黄痰变成白痰吃啥药:中学英语要点汇总2

中学英语要点汇总2

29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、  现在进行时(am / is / are +v.ing)、

一般将来时(will / shall / begoing to+动词原形)、  一般过去时、  过去进行时(was / were +v.ing)、 现在完成时(have / has + v. 过去分词)、   过去完成时(had + v. 过去分词)、过去将来时(would + v. 原形)          六个形式： 原形； 过去式(规则的加ed)；

过去分词(规则的加ed)； 第三人称单数(加s / es)； 现在分词(v.ing)； 带to不定式。

30.if / whether区别：if 如果(引导条件状语从句) / 是否(引导宾语从句)

—8—

 whether“无论”引导让步状语从句 / “是否”引导宾语从句（相当于if）

 都译为“是否”时，whether可接or not, 也可接带to不定式。而if 则不可。

另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。  (见语法28.)

31.因为：because, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。位置：Because…, …或…, because….

 since, 表显然的或已知的理由Since it’s alreadylate, I must go now.

 for, 位置：…，for….语气最弱。 I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.

 as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。As I am ill, I won’t go.

32.表推测：must, may, might,could, can, can’t

 must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。

 There is the door bell, it must beTom.  门铃响了，一定是汤姆(来了)。

 may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。

 She is coming to us. She might be ournew teacher.

 can / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。

 You could be right, but I don’t thinkyou are.

 The light in the office is off. The teacher can’tbe there now.

33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall / slowly / carefully / young…

 such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather /good news /beautiful music…;

 such a beautiful girl / an importantlesson / a heavy stone / an interesting lesson…;

such kind boys / newdesks / friendly people / amazing movies / clever children…;

若名词前形容词是many, much, few,little时，不用such, 而用so.

so many flowers / much rain / few friends/ little water…

也常有“so / such …that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。

34.so的另两个用法：1so + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语，“…也”

 上下文所指不是同一个人或物。  The twins are working, so am I.

 I willleave tonight, and so will Peter.    If you go there, so will I . (最后一句参见语法2)

又如：A: I woke up late this morning.  B: So didI.

2so + 主语 + be/情态动词 / 助动词，“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。

A: We have lunch at school.  B: Soyou do.

又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem.  B: So he can.  （注意以上黑体字的照应）

35.neither / nor用法之一：neither / nor + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语

 “…也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor didher brother.

—9—

 又如：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast.  B: Neither have I.   （注意以上黑体字的照应）

36.keep, make,get, have用法：

1keep + sb / sth doingsth “让…一直做…” I’m sorry forkeeping you waiting so long.   (区别：keep + doing sth “坚持做某事，一直做某事”)

 2make + sb / sth do sth让…做某事(接动原） I’ll try to makeyou understand what I mean.    

I feel sorry that I have madehim wait for long.   

make若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带to不定式(另见语法6的类似说法)：

I made him wait for long. →He was made to wait for long.

3get + sb / sth to dosth.让…做某事。He got Peter tobuy him a pen.

4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 / ing / 过去分词

Have him do it,please.让他做它吧。（him 和 do 逻辑上形成主谓关系，do用原形。）

We had the machine working.我们让机器一直工作着。（让某物一直在进行着某事。）

We had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动。）

5也都可接形容词：keep safe /busy,   keep the door closed /open,

make us happy,  get the door closed,  have everything ready.   get her ears pierced.

37.used短语：used to + 动原，“过去常常”   He used to smoke.

 be used to 译为“被用于…”，后接动原。   It is used to cutthings. （主语是物）

 be used to 译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词 / 代词.  （主语常是人）

如：He’s used to workinglate.   We are used to the country life.   Are you used to it?

 be used for “被用于…”，后接名词或动词ing  （主语也是物）  如：

English is used for business.     Knives are used for cutting things.

38. through / past/ across 区别: 都可作介词，“穿过”，前常有位移动词(以下黑体部分)。

 He climbedthrough the window and saw what he could take away. （从窗户内部经过）

 He wentpast me without saying any words. （从我旁边经过）

 He swamacross the river.  （从河的表面经过）【through,内部; past,旁边; across,表面】

 位移动词 + past 有时相当于动词pass; 位移动词 + across有时相当于动词cross.

39.the number of /a number of: 前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的”

 都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。

The number of the trees istwo thousand.   （用单数谓语. 另注意trees前有限定词）

 A number of trees have been cutdown.   （用复数谓语. 另注意trees前无限定词）

—10—

 Howlong may I keep this novel?  I’ve lived here since 2002.

 Let’s wait until he comes back..   但否定句中可用短暂性动词，如下面的see与leave：

 I haven’t seen you for a longtime.    They won’t leave until itstops raining.

 另外，请观察以下短暂性动词转换成延续性动词的常见表达：

 lose →be lost.          start / begin to do→do       go off→be off

start, begin→be on       turn on→be on             move to→live in

end→be over           get, buy→have, own         borrow→keep

die→be dead            go out→be out             fall asleep→be asleep

get / become + adj →be + adj.      open(动词，“打开”) →be open(形容词，表状态)

arrive in, get to, reach→be in, stayin       leave, go away (from)→be away (from)

如以下例子的划线部分(并注意黑体部分的变化)：

The dog died five hours ago. →The dog hasbeen dead for five hours.

I lost my dictionary two weeks ago. →My dictionary hasbeen lost since two weeks ago.

He began to teachEnglish last year. →.He has taughtEnglish for one year.

Lucy arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday. →Lucy has beenin Beijing for two days.

I bought this bike six months ago. →I have ownedthis book since six months ago.

My friend borrowed thebook last month. →My friend has keptthe book for a month.

He left Beijing in 1990. →He has been away fromBeijing since 1990.

(注意以上的“for + 时间段”与“since + 时间段 + ago”或“since + 时间点”可互换)

41.all / each / both / none /either / neither不定代词或形容词的用法：

 1All boys / All of the boys are from China.  （all 若接可数复数， 谓语也用复数。）

All of the wateris polluted.   （若接不可数，谓语用单数。）

 2Each boy / Each of theboys has a different bag.  

each接名词单数或接of + 限定词+复数，其后谓语都用单数。

 3Both of the twins are clever. 后面谓语用复数。

 4None of the students has / have been there before.

 none +of +限定词+复数, 谓语用单、复数都可。另见88.

 5-When shall we meet, Saturdayor Sunday?

-Either day is OK. / Either of thedays is OK.    谓语用单数。

 6-When shall we meet, Saturdayor Sunday?

—11—

 【 all / each / none分别指三者或更多中的“都” / “每一个”/“没有一个”。

both / either / neither分别指两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 】

42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。   The street is two kilometers long.

Thatboy can jump four meters away.（此处不用far, 见49）  The fish is five kilos heavy.

Thestreet is forty meters wide.    This baby is only six months old.

 若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。

 They dug an eight-meter-deep hole. /. Ibought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.

 It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice. /They built a 50-meter-wide street.

It’sa two-month holiday.  She is a three-childmother.  (最后两句计量中省略了形容词)

43. Must I / May I/ Need I …? 用法：1Must I …?  “我必须…吗？”

 A: Must I finish the work?   B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

 2 Need I…?  “我有必要…吗？”或“我需要…吗？”

 A: Need I clean the house?   B: Yes,you must. / No, you needn’t.

 3 May I …? “我可以…吗？”表示请求。

A: May I go out for a walknow?   B: Yes, you can. / No, you mustn’t /can’t.

44.hundred / thousand /million / billion: 前有具体数字，这些词不加s及of.    如：

nine hundred people,  ten thousand students等。 

这些词前若无具体数字，后加s和of. 如：

thousands of trees;  many millions of people;  hundreds of cars;  billions of stars

但前若有several, 后常不加s和of：several million pounds

45.反意疑问句 (此处用QT表示反意疑问句后一部分内容) 的部分用法:

1something, nothing, anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.

 Somethingis wrong, isn’t it? / Nothingis difficult, is it?

 2当主句中think的主语是第一人称时，QT要结合think后的从句而定：

I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she?

 I don’tthink he will come here on time,will he?

 3祈使句的QT一般用will you?（包括let us …..）, 而Let’s …用shall we?

 Get up now, will you?   Don’t be noisy, will you?  Be quiet, will you?  

Please don’t talk, willyou?    Let us do it now, will you?   Don’t talk in class, will you?

Let’s do it now, shall we?   Let’s sing a song, shall we?

4There be句型，QT主语用there.

—12—

There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’t there?

There won’t be a movie in the theatre, will there?

46.put on, wear, dress, in:  1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。

You should put on your coat when you leave.

2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。

He always wears the yellow sweater inwinter.    I like wearing beautiful clothes.

3dress, “给…穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.

Lucy is dressing her little brother now.

be dressed in后常接具有某种特征的衣物。也可直接加表示颜色的词。

The lady is dressed in a white skirt.    The students are all dressed in yellow.

get dressed “穿好衣服”，常不接宾语:  He went out as soon as he got dressed.

dress up (as) ...“装扮（成）......” He dressed up as a clown. 他装扮成小丑。

4in, “穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。

也可以直接加表示颜色的词。   The woman in a white skirt is myteacher.  

Do you know the girl in ared coat?   （你认识那个穿着红外套的姑娘吗？）

I want to talk to the boy inblack. (我想找那个穿着黑衣服的男孩谈谈。)

47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would / should + 动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）

 If there were no air, people woulddie. (与现在事实相反)

 If I got rich, I would travelaround the world. (可能性很小)

48.other / others / the other/ the others / another:

 1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。

If you are still thirsty, youmay have another cup of tea.

（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）

 another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting willlast another two hours. （再持续两小时）

We need another six desks.   (此处两句分别相当于：two more hours;  six moredesks.)

2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指 (other前有the.)， 有如下用法：

第一种，所说内容只有两个：

—13—

 第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s. Two children went there, but the otherchildren / the others stayed.

Twofifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students / theothers are girls. 

 3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.

 Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.     Do you have any other questions?

 Alicedidn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.

 4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。

 He is taller than any other boy in hisclass. (划线中boy常用单数)  =

 He is taller than all ( of ) the other boysin his class. (划线中boy用复数)

 他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。

49.how long / how often / howsoon / how far: 1how long 是对长度或时间段提问。

How long is theriver?   -It’s 5,000 kilometerslong.   (对长度提问)

 How long have you lived there?   -For five months. / Since 2002.  (对时间段提问)

 2how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes,often, usually, always, once a week,

twice a day,  three times a year,  every day / year / month / week等。

 How often do you watch TV?   -Every two days. / Twice a week. /Sometimes.

 【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问：

 How many times do you watch TV aweek?  -Twice. / only once.】

 3how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问：

 How soon will you return to Beijing?   -In a week./ In two days.

 4how far是对以下三种表达法的提问：

   —How far is it from yourhome to the school?  有以下三种回答：

▲—It’s five minutes’ walk / an hour’s ride / thirteen minutes’drive.

▲—It’s about 20 kilometers(far) away. (注意回答时不再用far,而用away, 或far away)

▲—It’s 15 minutes by bus / onfoot / by train / by bike. 

50.分数表达：二分之一: half a / an 或a half. 如：

half an hour = a half hour半小时  It’s halfpast seven.(省略冠词)

以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：

 三分之一: a / onethird  三分之二: two thirds

 四分之一: a / one fourth 或a / one quarter

—14—

 五分之一: a / onefifth   五分之二: two fifths  其它类推。

 若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：

 A thirdof the boys have passed thetest.  A third of the work hasbeen over.

 Twofifths of the students areon time.  Two fifths of the land ispolluted.

(of后是可数名词复数时，谓语用复数；of后是不可数名词时，谓语用单数。)

51.到达：1get to + 地点 get to Shanghai / London / China

 接地点副词时，不带to.  get there / home / here.

 2arrive in+大地点(如Beijing / Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(如school / hospital)

arrive只作不及物动词，所以也可单独用：Please ring me upwhen you arrive.

3reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach Beijing /England

 但常不说reach home / there/ here.

52.感叹句：1What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！此情况下主、谓常可省略。

What lazy boys (theyare)!  What hard work (itis)!  What good news (it is)!

 What a good idea!   What bad weather (it is)!   What clever girls (you are)!

 2How +形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语！

 How hard the work is!   How fast he runs!   How rude you are!

 How carefully they are listening!   How bad the weather is!

53.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别：

 1because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。

 He didn’t come because he was ill. /because of his illness.

 2instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 后要接名词或代词。

 We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead. /instead of it.

 3out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词， “向…外”，

可不加of. 一般不要求掌握。)   He went out early.或He went out ofthe house early.

54.too much, too many与much too:

 much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big / slowly等。

 too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work / rain等。

 too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books / people等。

 （以上每个短语可依第二个词来决定其后要接什么词。）

55. alone / lonely: 1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。

可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone. 杰克是单身。

—15—

可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone. 她独居。

Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？

Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克独自在海滩漫步。

（注意：不可说very alone. 但可说very much alone.）

2lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

He has many relatives, but hefeels lonely. 他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。

（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）

也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄  （而alone不可作定语）

56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother.(直接加人)

 This suit is mine / Lucy’s / my son’s /hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名词性物主代词。)

57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English bymemorizing grammar.   

You can know it by looking it up in adictionary.      He travels by bike.

2“截止到”Will you finishthe task by tomorrow?

The train had left by thetime he got there.

3“被”This novel waswritten by Lu Xun.

4“经过”He passed by mewithout noticing me.

5“在……旁边”Sit by me.   They areplaying by the river.

58.部分用in的短语： in a good way（用一个好方法）,  in the open air（在露天场所）

in a hurry（匆忙）,   in pen / ink（用钢笔 / 墨水） (见105),   in style（时新的）

in the day（在白天）(见92),   in different sizes(以不同的大小),   in red（穿着红衣服）in different shapes（以不同的形状）  in a difficult situation（在困难情况下）

in good health（身体健康）  in a red coat（穿着红外套）(见46),  inEnglish（用英语）

in the way(挡道)    in a lowvoice(用低的声音)   in order to(为了，后接动词原形)

59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：

much / many→more→most     bad / badly / ill→worse→worst

far→farther / further→farthest /furthest     little→less→least

few→fewer→fewest     old→older / elder→oldest / eldest

2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me. (有than, 用比较级)

He did better than anyother student in the school. (用比较级。另见48的other用法，)

—16—

He is the taller of the two (boys).  (两者，用比较级。)

（注意：此句型中比较级前加the。而一般情况下比较级前不加the.最高级前才加the.)

He is the tallest of the three (boys) / of all.     He jumped (the) farthest of the four.

(以上两句都指三者或更多，用最高级。前句因the在形容词最高级前，不可省略；而后句因the在副词前， 可以省略。)

Which is better, teaor milk?  (两者选择，用比较级。)

Which is the best,tea, milk or water?  (三者或更多中选择，用最高级。)

It’s the second longest river in China. （序数词后的形容词或副词用最高级形式。）

3“越来越…”结构：“比较级 + and + 比较级”

He cried harder and harder. 他哭得越来越厉害了。 She is getting taller and taller.

类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse…

多音节词或部分双音节词：more and more beautiful / slowly /carefully / interesting…

4“越…, 越…” “the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，作为倒装成份。

Themore difficult English is, the harder youshould study.英语越困难，你就要越努力。

Theyounger we are, the more energy wehave. 我们越年轻，我们就越有活力。

Themoreyou eat, the fatter you will get.你吃得越多，你就变得越胖。

5“越来越多的…”more and more + 名词  (既有可数名词，也有不可数名词。)

More and more people are getting richer and richer.

We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water ….  （与3所接形 / 副不同）

6“…得多”much + 形容词 / 副词比较级

This room is much bigger than that one.

类似：much taller / fatter / younger / heavier / faster/ earlier / better…

注意多音节词或部分双音节词：much more careful / difficult / tiring /mysterious…

7“另外的…(个) …”结构：数量 + more + 名词，如two more students“另两个学生”

以下类似：one moretowel,  three more suits,  many more tiles,  much more truth, 

some more meat,  a lot more wood,  a little more experience, 

once more = one more time =again.  上述结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：

five more trees = anotherfive trees  (记住词的位置) （另见48， another）

60.talk, tell,say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。

Don’t talk inclass.   Shall we talk about ourEnglish study?

—17—

(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talk with / to sb;     talk about sth)

2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构（tell sb sth.）

Mr. Li told us aninteresting story.   Who told youthe news?

3say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。   （所接内容见以下划线部分）

Please say it inEnglish.   He said nothing.    Please show me what to say..

“I disagree with you.” said Tom.   What will you say?   Do you have anything to say?

say 若接sb, 则需先加to:  I must say sorry to you.

“I overslept this morning.”he said to me.

4speak ●“说话”不及物动词。He spoketoo fast for me to follow.

●接人时先加介词to.    May I speak to Mr. Smith?  

●可表说话的能力。The baby can speaknow. 这个婴儿现在能说话。

Thereis something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak. 他的喉咙有病，说不成话。

●也可译为“演讲，发言”Who will speakin the meeting?