重庆科协下属单位:CPC's history through foreign lens

来源：百度文库 编辑：九乡新闻网 时间：2024/05/02 07:43:59

CPC's history through foreign lens

In 1950s:


Pay attention on constuction and development: China's first Five-Year-Plan  (1953-1957)


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China's first 5-year plan, formulated with Soviet help, called for the manufacture of 6 million tons of cement, 5m tons of pig iron, and 4.12m tons of steel. All of these targets were surpassed by 1957.


The combined output of the state-run, cooperative and joint state-private ownership economies dropped national income from 21.3 percent in 1952 to 8.3 percent in 1957.


Accumulated investment in capital construction was 55 billion yuan and fixed asset increments reached 46.05 billion yuan, 1.9 times higher than at the end of 1952. About 595 large and medium-sized projects were completed and put into production, laying the framework of China’s industrialization. The gross value of industrial products in 1957 increased 128.6 percent from 1952.

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The overall steel production during the period reached 16.56 million tons, 2.18 times the combined production from 1900 to 1948, which was 7.6 million tones. Coal production in 1957 reached 131 million tons, increasing 98 percent from 1952.


Gross output value from industry and agriculture rose from 30 percent in 1949 to 56.5 percent in 1957, while that of heavy industry increased from 26.4 percent to 48.4 percent. In 1957, grain production reached 195 billion kilograms and cotton output 32.8 million dan (1 dan = 50 kilograms), both surpassing the targets set in the Plan.


AFP ever reported on China's first five-year-plan that: China made great progress within the period, but even like what Liu Shaoqi, then Vice President of China, hoped China's output of steel to catch up with that of UK in 15 years, that number can still not satisfy the domestic constructions' need.





Very different political environments: Hundred Flowers Campaign and Anti-Rightist campaign


Hundred Flowers Campaign


In April 1957, the Communist government briefly allowed public discussion of controversial issues and criticism of the government when Mao put forward the idea of "letting a hundred flowers bloom" in the arts and "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the sciences.


In the Hundred Flowers campaign intellectuals condemned corruption and criticized the Communist party monopoly on power. Even Mao joined in. In a rambling speech on the "The Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People," Mao admitted that 15 percent or more of the Chinese population was hungry and he was not surprised that some people were "disgusted" by Marxist inefficiencies.


After only five weeks the government had second thought about the Hundred Flowers Movements and the concept of freedom of expression and launched the Anti-Rightist campaign.


Anti-Rightist Movement

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In the Anti-Rightist campaign 300,000 intellectuals were labeled as rightists, their jobs were taken away and many were sent to labor camps with their candid Hundred Flowers comments used as evidence against them. Mao said later he was trying to coax snakes out of their dens so he could chop off their heads.


The Anti-Rightist movement, 1957-1960, was the beginning of what would be a decade and a half of intense political persecution, culminating with the Cultural Revolution. The repressive politics of the Cultural Revolution was in fact honed during the 1950s during the Anti-Rightist movement.


The Anti-Rightist movement was aimed at ‘reforming’ anti-communist elements in the Party and society, which operated in disregard of the procedures, rules of law, and even the touted moral truths of the Party itself.


In the Anti-Rightist Campaign the Communist Party went on a nationwide witch hunt for supposed liberals, reactionaries and capitalist roaders. Some of those attacked were Chinese intellectuals who expressed their opinions on national policy issues under Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign.


One man who was forced to denounce his father as a counterrevolutionary during the anti-rightist campaign told the Washington Post, “My mother was forced to take me to a criticizing session. She taught me several words and asked me say them on the platform. I repeated the words and got enthusiastic applause.”


Anti-Rightist campaign remains difficult to research because of continuing censorship. Chinese historians say this is partly because of the central role in these ideological purges played by Deng Xiaoping.


A report published by Economist on June 7 of 1957 said: disciplines seemed to get back to normal on surface after recent political movements, but they did create a very different political environment comparing with that five months ago.





Differences between China and Soviet Union


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AP ever published an article to illustrate the differences between China and Soviet Union, and the key lied on the different views of both sides that whether the conflicts exist between state runners and people. China admitted that, while Soviet Union denied.


The article says Khrushchev denied the existence of such conflicts due to the long-term Stalin doctrine, and considered it as a special occasion in China.



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Mao Zedong and Khrushchev


Such differences indicated that the understandings to Marxism are not the same in two communist parties, and also meant their opinion differences could be expanded.






Temporary peace across Taiwan-Strait


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From Aug. 23 to Oct. 6 of 1959, China resumed fire on Jinmen island region, and a total of 444,433 bombs were threw on the region.


But after Oct. 6 of 1959, CPC ordered a sease-fire and a temporary peace arriaved across the Taiwan-Strait.




Tibet insurgency: A new page of Tibetan history


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AP reported on March 28 of 1959 and said China crushed an armed revolt in Tibet within 3 days, and CPC also appointed the 21-year-old Panchen Lama as the chairman of the whole region.


AFP also claimed that Tibet had entered a new page of history since the revolt failed!
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