hand
[误] He shook hand with his teacher.
[正] He shook hands with his teacher.
[析] 与某人握手要用shake hands. 与hand有关的词组中有很多要用复数形式,如:change hands (转手、易手),in the hands of (由……控制),join hands (与人合作)。
happen
[误] What was happened to you last month?
[正] What happened to you last month?
[误] An accident was happened in this street last night.
[正] An accident happened in this street last night.
[析] 在英语中不及物动词没有被动态,作为"发生"讲的happen,take place和break out都不具有被动态。happen to常用来表达一件偶然发生的事,如:If you happen to meet my sister please ask her to call me.
hard
[误] I have to study hardly.
[正] I have to study hard.
[析] hard是形容词,如:a hard work,但它同时也是副词。hardly是hard的又一副词形式,但词意截然不同,意为"几乎不"。
[误] I had my leg broken last term, so I couldn't hardly study at all.
[正] I had my leg broken last term so I hardly studied at all.
[析] hardly意为"否定",所以不要再加否定词语了,如果hardly用于句首则应采用倒装语序,如:Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
have
[误] I had my boy do his homework from morning till noon.
[正] I had my boy doing his homework from morning till noon.
[析] 用have somebody do something还是doing something要取决句子的意思和句中的时间状语。
[误] I have my bike to repair.
[正] I have my bike repaired.
[析] have something done这一句型是让某事被别人去作,请看下面两句意义的不同:I have repaired my bike. (我自己已修好了自行车。)而I have my bike repaired.(我把车推出去让别人修理了。)
[误] Could you give me some money if you have.
[正] Could you give me some money if you have any.
[析] "如果你有的话"一句译为英文应加上any一词,如:I want some books if there is any.
headache
[误] I've got headache.
[正] I've got a headache.
[析] Headache是一个规则的可数名词,所以可以讲:My mother often gets headaches. 但是"牙痛"toothache,"肚子痛"stomacheache等却都可以用作不可数名词,如:I've got toothache. 但也可用作可数名词。
hear
[误] He was heard sing in the next room.
[正] He was heard to sing in the next room.
[析] hear somebody do something这一句式用于被动语态时要把原来省略的不定式to还原回来。而在hear somebody doing something这一句式中则不会出现上述问题。如,主动态:I heard her singing in the next room. 变为被动态时为:She was heard singing in the next room. 这种用法还适用于see, look, observe, watch, notice, listen to等。
hear listen to
hear一词为听见了什么,或听到什么,强调其结果;而listen to则强调有意要听,听的倾向。如:I want to listen to you, but I hear nothing.
但词组hear about (of)则为"听说过"之意,如:I heard about this. (我听说过此事。)而hear from则为"收到某人信件"之意:I often hear from my girl friend.
help
[误] Please help my homework.
[正] Please help me do my homework.
[正] Please help me with my homework.
[析] help其句型是help somebody do (to do) something. 意为"帮某人作某事",但在较古老的语法中不带to的不定式表示句子的主语参加这个动作,如:He help his mother cook the meal. 即"他和母亲一起作饭。"而He help me to do my homework. 则是"他指导我做作业"。但在现代英语中这个区别则往往被取消了。所以带to与不带to的不定式在句中意思相同,并无区别。
[误] When I read the play I can't help to think of my childhood.
[正] When I read the play I can't help thinking of my childhood.
[析] can't help doing something是"身不由己,情不自禁做某事"。
[误] Help yourself with some cakes.
[正] Help yourself to some cakes.
[析] 中文中讲"你自己拿蛋糕吃",英文中要用help somebody to something.
here
[误] Here the bus comes!
[正] Here comes the bus!
[析] 副词在句首时一般要用倒装语序,即谓语动词的位置前移。但是,若主语如是人称代词,则还是要用正常语序,如:Here we are!
high
[误] He is very high.
[正] He is very tall.
[析] 英语中的两个"高"high和tall,其中tall指人指物都是可以的,但high则只指物体的高,所以可以讲This building is the highest building in the city.但tall一般不用来指山脉的高低。
hit
[误] The mother got angry and hit the boy.
[正] The mother got angry and beat the boy.
[析] hit指打到某物之上,一般指一次性打击,如He hit his head against the wall.(他把头撞到了墙上。)而beat则指多次性的打击。
home
[误] I'm tired. It's time I went to home.
[正] I'm tired. It's time I went home.
[析] home此处用作副词,所以不应加to,又如:I arrived home at eleven thirty yesterday evening.而at home除了"在家"之意外,还有像"在家里一样"之意。如Make yourself at home.(不要拘束就像在家一样。)
home house family
home是指与亲人一起居住的地方,可以讲a letter from home,所以有人解释home包括住处和家人。而house的侧重点则在建筑物,如Many new houses were built this year. family一词,作为整体讲其谓语动词用单数,如:Her family is a happy one.而作为家庭成员讲时要用复数谓语动词,如:My family are all like swimming.
homgwork
[误] I have so many homework to do today.
[正] I have so much homework go do today.
[析] homework为不可数名词。同样的词还有work(work作为"著作"、"作品"、"工厂"讲时为可数名词),fun,health information等。
hope
[误] I hope you to be a good student.
[正] I hope you will be a good student.
[析] hope一词不能接宾语再加上宾语补足语,但它可以接不定式作宾语,如:I hope to be a scientist.而wish却可以接宾语加宾语补足语,如:I wish you to be a good student.
[误] I don't hope you will go to the park tomorrow.
[正] I hope you won't go to the park tomorrow.
[析] hope 和think在否定句中的用法不同,如"我认为你错了"。应译为:I don't think you are right.即否定在前。而hope则不能这样用。又如在答语中"我不这样认为"应译为I don't think so.或I hope not.
[误] I hope your help.
[正] I hope for your help.
[析] hope for为"期望某事发生",虽然hope是及物动词,但表达期望某事情发生要用"hope for+名词"这一结构。
[误] I was hopeful to pass the exam.
[正] I was hopeful of passing the exam.
[析] 对某事存有希望应用"hopeful of (about)+介词宾语"这一结构。
hospital
[误] My mother was in the hospital for two weeks.
[正] My mother was in hospital for two weeks.
[析] in hospital为"住院就医"。而in (at) the hospital 为"在医院(工作)"。如:He is a doctor in (at) the hospital.类似的用法还有很多,如:"上学"为go to school,at school为"在校就读",go to bed为"上床睡觉"。
how
[误] I want to know how to do.
[正] I want to know how to do it.
[析] how 是关联副词,要注意与关联代词的不同用法。如:I want to know what to do.
[误] How do you think about it?
[正] What do you think about it?
[析] 英文中表达你对某事的看法如何应用What do you think about…这一句式。
hurry
[误] Let's hurry. There is a little time left.
[正] Let's hurry. There is little time left.
[误] Don't worry. There is little time left.
[正] Don't worry. There is a little time left.
[析] 请注意英语中的惯用法:"快点吧,没时间了",或"别着急还有一点时间。"
[误] The car is hurrying through the street.
[正] The car is rushing throught the street.
[析] hurry一词只用于人而不用于物体。
hundred
[误] There are two hundreds people here.
[正] There are two hundred people here.
[误] There are hundred of people here.
[正] There are hundreds of people here.
[析] hundred一词前如有数字时不论多少其后都不加s,这和thousand(千)等数量词的用法一样,而hundreds of是数百的,这一词组一定要加s.
hurt
[误] I don't want to wound her feelings.
[正] I don't want to hurt her feelings.
[析] wound是指战场上的刀枪伤(名词),或用刀枪"伤害"、"打伤"(动词)。
I
if
[误] If it will rain I won't go to school tomorrow.
[正] If it rains I won't go to school tomorrow.
[析] 由if引起的状语从句要用一般时表示将来。
[误] I want to know if he comes here tomorrow.
[正] I want to know if he will come here tomorrow.
[析] if所引起的如果是宾语从句则不能用一般现在时表示将来。
[误] I want to know if it will rain tomorrow he will come or not.
[正] I want to know if it rains tomorrow he will come or not.
[析] 这里的if从句是整个宾语从句的条件状语,所以,还应用一般时表示将来。
ill
[误] He spent many years looking after his ill father.
[正] He spent many years looking after his sick father.
[析] ill和sick都可以作表语,如: I'm ill (sick). 美国英语中常用sick, 而英国英语中两者都可用,但ill一般不作定语。
in
[误] In a cold morning, I went to school alone.
[正] On a cold morning, I went to school alone.
[析] 在in the morning或in the afternoon词组中,不论在这两个名词的前或后加任何修饰词,其介词in都要变为on.
[误] I will finish it after two days.
[正] I will finish it in two days.
[析] 中文中几天以后可以完成,或几天后来取,在译为英文时都不要用after,而要用in.如: He will be back in a few days.
in into
作为副词应用in,而不能用into,如: Come in, please. 又若在句中不涉及到动词的位置,只是表达空间的位置时用in,如: The teacher in the office is my mother. 但在go, run, come, walk, dive等词后则要用into. 如: She dives into the river.
instead
[误] The boy stayed in bed all day instead to go to school.
[正] The boy stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
[析] instead of其后要接动名词、名词或代词,而不能用不定式,如: I choose this book instead of that one.
[误] The beer here is not good, so I drink wine instead of it.
[正] The beer here is not good, so I drink wine instead.
[析] instead是副词,而instead of是介词短语。如: If you are not free, you may come another day instead.
interest
[误] He has a great interest for physics.
[正] He has a great interest in physics.
[误] He has some interest in many companies.
[正] He has some interests in many companies.
[析] interest作为"兴趣"讲可用作不可数名词,但作为"利息"、"股份"讲时为可数名词。
[误] This is an interested book.
[正] This is an interesting book.
[析] 修饰物时应用interesting, 如,an interesting film,而讲某人对某事感兴趣时要用过去分词interested,如: I'm interested in this play. 但"他是一个十分有趣的人"。应译为He is an interesting man. 所以interesting是"令人感兴趣"之意,而interested则表示某人对某事物感兴趣,多用"be interested in something"这一句型。
invent
[误] America was invented by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
[正] America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
[析] invent意为"发明"即从无到有,如: Compass was invented by the Chinese people. 而discover则意为"发现"。
it
[误] That takes me ten years to finish this work.
[正] It takes me ten years to finish this work.
[析] it在这个句中的语法作用是形式主语,而真正的主语是句子后面的不定式。有的句子要用it作形式主语或形式宾语,如: I think it difficult to learn English well.
J
join
[误] Did you attend the football club?
[正] Did you join the football club?
[析] join经常用于参加某个团体、政党,并作为其中的一个成员;attend则重点强调出会议、到场,而不一定进行具体活动,如: Did you attend the meeting yesterday?而take part in则强调参与某些具体活动或运动,如: I take part in the football game.
just
[误] I have finished my work just now.
[正] I finished my work just now.
[析] just now意义"刚才",所以句中的谓语动词要用过去式。
[误] Just I won the game.
[正] I just won the game.
[析] just单独使用时不应放在句首,而应放于① be动词之后,如: He is just a student.② 名词与一般动词之间。③ 用在第一助动词之后,如: I have just returned home. 但just与其他词组成词组时,如just now, just then, 则可用于句首和句尾。如: Just then he saw the bus coming.
just justly
just常用于三种含意: ① 恰好,如: It's just five o'clock. ② 仅仅,相当于only, 如: I have just enough money to buy a dictionary. ③ 不久前,如: I just missed my old friend; He left a few minutes ago. 而justly其意为"公正的",如: He was justly punished for his crimes.
K
keep
[误] She was keeping something to her father.
[正] She was keeping something from her father.
[析] "对某人隐瞒某事"要用"keep something from somebody"句型。
[误] He kept to repeat the word again and again.
[正] He kept repeating the word again and again.
[析] keep doing something为连续不断地做某事。有时可以与keep on doing something互换。它们的区别在于keep doing something意为该动作一直不停地在进行中,如: When the train started, she kept waving her hand. 而keep on doing something则表示该动作可能停停顿顿但却一直在进行中,如: He kept on making the same mistakes in grammar.
[误] We must keep up the times.
[正] We must keep up with the times.
[析] 这句话意为"我们必须赶上时代",keep up with是"赶上"之意,而keep up则是"坚持下去"的意思,如: Keep it up, don't stop now!
key
[误] I lost the key of the door.
[正] I lost the key to the door.
[析] 英语中讲某某的东西一般要用of,而key, entrance, answer则多用to,如:"门的钥匙"为key to the door, "高速公路入口"为entrance to the highway, "问题的答案"为the answer (key) to the question.
kind
[误] This kind of books are not good.
[正] This kind of books is not good.
[析] kind在这种句式中应作为主语,如果讲Those kinds of books are very good. 则是正确的。
kind sort type
kind和sort为同义词,意为"种类",而type则为"型号",如: What type of this car do you want?(你想要这种车的什么型号?)
knock
[误] Someone was knocking the door.
[正] Someone was knocking at the door.
[析] knock虽可以作及物动词,如: The car knocked a hole in the fence. 但作"敲门"讲一定要用作不及物动词: knock at (on) the door.
know
[误] I want to know to play this game.
[正] I want to know how to play this game.
[析] 要注意英语中在不定式前加疑问代词或疑问副词的用法。如:I want to know how to do it / what to do / when to do it / where to go.
know know of
I know him.为"我很了解他。"而I know of him. 则为"我听说过他。"同样的用法还有hear和hear of这一词组。
L
large
[误] He found a large number of mistake in his homework.
[正] He found a large number of mistakes in his homework.
[析] "a large number of + 复数名词",意为大量的。
last
[误] This is the newest news.
[正] This is the latest news.
[析] "最新消息"应为latest news,因为最晚到的新闻才是最新消息,请注意英语与汉语的区别。
last the last
[误] I saw my brother the last week.
[正] I saw my brother last week.
[析] 当谈到与目前有关的上月、上星期等概念时只能用last month, last week, 而不能加定冠词,the last 可用于表示一系列词的最后一个,如: That was the last Christmas I spent at home. 但the last可以用来表示持续到现在的一个长时期,如: I am busy for the last week.
late
[误] Yesterday I went home lately.
[正] Yesterday I went home late.
[析] late即可做形容词又可作副词;而lately则意为"最近的",如: I haven't seen her lately.
late latter later lately
late有两个比较级,指时间较晚应用later,如口语中常讲: See you later. (一会见。)而latter则指按顺序讲的后者,或靠后的,其反意词为former,如: the former president(前总统)。又如: I can understand the latter part of the story. 而lately则意为"近来"、"不久前"。laughed at by his classmates. 中的at是不可省掉的。laugh over 则指"笑着谈论"某事,如 We laugh over the film. (我们笑着谈论那个电影。)
lay
[误] We lied on the beach.
[正] We lay on the beach.
[析] 英文中有三个动词易混,在考试中也频频出现,它们的现在式,过去式,过去分词以及现在分词是:
lay (vt. 放) laid laid laying
lie(vi. 躺) lay lain cying
lie(vi. 说谎) lied lied lying
learn
[误] The teacher said:"You must study this poem by heart."
[正] The teacher said:"You must learn this poem by heart."
[析] study与learn在作"学习"讲时,常常可以互换,但learn侧重于学习成果或初级阶段的模仿性学习,如:The little baby is learning to walk. 而study则多侧重于学习的过程,如: I'm studying at this college. 而learn…by heart则是"记住"、"背诵"之意。
leave
[误] I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai.
[正] I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai.
[析] leave for一词组为"去某地",如对话中常讲I'll leave for Shanghai. 因所离开的地点是双方都知道的则可以省略。
leave forget
[误] I've forgotten my homework at home.
[正] I've forgotten my homework.
[正] I've left my homework at home.
[析] 如果句中有地点状语则不要用forget, 而要用leave.
lesson
[误] I have two lessons of English.
[正] I have two English lessons.
[正] I have two lessons in English.
[析] "我有两节英语课。"这一表达法如上,但美国老师讲他有两节课时则多用"I have two classes."teach somebody a lesson 为"教训某人",或"要吸取教训",如: Let this thing teaches you a lesson.
lend
[误] Please borrow me your bike.
[正] Please lend me your bike.
[析] borrow是指"借入",如: I want to borrow some books from the library. lend 是"借出",如: I can lend you my bike. 而keep为"借多久": 如 How long can I keep it?
less
[误] He has fewer money than she has.
[正] He has less money than she has.
[析] less是little的比较级,而fewer是few的比较级。要注意前者修饰不可数名词,而后者修饰可数名词。
let
[误] The teacher lets the students clean the classroom as a punishment.
[正] The teacher makes the students clean the classroom as a punishment.
[析] 虽然let, have, make有相同的用法,但make和have含有迫使某人做某事的意思。
[误] Let's go to the park, will you?
[正] Let's go to the park, shall we?
[误] Let us go to the park, shall we?
[正] Let us go to the park, will you?
[析] Let's go的反意疑问句是shall we?而Let us go的反意疑问句则是will you?
life
[误] Many people lost their life in the Second World War.
[正] Many People lost their lives in the Second World War.
[析] life作为"生命"、"性命"时应为可数名词;当泛指一般"生活"讲时则为不可数名词,如: Which do you prefer, town life or country life? 又如: Life is not all fun.
light
[误] There is a desk with a lit lamp on it.
[正] There is a desk with a lighted lamp on it.
[析] light有两个过去分词: lighted和lit,当用过去分词作形容词当定语时只能用lighted.light可以用作名词,如: The moon gets its light from the sun. 也可以作形容词,如: The classroom is very light. 还可以作动词,如: The little girl lit a match. 作形容词时还有"轻"、"浅"等意,如: This box is light. I like light blue.
like
[误] My sister is very as me.
[正] My sister is very like me.
[析] as 作为连词其后要接从句,如: She is a good student as his brother used to be. 而like是介词,其后接宾语。
[误] Do you like swimming with me tonight.
[正] Would you like to swim with me tonight.
[析] like作为动词当"喜欢"讲时,其后面可接不定式也可接动名词,用不定式多表达一个一次性的动作,如: I'm sorry I don't like to go swimming tonight. 用动名词则表示一个习惯性的动作,如: I like swimming very much.
like alike
作为形容词,alike 一般不作定语,而只作表语,如; The twins are very alike.
[误] Would you like swimming with us?
[正] Would you like to swim with us?
[析] 在would you like…这一句型中,其后面只能接不定式,而不能接动名词。like的用法还要注意以下两点: ① He likes Tom. 为"他喜欢汤姆。"② He is like Tom. 为"他像汤姆。"第二句话的like为介词,而第一句话的like为动词。
listen
[误] You should hear the teahcer's advice.
[正] You should listen to the teacher's advice.
[析] hear多侧重于听到某事或某种声音,而listen to则侧重于听的倾向性。如: We listen but hear nothing. 例句为"听取某人意见",所以只能用listen to someone's advice.
little
[误] Don't worry, there is little time.
[正] Don't worry, there is a little time.
[误] There is a little water. Shall I get some?
[正] There is little water. Shall I get some?
[析] 要注意中英文在同一问题上的表达法是不同的。如中文"水不多了,我去取点吧。"英文要讲"没水了,我去取点吧。"
little small
little与small是近义词,在作定语时常常可以互换,如: a little girl或a small girl,但little一般不作表语,如: The car over there is small. 一句中不要用little. 作定语时little常常带有感情色彩,而small则带有对比的含义。
live
[误] Tom lives with his parents' money.
[正] Tom lives on his parents' money.
[误] He lives on teaching.
[正] He lives by teaching.
[析] "靠吃某物为生"应用live on something, 而live by是"靠某种生活手段为生"。
living alive
living侧重于生活得很好,身体不错,如: My grandfather is still living in his eighties. 而alive则强调没有死而是活着的,如: Is that cat alive or dead?
lonely
[误] She wanted to do her homework lonely.
[正] She wanted to do her homework alone.
[析] lonely意为"寂寞的"、"孤单的",如: The old man felt lonely. alone则意为"独自的"、"单独的",如: He lives alone but he doesn't feel lonely.
long
[误] I have been studying long for the exam.
[正] I have been studying for a long time for the exam.
[析] long用作表达时间的副词时,在否定句及疑问句中最常用,但在肯定句中除与so, too, as…as连用外,一般要用for a long time.
[误] I'll call you as long as the book will be returned.
[正] I'll call you as long as the book is returned.
[析] as…as引导的状语从句中可以用一般现在时表示将来。
[误] How long do you go to see your parents? Once a week.
[正] How often do you go to see your parents? Once a week.
[析] 因为答语为每周一次所以问的是频率,要用how often.
look
look for find
look for 侧重于 "寻找"这个动作,如: What are you looking for? 而find则侧重于结果,如: It is very difficult to find a job. 这里不能用look for,因为真正困难的是"找到"工作。
其他用法还有:
[例] He often looks back on his highschool days.
[析] look back on something 为"回顾"、"回想"。
[例] I wish you wouldn't look down on (upon) the children's work.
[析] look down on (upon) 为"看不起"某人或某事。
[误] I'm looking forward to see you.
[正] I'm looking forward to seeing you.
[析] look forward to词组中的to是介词,所以其后要加名词或动名词,不能接不定式。
lot
[误] I can buy this dictionary now, because I have got much money.
[正] I can buy this dictionary now because I have got a lot of money.
[析] much money多用于疑问句与否定句中,而在肯定句中要用a lot of.lots of与a lot of之间无多大区别,两者都可以修饰可数与不可数名词,所以常常可以互换。
[误] He is more happier now.
[正] He is a lot happier now.
[析] 不可用more来修饰比较级,能修饰比较级的词有very much, a lot, lots, any, no, rather, a little, a bit等。
loud loudly
这两个词含意相同,在日常用语中loud多与talk,speak, shout, laugh等动词连用,如:Don't speak so loud, you'll wake the baby. 而在比较正式的场合才用loudly.
loud aloud
loud多指把声音放大,而aloud则指要出声不要默读。如:-What did you say?-Oh, nothing, I was just think aloud. (我只不过自言自语。)
M
make
[误] The little boy was made repeat the whole story.
[正] The little boy was made to repeat the whole story.
[误] The father made his son to do his homework from morning till night.
[正] The father made his son do his homework from morning till night.
[析] make 的句型为"make somebody do (doing) something".但在被动语态中原来被省去的不定式符号to要被还原回来。
[误] I always do this mistake.
[正] I always make this mistake.
[析] 英语中do和make是十分不易弄清的两个动词,do常用于谈论工作时或某种不确定的活动时,如: do a favour(帮个忙),do one's best(竭尽全力),do good(有益), do harm(有害),而多数情况下常用make, 如: make a suggestion, make a cake, make a bed(收拾床),make a noise, make money等等。
[误] This wine was made of grapes.
[正] This wine was made from grapes.
[析] 当成品制成后,其原料的性质有所改变时应用make from,否则用make of, 如: This door was made of iron.
[误] Hard work can often make up a lack of intelligence.
[正] Hard work can often make up for a lack of intelligence.
[析] make up是"创造"、"编织",而make up for是"弥补……的不足之处"。上句应译为"勤奋工作可以弥补天资的不足。"
[误] We made up our mind to study hard.
[正] We made up our minds to study hard.
[析] mind这里是可数名词,使用时要特别予以注意make up one's mind是"下定决心"之意。
[误] Our class is made of twenty girls and twentyone boys.
[正] Our class is made up of twenty girls and twentyone boys.
[析] make up of…是"某物由……组成或构成"。
many
[误] I have many friends.
[正] I have a lot of friends.
[析] many和much多用于疑问句或否定句中,而在肯定句中则用处不多,尤其在非正式谈话中。如:
-How much money have you got?
-I've got plenty.
[误] You bought much too tomatoes.
[正] You bought too many tomatoes.
[析] too many后接可数名词,too much后接不可数名词,而much too后面接形容词,意为"太多"。
[误] For many a weeks it rained a lot.
[正] For many a week it rained a lot.
[析] many a意为"好多"、"许多",但其后面要加单数名词
。
matter
[误] No matter what you did.
[正] No matter what you did, I trusted you.
[析] No matter是个词组,意为"不论",它的语法功能是起连接作用,所以不能用于一个单独的句子。
it doesn't matter这个词组则不是一个连接词组,所以可以和一个单句连用,如: It doesn't mater what you say. (你说什么都不要紧。)
maybe
[误] May be he is right.
[正] Maybe he is right.
[析] maybe是副词,不要错用为may be.
maybe perhaps
这两个词的词意一样,maybe常用于非正式谈话,而perhaps则多用在正式文体中。如: Maybe/Perhaps the weather will get better. 而Julius Caesar is perhaps the greatest of Shakespeare's early plays.
mend
[误] I want to have my bike mended.
[正] I want to have my bike repaired.
[析] mend意为"缝补",如: My mother mended my coat. 而repair是"修理"。
mind
[误] Could you mind to close the door?
[正] Could you mind closing the door?
[误] Try to make up your mind studying hard.
[正] Try to make up your mind to study hard.
[析] mind用作动词时,其后加动名词;而用作名词意为"下定决心"时,其后要加不定式。 要注意Do you mind if I smoke?的答语: 如果你不介意,应回答"No, go ahead."如果你不想让对方吸烟,则应讲"Yes, please don't."
miss
[误] I found my bag missed.
[正] I found my bag missing.
[析] missing为形容词,其意为"不见了"、"丢了"。在句中用作宾语补足语时不要误用missed,它作动词时多为及物动词,要接名词或动名词,而不接不定式。如: I missed the first train, I don't want to miss seeing the famous football player.在作补足语讲某物"不见了"时有missing, gone, lost等,如: I found my bag missing (gone, lost).
mistake
[误] I took your pen by wrong.
[正] I took your pen by mistake.
[析] by mistake是"错拿了"、"误拿了"你的东西。wrong意为"错误",而by mistake为"弄混了"。如:
[误] If I'm not wrong, you are Mr Brown.
[正] If I'm not mistaken, you are Mr Brown. (如果我没弄错的话,您是Brown先生。)
[误] The teachers always mistook me as my brother.
[正] The teachers always mistook me for my brother.
[析] mistake…for…是"错把……当作……"之意,如: I took your book for mine.
more
[误] This book is more better than that one.
[正] This book is much better than that one.
[析] 不能用比较级来修饰比较级,而应用much, rather等来修饰比较级。
[误] More you read, more you learn.
[正] The more you read, the more you learn.
[析] 在"越……越……的"表达法中,形容词的比较级前要加定冠词。请注意more than one这个词组的后面要跟单数名词和单数谓语动词。如: More than one student is going to do part time job after school.
no more than not morethan
no more than应译为"只不过"、"才",如: He wrote no more than three books. 即他真正写了三本书。而not more than则意为"不会多于",如: He wrote not more than three books. 即他写的书不会多于三本。又如: He is no shorter than you. 应译为"你和他都不矮",而He is not shorter than you. 才应译为"他比你高。"
most
[误] Most of students are good at English.
[正] Most of the students are good at English.
[正] Most students are good at English.
[析] most of这一结构后面的名词前一定要有一个限定词。
[误] My friends are most teachers.
[正] My friends are mostly teachers.
[析] mostly意为"大部分的","主要的"。
much
[误] The boy was asleep very much.
[正] The boy was fast asleep.
[析] 不是所有的形容词都可以用very来修饰,如fast asleep意为"熟睡",则是固定搭配。像interesting, exciting, surprising这些形容词化的现在分词,以及tired, interested这些形容词化的过去分词则要用very来修饰。
must
[误] He must be in the office, and mustn't go home.
[正] He must be in the office, and can't go home.
[析] must加动词原形为对事情的肯定推测,而否定的推测则要用can't加动词原形。
[误] It must have rained now.
[正] It must have rained yesterday.
[析] "must+have+过去分词"为对过去发生事情的推测。这句话应译为"昨天一定是下雨了。"又如: I must go and call him. He must have forgotten it.
must have to
must用来表示说话者觉得某件事有必要去做,如I must stop smoking. 其意为:我自己认为我要戒烟;而have to则多用来表达由于来自外界的因素而不得不去做的事,如: I have to go to school tomorrow.must无过去式,当用在讲过去某件必须要做的事时要用had to, 如: When I was young, I had to go to the factory.在否定句中mustn't意为:一定不要做某事,如: You mustn't tell this to Tom. 而haven't to则多意为没有必要去做,如: You don't have to tell this to Tom. 而英语中多用needn't 来取代haven't to.
myself
[误] I can't play pingpong myself.
[正] I can't play pingpong by myself.
[析] 第一句并无语法错误,myself为"我亲自要去",而by myself为"独自一人"。这句话要表达的意思是"我一个人无法打乒乓球。"而I want to play pingpong myself. 应译为"我自己想去打乒乓球。"
N
name
[误] She was named of a flower.
[正] She was named after a flower.
[析] 以……命名应为name after,又如给某人取名应为The father named his son Tom.
near
[误] We came near to hit him.
[正] We came near to hitting him.
[析] 这句话应译为"我们几乎要打他一顿。"near to这一用法中to为介词,其后要接宾语,所以要接名词或动名词。near作介词时其后可加to也可不加to,如: I sit near the door, I sit near to the fire.
by near
We lived near the city. 与We lived by the city. 两句话都是对的,但其表达的意义有所不同,by在表达距离时比near更近,所以by the city是紧靠近某城市。
need
[误] This room needs to clean.
[正] This room needs to be cleaned.
[正] This room needs cleaning.
[析] 在表达某事需要做什么时,need后面如用不定式要用其被动态,如接动名词则要用主动态。
[误] We need not to do it.
[正] We needn't do it.
[析] need用在否定句、疑问句中一般用作情态动词,所以无人称变化也不加to,而在肯定句中则多用作实意动词,如: We need your help.
neither
[误] None of my parents is a teacher.
[正] Neither of my parents is a teacher.
[析] 对两者的否定不能用none只能用neither, none用于三人以上的情况。
[误] I don't do my homework. Neither he does.
[正] I don't do my homework. Neither does he.
[析] 这时应用倒装句。
[误] Neither you nor I are right.
[正] Neither you nor I am right.
[析] neither…nor… 这一句型在应用时其谓语动词应以邻近的主语一致。
[误] Neither he studies nor plays.
[正] Neither does he study nor play.
[析] neither, hardly, seldom等否定词位于句首时,谓语动词采用倒装形式。
never
[误] Never I have broken my word.
[正] Never have I broken my word.
[析] never用于句首时起强调作用,要用倒装语序。但用于句中一般放于情态动词、助动词、或be动词后面,如: I shall never forgot the expression on her face. Lost time is never found again. 用于成语中,如: Better late than never. (晚做比不做强。)never mind没关系,如: "What did you say?""Oh, never mind."
news
[误] There are many news about the accident.
[正] There is much news about the accident.
[析] news是不可数名词,它没有复数形式,如果讲一条新闻要用a piece of news.
newspaper
[误] I read the news on today's newspaper.
[正] I read the news in today's newspaper.
[析] 在报纸上读到某一条新闻一定要用介词in,而on the newspaper是指把某物放于报纸之上,如: May I put the flower on this newspaper?
night
[误] I came home very late yesterday night.
[正] I came home very late last night.
[析] "昨晚"一般要讲last night,而不应参照"昨天上午、下午、傍晚"的说法yesterday morning等套用。
no none
no是个限定词,它可以用在可数名词单复数或不可数名词前,如: No news is good news. 但如果名词前有另一限定词时则不能用no,而要用none of,如None of the students was here.
no not
要使句子具有部分否定的意思,我们用not,如: I can see you tomorrow, but not Sunday. 如果是全部否定则用no,如Sorry, there is no time to talk.
No one none
no one与nobody一样不能接of结构,如: No one wished me good luck. 而要用of结构时要用none, 如: None of my friends wished me good luck.
nor
[误] I never saw the painting before, or did I hear of it.
[正] I never saw the painting before, not did I hear of it.
[析] 注意在表达"既不……也不……"时不要用or作连词,而要用nor,并且要用倒装语序。
not
[误] The students went to the park, but no the teachers.
[正] The students went to the park, but not the teachers.
[析] 要使一个句子或一个句子的某一部分为否定时我们要用not, 而不用no.
[误] There is no my letter today.
[正] There is no letter for me today.
[析] no是一个限定词,用在名词前时,要注意这个名词前应没有冠词、物主代词或指示代词。
[误] He not only was a writer but also an actor.
[正] He was not only a writer but also an actor.
[析] 在这一句型中not only之后的词与but also之后的词类必须一致,否则应为错句。如果这一结构用在主语位置,则谓语动词要与but also后面的主语保持一致,如: Not only you but also I am wrong.
nothing
[误] Nothing but books were sold here.
[正] Nothing but books was sold here.
[析] 要注意真正的主语是nothing而不是books,所以这一结构在学生的使用中经常出错。
[误] I have nothing to do but to cry.
[正] I have nothing to do but cry.
[析] 在这一结构中but后面要用省to的不定式。
number
[误] A number of news can be heard on TV today.
[正] A lot of news can be heard on TV today.
[析] a number of后接可数名词复数。
[误] The number of students are ten thousand.
[正] The number of students is ten thousand.
[析] a number of 其意为"大量的",而the number of…是"某某的数量"。即the number of students意为"学生人数",所以要用单数形式的谓语动词。
O
o'clock
[误] It's ten past five o'clock.
[正] It's ten past five.
[析] o'clock所表达的时间是正点,如果要表达的时间是几点几分或差几分几点都不能用o'clock.
once
[误] Please come and see me once.
[正] Please come and see me one day.
[析] once用来谈论过去的事情,而不能谈论未来。如果要谈及未来要用one day, some time等。
[误] I met him one time when I was a student.
[正] I met him once when I was a student.
[析] 英语中一次应用once而不用one time,二次要用twice而不用two times.
one
[误] My grandfather wants to live for hundred years.
[正] My grandfather wants to live for one hundred years.
[误] He threw away the old dictionary and wanted to buy new one.
[正] He threw away the old dictionary and wanted to buy a new one.
[误] His dog is bigger than my one.
[正] His dog is bigger than mine.
[析] 一般物主代词之后不用one,除非one前有修饰词,如my old one, 否则要用名词性物主代词。
[误] One of the teacher is in the office.
[误] One of the teachers are in the office.
[正] One of the teachers is in the office.
[析] One是句子的主语,其谓语动词应用单数,而of后面的名词要用复数名词。
[误] One third of the books is sent to the students.
[正] One third of the books are sent to the students.
[析] 几分之几或百分之几这一结构用在主语位置,其谓语动词要与of后面的名词一致,如Two thirds of the work is done.
open
[误] Are the banks opened today?
[正] Are the banks open today?
[析] 要注意open即可用作动词、名词,还可以用作形容词,而close则不同。请看: Are the banks closed today?这一句是正确的。
or
[误] He doesn't drink and smoke.
[正] He doesn't drink or smoke.
[析] 否定句中的并列连词要用or而不用and.
[误] He neither drinks or smokes.
[正] He neither drinks nor smokes.
other
[误] Where are the others students?
[正] Where are the other students?
[正] Where are the others?
[析] other作形容词时没有复数形式,且作为泛指讲时没有定冠词,如: Ask some other eople. 而加定冠词后为特指。 the other可在句中作主语、宾语或定语,如: Now let me show you the other. (宾语) He has two sons. One is a worker, the other is a teacher. (主语) others 只能作代词,而the others则为特指,如: There are five books. Two of them are not good. I like the others.
out
[误] She went out the classroom, taking a dictionary with her.
[正] She went out of the classroom, taking a dictionary with her.
[析] out of是指"从……里出来",使用时不要将of丢掉。