邪恶漫画之多啦a梦系列:黑宝书2

eaglet        n. 小鹰
a young eagle eaglet:bird
eaglet:bird=frog:amphibian

earnest       a.认真的，诚恳的
characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind
facetious←→earnest

earplug       n. 耳栓
device of pliable material for insertion into the outer opening of the ear (as to keep out water or deaden sound)
earplug:noise=shield:impact

earshot       n. 听力所及之范围,声音所及的距离
the range within which the unaided voice may be heard
earshot:hear=ken:see

earsplitting  a. 震耳欲聋的
distressingly loud or shrill
earsplitting:voice=??

ebullience    n. 沸腾,热情,热情洋溢
the quality of lively or enthusiastic expression of thoughts or feelings:EXUBERANCE
ebullience←→impassiveness

eccentric     a. 古怪的,反常的,不同圆心的
deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct especially in odd or whimsical ways
hero:admirable=eccentric:unconventional
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated

echelon       n.［军］梯队;组织系统中的等级
an arrangement of a body of troops with its units each somewhat to the left or right of the one in the rear like a series of steps
echelon:hierarchy=??

eclat   n.  辉煌的成就; 喝采; 名声
brilliant or conspicuous success
eclat←→fiasco

eclectic      n. 折衷主义者,折衷派的人
selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles

eclipse       n. （日，月）蚀，名声缺落，失势
a falling into obscurity or decline;  also :the state of being eclipsed
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor

ecumenical    adj. 世界范围的，节俭的,一般性的,普遍性的
worldwide or general in extent, influence, or application   ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity
diocesan←→ecumenical

edifice       n. 大厦,大建筑物
BUILDING;  especially :a large or massive structure
tower:edifice=rampart:barrier

efface        v. 擦掉，抹去
to make (oneself) modestly or shyly inconspicuous
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface    blazon←→efface

effervesce    vi. 冒泡,沸腾,兴奋
to show liveliness or exhilaration
effervesce←→be flat
effervescent←→still

effete        adj. 衰老的，虚弱的，精疲力尽的
having lost character, vitality, or strength
effete←→hale

effluvia      n. pl. 臭气(effluvium的复数形式),没用的副产品
a by-product especially in the form of waste
effluvia←→desired products

effulgent     adj．光辉的，灿烂的
radiant splendor:BRILLIANCE
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence

effusive      a. 感情横溢的,流出的
characterized or formed by a nonexplosive outpouring of lava
gush:effusive=rage:irate
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}

egocentric    adj．自我中心的，利己的
concerned with the individual rather than society
altruism←→egocentric

elaborate     a. 精细的,详尽的,精心的
marked by complexity, fullness of detail, or ornateness
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
abstract←→elaborate

elastic       a. 有弹性的,能伸缩的,可通融的
capable of being easily stretched or expanded and resuming former shape:FLEXIBLE
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
elastic:expand=viable:live

elated        adj. 得意洋洋的振奋的
marked by high spirits:EXULTANT
elated←→despondent
elation←→dejection

eleemosynary  a. 施舍的,慈善的,接受接济的
of, relating to, or supported by charity
philanthropist:eleemosynary=？？

elegant       a. 优雅的,端庄的,高雅的
of a high grade or quality:SPLENDID
insolent←→polite {elegant}

elegy   n. 哀歌、挽歌
a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation especially for one who is dead
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence

elephantine   a. 象的,巨大的,粗笨的
having enormous size or strength:MASSIVE
microscopic←→elephantine

elevate       vt. 举起,提拔,鼓舞
to raise in rank or status:EXALT
debasement←→elevation

elicit        vt. 引出,抽出,引起
to draw forth or bring out
evoke←→fail to elicit

elitism       n.精英论,优秀人士统治
leadership or rule by an elite

ellipsis      n省略
the omission of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatically complete
apostrophes:word=ellipsis:sentence

elliptical    a.椭圆的；省略的  , 朦胧的,含糊的
of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style)
elliptical←→palpable

elongate      v.延长,伸长
to extend the length of

elucidate     v.阐明说明
to give a clarifying explanation
garble←→elucidate
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly

emanate       vi. 散发,发出,发源
to come out from a source

emancipate    v. 解放，解除
to free from restraint, control, or the power of another;  especially :to free from bondage
emancipate←→shackle

embargo       n. 禁运令，封港令
a legal prohibition on commerce
embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact

embark        vi. 乘船,着手,从事,上飞机
to make a start
conclude←→embark on

embarrass     vt. 使困窘,使局促不安,阻碍
to place in doubt, perplexity, or difficulties
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
embarrass:shame=console:comfort
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement

embed   vt.埋
to enclose closely in or as if in a matrix
embed←→extract

embolden      v.给……壮胆，鼓励
to instill with boldness or courage
appall←→embolden/nerve
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
boggle←→embolden
embolden←→daunt


embrace       n. 拥抱
close encircling with the arms and pressure to the bosom especially as a sign of affection:HUG
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
eschew←→embrace, greet , welcome
abjure←→embrace/espouse
ostracize←→include/embrace
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace

encompass     v.  围绕,包围
to form a circle about:ENCLOSE
encompass←→exclude

emigrate      vi.vt. (使)移居,(使)移民
to leave one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification

eminence      n. 卓越；显赫；(此处喻指高处)
one that is eminent, prominent, or lofty:as
a:an anatomical protuberance (as on a bone)
b:a person of high rank or attainments
c:a natural elevation
master:experience=luminary:eminence
maven:experience=luminary:eminence
eminent←→undistinguished

emphasis      n. 强调,加强,重要,强语气
special consideration of or stress or insistence on something
underscore:emphasis=brand:ownership

emulate       vt.与…竞争；效法
strive to equal or excel
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary

enact   vt. 制定法律,扮演,颁布
to establish by legal and authoritative act;  specifically :to make (as a bill) into law
rescission←→enactment

enamel        n. 珐琅,瓷釉
a hard calcareous substance that forms a thin layer capping the teeth
enamel:tooth=bark:tree

enclosure     n. 附件,围墙,围绕
something that encloses
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support

encomium      n. 赞颂，颂辞
glowing and warmly enthusiastic praise;
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
encomium←→harsh criticism

encompass     1. 围绕,包围   2. 包含,含有
to form a circle about:ENCLOSE  obsolete :to go completely around

encounter     n. v.  相会,相遇,遭遇
to come upon face-to-face
circumlocutory←→direct encounter

encumbrance   n. 阻碍,妨害物,累赘
something that encumbers:IMPEDIMENT

encyclopedia  n. 百科全书
a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject
encyclopedia:compendious=??

endorse       vt.签名于(票据)等的背面vt.确认;赞同;支持
to approve openly  especially :to express support or approval of publicly and definitely rider:bill=endorsement:policy
endorse←→oppose publicly
impugn←→endorse

enduring      a. 持久的,忍耐的  
LASTING, DURABLE
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living
transitory:endure=immutable:change transitory←→enduring

enervate      vt.使衰弱
to lessen the vitality or strength of
enervation:vitality=debase:value
curtail:period=enervate:energy
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
enervate←→invigorate
enervate←→fortify/strengthen

enfeeble      vt. 使衰弱
to make feeble:deprive of strength
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
enfeeble←→invigorate
tonic←→enfeebling

enfranchise   vt. 给予自治权,给予选举权,解放
to endow with a franchise:as
a:to admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of suffrage  b:to admit (a municipality) to political privileges or rights
enfranchise←→enfetter

engender      vt. 产生,引起
to cause to exist or to develop:PRODUCE
quash←→engender

engross       vt.全神贯注于
to take or engage the whole attention of:occupy completely
attentive:officious=refined:snobbish { absorbed:engrossed}

enigmatic     a. 阴阳怪气的,谜一般的,高深莫测的
of, relating to, or resembling an enigma:MYSTERIOUS
enigmatic:simplistic=??
enigmatic←→broadly known { wildly accepted}
enigmatic←→ readily understood

enlighten     vt. 授予...知识,启发,教导,开导
a:to furnish knowledge to:INSTRUCT
b:to give spiritual insight to
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten

ennoble       vt. 授予爵位,使高贵
to make noble:ELEVATE

ennui   n. 倦怠,厌倦
a feeling of weariness and dissatisfaction:BOREDOM
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
ennui←→energy/enthusiasm
ennui←→keen interest
ennui←→exuberance

enslave       vt.奴役
to reduce to or as if to slavery:SUBJUGATE
manumit←→enslave

ensuing        adj. 随后的,接着的
to take place afterward or as a result
anterior←→ensuing

entangle      vt. 使纠缠,卷入,使混乱
a:to wrap or twist together:INTERWEAVE
b:ENSNARE
disentangle←→snarl

enthusiasm    n. 狂热,热心
a:strong excitement of feeling:ARDOR
b:something inspiring zeal or fervor
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm   ennui←→energy/enthusiasm

entice        vt. 诱骗,引诱,怂恿
to attract artfully or adroitly or by arousing hope or desire:TEMPT
command:entreaty=goad:enticement

entrance      vt. 使出神,使入迷
to carry away with delight, wonder, or rapture
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome

entrap        vt. 骗入,诱捕,使陷入
to catch in or as if in a trap
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied

entreaty      n. 恳求，哀求
an act of entreating:PLEA
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat

entry   n. 登录,条目,报关手续,入口,进入
a descriptive record (as in a card catalog or an index)
journal:entries=run:performance

enumerate     vt. 列举,计算,枚举,数

to specify one after another:LIST

enunciate     v. 发音，(清楚地)表达
a:to make a definite or systematic statement of
b:ANNOUNCE, PROCLAIM
enunciate←→mumble

envision      vt. 想象,预想
to picture to oneself

ephemeral     adj. 朝生暮死的，生命短暂的
lasting a very short time
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
ephemeral:transience=permanent:perpetually
repellent:attract=ephemeral:endure
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual

epic     史诗；英勇的;超出正常范围的
extending beyond the usual or ordinary especially in size or scope
epic←→modest

epicure       n. 美食家
one with sensitive and discriminating tastes especially in food or wine
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating

epigram       n. 警句，讽刺短诗
a concise poem dealing pointedly and often satirically with a single thought or event and often ending with an ingenious turn of thought
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise

epilogue      n. 收场白，尾声
a concluding section that rounds out the design of a literary work； the final scene of a play that comments on or summarizes the main action； the concluding section of a musical composition:CODA
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
terminus:stop=epilogue:story
preface←→epilogue


epistemology  n. 认识论
the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity
aesthetics:beauty=epistemology:knowledge

epitomize     vt. 摘要,概括
to serve as the typical or ideal example of

equable       adj. 稳定的，（脾气）温和的
marked by lack of noticeable, unpleasant, or extreme variation or inequality
equable←→intemperate

equipoise     n. 平衡,均衡
a state of equilibrium
equipoise:vacillate=??

equity        a. 公平的,公正的
justice according to natural law or right;  specifically :freedom from bias or favoritism
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution
equitable←→discriminatory/unfair

equivocal     adj. 意义含糊的，不直率的
a:subject to two or more interpretations and usually used to mislead or confuse
b:uncertain as an indication or sign
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
equivocate:commitment=procrastinate:action
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive
equivocation:truth=metaphor:description
waffle←→speak unequivocally

erect   vt. 使竖立,使直立,树立,建立
SET UP, ESTABLISH
suspend←→erect

erect   a. 直立的,竖立的,笔直的
characterized by firm or rigid straightness in bodily posture
prostrate←→erect
slouch←→stand erect

erode   v. (受)腐蚀，(受)侵蚀
to diminish or destroy by degrees
accrete:growth=erode:destruction    downpour:flooding=wind:erosion
gully:erosion=callus:friction
wind:erosion=downpour:flooding
deposit←→process of eroding

errant        a. 周游的,错误的,不定的
traveling or given to traveling
amorphous:shape=errant:course
doctrine:heretical=course:errant

erratic       a.反复无常的,古怪的
having no fixed course:WANDERING
heroic:craven=erratic：permanent

erudite       adj．博学的，饱学的  
possessing or displaying erudition:LEARNED
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered

escalate      v．(战争等)升级,扩大,上升
to increase in extent, volume, number, amount, intensity, or scope
escalate←→diminish

eschew        v．避开,戒绝
to avoid habitually especially on moral or practical grounds:SHUN
eschew←→embrace, greet , welcome

esoteric      adj．秘传的，神秘的
designed for or understood by the specially initiated alone
esoteric←→common accepted
esoteric←→generally known

espouse       vt. 支持,赞成,嫁娶
to take up and support as a cause:become attached to
abjure←→embrace/espouse



esteem        n. 尊敬,尊重
to set a high value on:regard highly and prize accordingly  
stigma←→mark of esteem
odium←→esteem

estimable     a. 可尊敬的,可估计的
estimable←→contemptible
worthy of esteem

estrange      vt. 使疏远,离间,使离开
to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness:ALIENATE
estrangement←→rapprochement

estrange      vt.使疏远
to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness:ALIENATE

etch     n. 腐蚀剂  
a chemical agent used in etching
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive

ethereal      a. 轻的,象空气的,天上的
a:lacking material substance:IMMATERIAL, INTANGIBLE
b:marked by unusual delicacy or refinement    
ethereal←→material/ponderous
ponderous←→ethereal/gossamer/lively

ethics        n. 道德规范
the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
logic:reasoning=ethics:behavior

eulogize      vt. 称赞,颂扬
to speak or write in high praise of:EXTOL
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
eulogy:speak=??

euphemism     n. 婉言，委婉的说法
the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant

equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
euphonious    a. 音响好的,悦耳的,和谐的
pleasing to the ear
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious

euphoria      n. 安乐感,陶醉,陶醉感
a feeling of well-being or elation
satisfaction:euphoria==??

evade   vt.vi. 规避,逃避,躲避
to avoid answering directly:turn aside
evade:answer=goldbrick:work

evanescent    adj.短暂的,瞬息的
tending to vanish like vapor
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
evanescent:disappear=pliant:yield
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
abiding←→evanescent

evasive       a. 逃避的,回避的,托辞的
tending or intended to evade:EQUIVOCAL  inclemency:evasion

everlasting   a. 永恒的,持久的,无止境的
lasting or enduring through all time:ETERNAL
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration

evict   vt. 逐出,赶出,驱逐
to force out:EXPEL
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
evict:residence=banish:country harbor←→evict

evoke   vt. 唤起,引起
to call forth or up
evoke←→fail to elicit

exacerbate    vt. 恶化,增剧,激怒,使加剧
to make more violent, bitter, or severe
palliate←→exacerbate

exacting      a. 苛求的,吃力的
tryingly or unremittingly severe in making demands
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied  =wary:gulled

exaggerate    vt.vi. 夸大,夸张
to enlarge or increase especially beyond the normal:OVEREMPHASIZE
anger:tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature

exalt   n. 提升,提高,得意洋洋
to elevate by praise or in estimation:GLORIFY
exaltation←→condemnation

exasperate        vt. 使恼怒,激怒,恶化
a:to excite the anger of:ENRAGE
b:to cause irritation or annoyance to

exceptional       a. 例外的,异常的,特别的
deviating from the norm
prosaic←→exceptional/imaginary/exciting

excerpt   n.摘录,节录; 引用(from)
to select (a passage) for quoting:EXTRACT

exclamation       n. 惊呼,惊叹词
a sharp or sudden utterance

excoriate       v. 撕去皮，严厉批评
to censure scathingly
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly

excrete   vt.排泄,分泌
to separate and eliminate or discharge (waste) from the blood or tissues or from the active protoplasm
excrete←→ingest

exculpate       vt. 使无罪,分辩,辩解,开脱
to clear from alleged fault or guilt
exculpatory:absolve:=motivational:stir

hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
exculpate←→inculpate

excursive       a. 游览的,离题的,散漫的
constituting a digression:characterized by digression
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant

execrate         v.憎恶，咒骂
to declare to be evil or detestable:DENOUNCE
execrable←→commendable/laudable

execute   vt. 执行,实行,制成,处死
to carry out fully:put completely into effect
impossible:execute=adamant:moved
vagary:predict=impossibility:execute

exemplary       a. 可仿效的,可做模范的
a:serving as a pattern
b:deserving imitation:COMMENDABLE
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard

exempt     a. 免除的 vt. 使免除,豁免  n. 免税者,被免除义务者
free or released from some liability or requirement to which others are subject
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty

exert       vt. 发挥,运用,施以影响
to bring to bear especially with sustained effort or lasting effect

exhaust   vt. 用尽,耗尽,抽完,使精疲力尽
to consume entirely:USE UP
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap

exhilarate        vt. 使高兴,使愉快
a:to make cheerful
b:ENLIVEN, EXCITE
exhilarate←→sadden

exhortation       n.劝告，规劝
language intended to incite and encourage
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit

exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
exhortative:urge=didactic:teach { risible:ridicule}

exodus     vt.大批离去
a mass departure:EMIGRATION
exodus←→influx

exonerate       v. 免除责任，确定无罪
to relieve of a responsibility, obligation, or hardship
exonerate←→censure
exonerate←→inculpate
incrimination←→exoneration

exorbitant        adj.过份的,过度的
exceeding in intensity, quality, amount, or size the customary or appropriate limits
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty

exotic     a.外来的，异国的
introduced from another country:not native to the place where found
exotic←→indigenous

expansive       a. 易膨胀的,易扩张的,健谈的
characterized by high spirits, generosity, or readiness to talk:OPEN
expansive←→reserved/diffident
expansive←→malicious
expansive←→taciturn/withdrawn/limited

expedite         vt. 加快,促进,派出  a. 畅通的,无阻碍的,迅速的,方便的
to accelerate the process or progress of:speed up
expedite:process=accelerate:pace
expedite←→retard

expedition        n. 远征,探险队,迅速
efficient promptness:SPEED
expedition←→foot dragging

explicit         adj.清楚明确的
fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity:leaving no question as to meaning or intent
explicit←→obscure
immanent←→explicit

exponent         n. 说明者，支持者
a:one that expounds or interprets
b:one that champions, practices, or exemplifies
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass

expurgate       v. 净化，删去
to cleanse of something morally harmful, offensive, or erroneous;  especially :to expunge objectionable parts from before publication or presentation
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate

extant     adj. 现存的，传世的
currently or actually existing
extant←→extinct/lost

extenuate       vt. 减轻,使人原谅
to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of by making partial excuses:MITIGATE
moderate:intensify=extenuate:seriousness

exterminate       vt. 扑灭,消灭,根绝
to get rid of completely usually by killing off

extinct   a.绝种的；熄灭了的
no longer existing
extant←→extinct
extinct←→resuscitated
extinction←→perpetuation

extinguish        vt.熄灭，扑灭；消灭
to cause to cease burning:QUENCH
extinguish←→kindle
ignite←→extinguish

extol       v. 赞美
to praise highly:GLORIFY
deprecate←→extol
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
extol←→censure
extol←→disparage
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
extol←→malign

extort     vt. 勒索,敲诈,强要
to obtain from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or illegal power:WRING
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation     extort:obtain

extraneous        adj．外来的，无关的
a:not forming an essential or vital part
b:having no relevance
apposite←→extraneous
extraneous←→essential

extravagant       adj．奢侈的 无节制的
a:spending much more than necessary
b:PROFUSE, LAVISH
frugality←→extravagancy

extricate       v. 拯救，救出
to free or remove from an entanglement or difficulty

extrovert       n. 『心理』性格外向的人
a gregarious and unreserved person
extrovert:outgoing=perfectionist=exacting

exuberant       a. 繁茂的,丰富的,非凡的
joyously unrestrained and enthusiastic
ennui←→exuberance

exude       vt.vi. (使)流出,(使)渗出
to undergo diffusion
exude←→absorb

exultant         adj. 愉悦的
filled with or expressing great joy or triumph:JUBILANT
abject←→exultant
dejected←→exultant

fabricate       vt.制造；装配,伪造
CONSTRUCT, MANUFACTURE;  specifically :to construct from diverse and usually standardized parts
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic

facetious       adj. 轻浮的，好开玩笑的
joking or jesting often inappropriately:WAGGISH
facetious:speech=antic:behavior
facetious←→earnest

facilitate        vt. 帮助,使容易,促进
to make easier:help bring about
facilitate←→impeding
obstruct←→facilitate
hamper←→facilitate

faction   n. 小派系,内讧
a party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self-seeking:CLIQUE
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
factional←→disinterested

faint       a. 微弱的,无力的,模糊的
lacking strength or vigor:performed, offered, or accomplished weakly or languidly
stentorian←→faint

fainthearted      a. 懦弱的,无精神的,胆小的
lacking courage or resolution:TIMID
fallacy   n. 错误的观念或信念,谬见,谬论
a:a false or mistaken idea
b:erroneous character:ERRONEOUSNESS
disabuse:fallacy=cure:disease

falsehood       n. 谎言,虚假
absence of truth or accuracy
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood

falter     vt. 支吾地说,迟疑
a:to hesitate in purpose or action:WAVER
b:to lose drive or effectiveness
falter:act=stammer:speak

fantasy   n. 幻想,白日梦
imaginative fiction featuring especially strange settings and grotesque
characters nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy

farce       n. 闹剧，胡闹
ridiculous or empty show
farce:performance=limerick:poem

fascinate       vt. 令人入神,使着迷
to be irresistibly attractive
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness

fast         n. 绝食,斋戒
the act to eat sparingly or abstain from some foods
fast:eat=respite:labor
fast:eat=moratorium:act

fast         ad. 很快地,紧紧地,彻底地
in a firm or fixed manner
fast←→loosely attach

fasten     vt. 拴紧,使固定,强加于,集中于
to attach especially by pinning, tying, or nailing
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten

fastidious        adj．难取悦的,挑剔的
showing or demanding excessive delicacy or care
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
dapper:fastidious=??
fastidious←→coarse
fastidious←→easygoing/cursory/uncritical

fathom     n. 英寻(=1829米)，v. 领会，理解
to penetrate and come to understand
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
measurable←→unfathomable
occult←→bare/patent/readily fathomable
measurable←→unfathomed

fatigue   n. 疲乏，劳累
weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress
fatigue:rest=dehydration:water
guilt:expiation=fatigue:repose
indefatigable←→soon tired

fatuous   adj. 愚昧而不自知的
complacently or inanely foolish:SILLY

fawn         n．未满周岁的小鹿,v.巴结,奉承
to court favor by a cringing or flattering manner
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
parsimonious:spend:peremptory:fawn
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
equivocate:directness=fawn:imperiousness

faze         vt. 打扰,折磨,使狼狈
to disturb the composure of:DISCONCERT, DAUNT
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
fazed←→undisturbed

feckless         a. 没精神的,软弱的,无用的
WEAK, INEFFECTIVE
feckless←→responsible

fecund     a. 多产的,丰饶的,肥沃的
fruitful in offspring or vegetation:PROLIFIC
deprivation←→fecundity

feeble     a. 微弱的,衰弱的,无效的
a:markedly lacking in strength
b:indicating weakness

fender     n．挡泥板，护舷的垫子等
a device in front of locomotives and streetcars to lessen injury to animals or pedestrians in case of collision
fender:collision

feral       a. 野生的,凶猛的
not domesticated or cultivated:WILD
feral←→cultivated

fertilize       vt. 施肥,使丰饶,使受精
to make fertile
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist


fervid     a. 热的,热心的
marked by often extreme fervor
fervid←→restrained

fervor     n. 热诚，热心
intensity of feeling or expression
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
fervor:zealot=improvidence:spendthrift
zealotry←→lack of fervor

fetid       a. 有恶臭的
having a heavy offensive smell
grating;sound=fetid:smell

fetter     n. 脚镣，束缚
to restrain from motion, action, or progress
enfranchise←→enfetter
liberalistic←→enfetterist

fiasco     n. 大失败，惨败
a complete failure
fiasco←→a notable success

fictitious        adj. 假的、虚构的
of, relating to, or characteristic of fiction:IMAGINARY
fictitious←→factual

fidelity         n. 忠实,诚实,忠诚,保真度
the quality or state of being faithful
apostasy←→fidelity

figurative        a. 比喻的,形容多的,修饰丰富的
a:representing by a figure or resemblance:EMBLEMATIC
b:of or relating to representation of form or figure in art

filibuster        n./v. 妨碍议事，阻挠
the use of extreme dilatory tactics in an attempt to delay or prevent action especially in a legislative assembly

filigree         n. 金银丝做的工艺品
ornamental openwork of delicate or intricate design
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy  [filigree:delicacy ]

filly       n. 小雌马,小姑娘
a young female horse usually of less than four years
filly:horse=pullet:chicken

filter     vt.过滤 n.滤纸
a porous article or mass (as of paper or sand) through which a gas or liquid is passed to separate out matter in suspension
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities

finesse   n. 技巧、计谋、手段
skillful handling of a situation:adroit maneuvering
finesse←→ineptitude

finicky   a. 过分注意的,过分周到的,过分讲究的
extremely or excessively nice, exacting, or meticulous in taste or standards
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky

flaccid   n. 软弱,没气力
not firm or stiff;  also  :
lacking normal or youthful firmness
flaccidity←→firmness

flagging         a. 下垂的,衰弱的,委顿的
LANGUID, WEAK
flagging←→thriving
flagging←→vibrant
flag←→wax

flamboyant        a. 辉耀的,华丽的,火焰似的
marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior
flamboyant←→subdued
flamboyant←→understate

flamboyant        adj. 艳丽的，炫耀的
marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior
flamboyant←→subdued

flange     n. 边缘,轮缘,凸缘,法兰
a projecting edge of cloth used for decoration on clothing

flannel   n.法兰绒；法兰绒衣服
outer garments of flannel;  especially :men's trousers
flannel:cloth=linen:fabric{ limerick:poem }

flatter   vt. 过分夸赞,奉承,阿谀,使高兴
to praise excessively especially from motives of self-interest
flatter:praise=loquacious:talkative
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
toady:flatter=??

flaw         n. 瑕疵，v. 生裂缝
a defect in physical structure or form
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile

flax         n. 亚麻,麻布,亚麻织品
any of a genus (Linum of the family Linaceae, the flax family) of herbs;  especially :a slender erect annual (L. usitatissimum) with blue flowers commonly cultivated for its bast fiber and seed
clay:porcelain=flax:linen

fledge     vi. 长羽毛
to acquire the feathers necessary for flight or independent activity
fledging←→molt

flexible         a. 易曲的,灵活的,可通融的,能变形的,柔软的
capable of being flexed:PLIANT
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
static:move=pliable:inflexible
calcification←→flexibility
flexible←→mulish

flinch            v．畏缩，退缩
to withdraw or shrink from or as if from pain:WINCE;  also :to tense the muscles involuntarily in anticipation of discomfort
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
stoic:flinch=??

flint             n. 打火石,燧石,极硬的东西
a massive hard quartz that produces a spark when struck by steel
pestle:grind=flint stone:sharpen

flippancy       n．无礼，言语尖刻
unbecoming levity or pertness especially in respect to grave or sacred matters
flippancy←→seriousness

flirt             vi. 调情,玩弄,摆动,轻率地对待
to behave amorously without serious intent
flirt:decency=??
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious

flock       n. 群,一群人,大量
a group of birds or mammals assembled or herded together
clique:intimates=flock:sheep

flounder         vi. 挣扎,折腾,挣扎着前进
to proceed or act clumsily or ineffectually
flounder:process=??
flounder←→slide

flourish         vi.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺
to grow luxuriantly:THRIVE
flourish←→waste away

flout            v\n.嘲弄,愚弄,轻视
to treat with contemptuous disregard:SCORN
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge

fluctuate       vi. 变动,上下,动摇
to shift back and forth uncertainly
pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation

fluent     a. 流利的,流畅的
a:ready or facile in speech
b:effortlessly smooth and rapid:POLISHED
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
fluent←→halting

flush      a. 丰足的,齐平的,,泛滥的,满盈的
to pour liquid over or through;  especially :to cleanse or wash out with or as if with a rush of liquid
galvanize:stimulate=irrigate:flush

fluster   a.  慌乱,狼狈,混乱,激动
to put into a state of agitated confusion:UPSET
flustered←→calm

foible     n．小缺点，小毛病
a minor flaw or shortcoming in character or behavior:WEAKNESS
squabble:dispute=foible:failing
tiff:squabble=foible:failing

foil         v. 阻挠，n. ①花剑，②金属薄片
a thin piece of material (as metal) put under an inferior or paste stone to add color or brilliance
foil:metal=veneer:wood

folly       n.愚笨,愚蠢;傻念头
a foolish act or idea
folly←→sagacious

foment     vt.引发
to promote the growth or development of:ROUSE, INCITE
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
disseminate:information=foment:discontentment
defuse←→foment
foment←→inhibit
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
squelch←→foment

fondness        n. (U)慈爱; 溺爱
tender affection
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness

foolhardy       adj. 鲁莽的，有勇无谋的
foolishly adventurous and bold:RASH

footloose       adj. 自由自在的，无拘束的
having no ties:free to move about
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
footloose←→attached

forbears         n. 列祖列宗
forbears←→descendants

forbidding        a.令人生畏的
such as to make approach or passage difficult or impossible

forestry         n. 林产,森林地
the management of growing timber
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture

forgery   n. 伪造,伪造罪,伪造物
an act of forging;  especially :the crime of falsely and fraudulently making or altering a document (as a check)
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents

formidable        adj. 可怕的，困难的
causing fear, dread, or apprehension
formidable←→comforting
formidable←→simple/reassure

forthright        adj.直接的;立即的
free from ambiguity or evasiveness:going straight to the point
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy

fortify   vt. 增强
to make strong:as
a:to give physical strength, courage, or endurance to
b:to add mental or moral strength to:ENCOURAGE
debilitated←→fortified
vitiate←→fortify
enervate←→fortify/strengthen

foster     vt. 养育,抚育,抱(希望),鼓励,培养
to promote the growth or development of:ENCOURAGE
foster←→retract

founder   n.创立者，奠基者
one that founds or establishes

founder   vt. 弄摔倒,弄跛,浸水,破坏
to become submerged:SINK
founder←→stay aloft

foundry   n. 铸造,铸造场,铸造类
the act, process, or art of casting metals

fracture         n. 破碎,骨折  
RUPTURE, TEAR
cement←→fracture

fragile   a. 易碎的,脆的
a:easily broken or destroyed
b:constitutionally delicate:lacking in physical vigor
fragile:break=porous:penetrate
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty

fraudulent        a. 欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的
characterized by, based on, or done by fraud:DECEITFUL
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical

freewheel       vi. 轻松快活地行动,凭惯性前进
to move, live, or play freely or irresponsibly

frenzy     n.狂热
a violent mental or emotional agitation
convulsion:contraction=frenzy:emotion
energetic:frenetic=firm:obdurate

fresco     n.壁画
the art of painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with water-based pigments
fresco:wall=parquetry:floor

friable   a.易碎的
easily crumbled or pulverized
friable:crumble=malleable:alter
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
friable←→not easily crumbled/resistance to be pulverized

friction         n. 摩擦,医疗摩擦,不和
the rubbing of one body against another
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration

frieze     n. （在墙顶与天花板间起装饰作用的）横条，饰带
a heavy durable coarse wool and shoddy fabric with a rough surface
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript

frigid     a. 死板的；呆板的，寒冷的
sweltering←→frigid

frivolous       a. 轻佻的,妄动的,琐碎的
intensely cold
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion

frowsy     a. 不整洁的,有臭味的,很闷的   (frowzy)
having a slovenly or uncared-for appearance
dapper←→frowsy

frugal     a.节约的,节俭的
characterized by or reflecting economy in the use of resources
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
frugality←→extravagancy

frustrate       v．挫败，使沮丧
a:to balk or defeat in an endeavor
b:to induce feelings of discouragement in
frustrate←→abet

full-bodied       adj. 味道浓郁的
imparting to the palate the general impression of substantial weight and rich texture
full-bodied:flavor=resonant:sound

fungi       n. 菌类,蘑菇
any of a major group (Fungi) of saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing organisms usually classified as plants that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist

furnace   n. 火炉,熔炉,磨练
an enclosed structure in which heat is produced
furnace:heat=generator:electricity

furtive   adj. 偷偷的，秘密的
a:done by stealth:SURREPTITIOUS
b:expressive of stealth:SLY
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
furtively←→candidly

futility         n. 无用,无益,无价值
the quality or state of being futile:USELESSNESS
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile

gadfly     n. 虻，牛虻
a person who stimulates or annoys especially by persistent criticism
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse

gaffe       n. （社交上令人不快的）失言，失态
a social or diplomatic blunder
gaffe:tactless=??
miscalculation:judgment=gaffe:decorum

gainsay   v. 否认
to declare to be untrue or invalid
gainsay←→affirm

gait         n.步态
a manner of walking or moving on foot
gait:walk=parlance:speak

galaxy     n. 银河,星系,一群显赫的人物
an assemblage of brilliant or notable persons or things

galling   a. 使烦恼的,使焦躁的,难堪的
markedly irritating:VEXING
gall←→lull
gall←→calm/assuage
galling←→placating

galvanize       v. 电镀，通电，激励
to stimulate or excite as if by an electric shock
galvanize:stimulate=irrigate:flush
galvanize←→lull

gamble     vi.vt. 赌博,孤注一掷
to stake something on a contingency:take a chance
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble

gangling         adj.瘦长得难看的
loosely and awkwardly built:LANKY
garble←→elucidate

garble     v. 曲解，窜改
to so alter or distort as to create a wrong impression or change the meaning
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity

garish     a. 炫耀的,过分装饰的
clothed in vivid colors
garish:color=？？

garment   n.衣服；服装，衣着
an article of clothing
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet

garner     n. 谷仓,积蓄
a:GRANARY  
b:a grain bin

garrulous       adj．唠叨的，多话的
given to prosy, rambling, or tedious loquacity:pointlessly or annoyingly talkative
garrulous:talkative=cloying:sweet

gash         n. 砍得很深的伤口,很深的裂缝
a deep long cut in flesh
cleft:chasm=cut:gash

gasification      n. 气化
conversion into gas;  especially :conversion of coal into natural gas
gasification/vaporization←→solidification

gauche     a. 笨拙的,粗鲁的,无礼的
lacking social experience or grace;  also :not tactful:CRUDE
gaucheness←→polish

gaudy       adj. 俗丽的
ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak

gauge       n.标准尺寸,标准规格;量针;容量.范围   vt. 精确计量,估计
a measurement (as of linear dimension) according to some standard or system

gauge:pressure=scale:weight
measure:dimensions:calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth

gear         n. 齿轮,工具
a toothed wheel
gear:tooth=screw:thread(螺线)

genealogy       n. 系谱,宗谱,家系
an account of the descent of a person, family, or group from an ancestor or from older forms

generality        n. 概论,概说,大要
the quality or state of being general
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity

genial     a. 和蔼的,亲切的,友善的
marked by or diffusing sympathy or friendliness
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
genial←→dyspeptic
caustic←→palliating/genial
dour←→congenial/genial
mordant←→genial

genteel   adj.有教养的；文雅的
free from vulgarity or rudeness:POLITE
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
genteel←→loutish

genuine   a. 真正的,真实的,诚恳的
ACTUAL, TRUE
genuine:authenticity=honest:trust spurious←→genuine

germane   adj.密切有关的
being at once relevant and appropriate:FITTING
germane←→irrelevant

gesture   n.姿势，手势；姿态
a movement usually of the body or limbs that expresses or emphasizes an idea, sentiment, or attitude   parody:style=mime:gesture

ghastly   a. 可怕的,惊人的,惨白的
intensely unpleasant, disagreeable, or objectionable
ghastly:unpleasant=??

giddy       a. 眼花的,头晕的 ,轻率
lightheartedly silly:FRIVOLOUS
giddiness←→grave
giddy←→serious

ginger     n. 姜,精力,淡赤黄色  vt. 使活泼,使有生气
a thickened pungent aromatic rhizome that is used as a spice and sometimes medicinally
ginger:spice=??

glacier   n.冰河
a large body of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley or spreading outward on a land surface
glacial:slow=??
glacier:ice=sea:water

glamorize     vt.使<人、东西>有魅力 [显眼]  ,浪漫地处理 [美化] <事情>
to look upon or depict as glamorous:ROMANTICIZE

glance     n. 一瞥,闪光,一滑,辉矿类
a quick or cursory look
peck:kiss=glance:look

glaze       n. 釉,,上光,光滑面
to give a smooth glossy surface to
glaze:porcelain=varnish:wood

glib         adj. 流利圆滑的，善辩的
marked by ease and fluency in speaking or writing often to the point of being insincere or deceitful
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
glib←→labored

glimmer   v. & n. (发出)微弱的光
a:to shine faintly or unsteadily
b:to give off a subdued unsteady reflection

glisten   v. 闪烁，闪耀.
to give off a sparkling or lustrous reflection of or as if of a moist or polished surface
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere

glitch     n. 干扰;误操作,小故障
a usually minor malfunction
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense

gloat       vi. 满足地看,独自暗笑,贪婪地盯
to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight
primp:vain=gloat:smug

gloomy     a. 阴沉的，昏暗的，忧郁的
low in spirits:MELANCHOLY

glorify   vt. 赞美,美化,赞扬,使辉煌
to make glorious by bestowing honor, praise, or admiration
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial  {glorification:merit}

gloss       n. 光彩,假象,注释
a brief explanation (as in the margin or between the lines of a text) of a difficult or obscure word or expression
blurb:notice=gloss:explanation

glossary         n. 字典,辞典,词汇表
a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their meanings
glossary:text=legend:map

glossy     a. 平滑的,有光泽的
having a surface luster or brightness
varnish:glossy=sand:smooth

glut         n. 大量,充斥,吃饱
an excessive quantity:OVERSUPPLY
glut←→dearth

glutinous       adj. 粘的，胶状的
having the quality of glue:GUMMY
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
glutinous←→non viscous

glutton   n. 贪吃者
one given habitually to greedy and voracious eating and drinking
avarice:money=gluttony:food
glutton:overindulge=ascetic:self denial

goad         vt. 用刺棒驱赶,激励,煽动,唆使
something that urges or stimulates into action:SPUR
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse

gobble     vt. 狼吞虎咽
to swallow or eat greedily
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble

goggle     n. 眼睛睁视,护目镜
to stare with wide or protuberant eyes
goggles:eyes=gloves:hands=earmuff:ear

goldbrick       vi. 称病,欺诈,偷懒
to shirk duty or responsibility
evade:answer=goldbrick:work

gorge       vi. 狼吞虎咽
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge

gossamer         n．蛛丝，薄纱，adj．轻而薄的
something light, delicate, or insubstantial
gossamer←→substance
gossamer←→ponderous
gossamer←→substance

gourmet   n. 美食家
a connoisseur of food and drink;  broadly :CONNOISSEUR
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine

grandeur         n. 庄严,伟大
the quality or state of being grand:MAGNIFICENCE
grandeur=mean=??

grandiloquent     adj（语言等）夸张的，夸大的
a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
grandiloquent←→secretive

grandiose       a. 宏伟的,宏大的,堂皇的,铺张的
characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor or by absurd exaggeration
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility

grandstand        v. 哗众取宠的表演
to play or act so as to impress onlookers
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive

grant       vt. 允许,承认,授与
to bestow or transfer formally specifically :to give the possession or title of by a deed
concede←→refuse to grant
withhold←→grant

gratify   vt. 使满足
to be a source of or give pleasure or satisfaction to
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty
aggrieve←→gratify
irk←→gratify

grating   adj．（声音）刺耳的，恼人的
noisily,rasping,harsh
grating:sound=acrid:odor==fetid:smell

gratis     adj.免费的
without charge or recompense:FREE

gratuitous        a. 无缘无故的；免费的
not involving a return benefit, compensation, or consideration
gratuitous←→merited/warranted
having a serious and dignified quality or demeanor
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
droll←→grave
giddiness←→grave
grave←→insignificant

gregarious        adj. 群居的，爱社交的
tending to associate with others of one's kind:SOCIAL
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
gregarious←→aloof

grievous         adj．严重伤害的，引起痛苦的
causing or characterized by severe pain, suffering, or sorrow
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow
solace:grief=pacification:anger
grievous←→slight

grin         vi.咧着嘴笑
to draw back the lips so as to show the teeth especially in amusement or laughter;  broadly :SMILE
pout←→grin

gripe       v. ①腹部绞痛，②抱怨，诉苦

to complain with grumbling
gripe:discontent=praise:admiration

grisly     adj. 恐怖的，可怕的
inspiring horror or intense fear
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh

groove     a. 开槽的
a long narrow channel or depression
grooved:striated=braided:strand
striated:groove=dappled:spot

grotesque       a. 奇怪的,可笑的
FANCIFUL, BIZARRE
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy

grovel     vi. 趴,匍匐,卑躬屈膝
to lie or creep with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner

grumble   n. 怨言,满腹牢骚
to mutter in discontent

guarantee       vt. 保证,担保
to engage for the existence, permanence, or nature of:undertake to do or secure    
vouch←→refuse to guarantee

guffaw     vi.vt. 哄笑,狂笑
a loud or boisterous burst of laughter
guile       n. 狡猾,狡计
deceitful cunning:DUPLICITY
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
guile:artless=blemish:flawless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
guile:naif=??
artless←→cunning/guile
manipulate←→guileless

guilt       n. 罪行,内疚
feelings of culpability especially for imagined offenses or from a sense of inadequacy:SELF-REPROACH
narcissism:love=guilt:blame

gullible         a.易受骗的
easily duped or cheated
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:artless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled

gully       n. 小峡谷,排水沟
a trench which was orig. worn in the earth by running water and through which water often runs after rains
gully:erosion=callus:friction

gum           n. 树胶,橡皮,上帝,牙床
any of numerous colloidal polysaccharide substances of plant origin that are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying and are salts of complex organic acids
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant

gush         n. 涌出,滔滔不绝的讲话
a sudden outpouring
blast:whiff=gush:trickle
gush:effusive=rage:irate

gust         n. 突然一阵,风味
a sudden brief rush of wind
gust:wind=cloudburst=rainfall {flare:light}

guzzle     vi.vt. 狂饮,暴食,喝酒化掉(钱)
to drink especially liquor greedily, continually, or habitually
complain:carp=drink:guzzle

habitable       a. 可居住的
capable of being lived in:suitable for habitation
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling

hack         n.  雇佣文人
a writer who aims solely for commercial success
mercenary:soldier=hack:writer

hackneyed       adj.平凡的；陈腐的
lacking in freshness or originality
windy:concise=hackneyed:original
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed

halcyon   a. 宁静的,平稳的,翠鸟的  CALM, PEACEFUL
halcyon←→tempestuous

hale         a. 强壮的,健壮的
free from defect, disease, or infirmity:SOUND;  also :retaining exceptional health and vigor
effete←→hale
hale←→infirm
blighted←→hale

hallucination     n. 幻觉,幻想
perception of objects with no reality usually arising from disorder of the nervous system or in response to drugs (as LSD)

halting   a. 跛的,蹒跚的,犹豫的
marked by a lack of sureness or effectiveness
fluent←→halting

hamper     vt.阻碍,使困累,妨碍
to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles:IMPEDE
seminal←→hampering further development
hamper←→facilitate

hamstring       vt. 切断腿筋使成跛腿,使残废
to make ineffective or powerless:CRIPPLE
hamstring←→fectiveness

handle     vt. 触摸,运用,操作,处理,买卖
to act, behave, or feel in a certain way when handled or directed
cumbersome←→easy to handle

hangdog   a. 忧愁的,悲哀的,沮丧的,灰心的 鬼鬼祟祟的,卑躬屈膝的,低贱的
SAD, DEJECTED
hangdog←→buoyant

hankering       n. 渴望
to have a strong or persistent desire:YEARN
hankering←→odium

haphazard       n.,adj.&adv.偶然的
marked by lack of plan, order, or direction
methodical←→haphazard
systematic←→haphazard

harangue         n. 长篇演说
to address in a  ranting way
harangue←→speak temperately

harass     v．烦扰
to annoy persistently
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating

harbinger       n. 先驱,预兆
one that presages or foreshadows what is to come
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify

harbor     n. 港，避难所v. 包庇，隐匿
to give shelter or refuge to
harbor←→evict

hardheaded        a. 冷静的,脚踏实地的,无懈可击的
STUBBORN, WILLFUL

harebrained       a. 轻率的,欠考虑的,粗心的
FOOLISH

harmonious        a. 和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的
marked by accord in sentiment or action
acrimonious←→harmonious
harmony←→discord

harp         n. 竖琴
a plucked stringed instrument consisting of a resonator, an arched or angled neck that may be supported by a post, and strings of graded length that are perpendicular to the soundboard
horn:blow=harp:pluck

harry       v. 掠夺，骚扰
to make a pillaging or destructive raid on:ASSAULT
harry←→comfort

harsh       a. 粗糙的,刺耳的,严厉的
a:causing a disagreeable or painful sensory reaction:IRRITATING
b:physically discomforting:PAINFUL
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
encomium←→harsh criticism
mollycoddle←→treat harshly
paean←→harshly lampoon

hasten     vt.催促 vi.赶紧
to move or act quickly
hasten←→slow the progress of
hasten←→check

hasty       a. 匆匆的,轻率的,急忙的
done or made in a hurry
hasty←→characterized by deliberation
hasty←→well considered

haunt       vt. 常到，常去，(思想)萦扰，(鬼魅等)常出没于  n. 常到的地方
to visit often:FREQUENT
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
persecute:injure=haunt:remember

hauteur   n．傲慢,高傲,自大
ARROGANCE, HAUGHTINESS
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
hauteur←→humility

havoc       n.大破坏,浩劫;大混乱,大杂乱
great confusion and disorder
havoc←→serenity

heart       vt. 鼓起勇气,激励
to give heart to:CHEER:HEARTEN
mollify:anger=heart:dejection
dismay←→hearted

hedge       n．修剪过的树篱，限制   vt. 用树篱围,妨碍
a means of protection or defense (as against financial loss)
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss

heinous   adj．可憎的，十恶不赦的
hatefully or shockingly evil:ABOMINABLE
heinous←→commendable

heirloom         n. 传家宝,相传动产
something of special value handed on from one generation to another
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator

hem           n. （衣服或裙子的）褶边
a border of a cloth article doubled back and stitched down
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet

hermit     n. 隐士,隐居者
one that retires from society and lives in solitude especially for religious reasons:RECLUSE
vegetarian:meat=hermit:society

herald     vt. 预报,宣布,传达,欢呼
to give notice of:ANNOUNCE
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
unherald←→proclaim

herbicide       n. 除草剂
an agent used to destroy or inhibit plant growth
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide

hereditary        a. 世袭的,遗传的
a:genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring
b:characteristic of or fostered by one's predecessors

heresy     n. 异端邪说
an opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy

dogma←→heresy

heretical       a. 异教的,异端的
of, relating to, or characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards:UNORTHODOX
doctrine:heretical=course:errant

herpetologist     n. 爬虫学家
one that a branch of zoology dealing with reptiles and amphibians
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist

hesitance       n. 踌躇,犹豫
the quality or state of being hesitant:as  a:INDECISION  b:RELUCTANCE
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation

hidebound      a. 营养不良的,死板的,量小的
having an inflexible or ultraconservative character
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty

hideous   a. 丑恶的,可憎的,可怕的
offensive to the senses and especially to sight:exceedingly ugly
pulchritude←→ugliness/hideous
affinity←→aversion/hideous

hie           vt. 急忙,疾走,催促
to go quickly:HASTEN
hie←→dawdle

hierarchy       n. 阶级组织,教士政治,僧侣政治
the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing
echelon:hierarchy=

hike         vt. 使高涨,拉起
to rise up;  especially :to work upward out of place
backset←→hike

hinge       n. 铰链,关键,枢纽
a jointed or flexible device on which a door, lid, or other swinging part turn

hint         n. 暗示,提示
a slight indication of the existence, approach, or nature of something:CLUE
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion

histrionic        a. 演员的,演剧的,有如演戏的
of or relating to actors, acting, or the theater
histrionic:actor=??

hitch       v. 搭便车，套住
to catch or fasten by or as if by a hook or knot

hive         n. 蜂房,闹区,蜜蜂群
a place swarming with activity
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive

hoard       n./v. 贮藏，秘藏
a supply or fund stored up and often hidden away
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion

hoary       a. 灰白的
extremely old:ANCIENT
hoary:old=??

hodgepodge        n. 混煮,杂菜,混淆
a heterogeneous mixture:JUMBLE
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble

homage     n. 尊崇,尊敬,效忠
expression of high regard:RESPECT
counsel:advice=laud:homage
homage←→disrespect

homily     n. 说教,训诫
a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme
parable:story=homily:lecture

homogenize        vt. 使均匀
to blend (diverse elements) into a uniform mixture
stratify←→homogenize

hone         vt. 用磨刀石磨  n. 磨刀石,抱怨,想念
to make more acute, intense, or effective:WHET
hone←→blunt

honorarium        n．酬劳金，谢礼
a payment for a service (as making a speech) on which custom or propriety forbids a price to be set
amenity:comfortable=honorarium:grateful

horn         n. 角,角质,喇叭
a wind instrument used in a jazz band;  especially :TRUMPET
horn:blow=harp:pluck

hortative       adj. 激励的
giving exhortation:ADVISORY
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve

horticulture      n. 园艺学
the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture

hovel       n. 小屋,杂物间,家畜小屋
a small, wretched, and often dirty house:HUT
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic

hub           n.车轴,,中心
the central part of a circular object (as a wheel or propeller)
spoke:hub=radius:center

hubris     n. 傲慢,骄傲
exaggerated pride or self-confidence
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride

humanitarian      n. 人道主义者,博爱者,基督凡人论者
a person promoting human welfare and social reform:PHILANTHROPIST

humble     a. 卑下的,谦逊的,粗陋的
a:ranking low in a hierarchy or scale:INSIGNIFICANT, UNPRETENTIOUS
b:not costly or luxurious
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
supercilious←→humble
bumptious←→(humble)
hauteur←→humility
panache←→humility

humor       vt. 迎合,牵就,顺应
to soothe or content by indulgence
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle

hurdle     n. 障碍,跳栏,临时活动篱笆  vt. 用篱笆围,越过,克服
OVERCOME, SURMOUNT

hurl         vt. 用力投掷,愤慨地说出,丢下
to throw down with violence
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}

hurricane       n.飓风
a tropical cyclone with winds of 74 miles (118 kilometers) per hour or greater that occurs especially in the western Atlantic, that is usually accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning, and that sometimes moves into temperate latitudes
tablefire:inferno=storm:hurricane
rain:deluge=wind:hurricane
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone

husbandry       n.耕种；节用,家政
the control or judicious use of resources:CONSERVATION
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
husband←→squander
husbandry←→prodigality

husky       adj. 声音沙哑的
hoarse with or as if with emotion
husky←→delicate

hybrid     a. 混合的,杂种的,混合语的
something heterogeneous in origin or composition:COMPOSITE
hybrid←→of unmixed extraction

hymn         n.赞美诗，圣歌；赞歌
a song of praise or joy

hypnotic         a. 催眠的,催眠术的,易于催眠的
tending to produce sleep:SOPORIFIC
hypnotic←→conscious
hypnotic←→stimulant

hyperbole       n. 夸张法
extravagant exaggeration anger
tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole

hypercritical     adj．苛求的，吹毛求疵的
meticulously or excessively critical
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest

ichthyologist     n. 鱼类学者,鱼类研究者
one that study a branch of zoology that deals with fishes
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist

idiosyncratic     a. 特质的,异质的,特殊的
a:a peculiarity of constitution or temperament:an individualizing characteristic or quality
b:individual hypersensitiveness (as to a drug or food)

idolater         n. 偶像崇拜者,崇拜者,皈依者
a person that admires intensely and often blindly one that is not usually a subject of worship
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe

ignite     vt. 点燃,使灼热,使兴奋
to set afire;  also :KINDLE
ignite←→extinguish

ignominy         n. 羞耻，屈辱
deep personal humiliation and disgrace
ignominious←→lofty
ignominies←→glory, honor; esteem, respect

ignorant         a. 无知识的,不知道的,幼稚的
destitute of knowledge or education
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered

illiteracy        n. 文盲
the quality or state of being illiterate;  especially :inability to read or write
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution

illuminati    先觉者; 智者
persons who are or who claim to be unusually enlightened
interpreter:translate=illuminati:instruct

illumination      n. 照明,阐明,启发
one of the decorative features used in the art of illuminating or in decorative lighting
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination
therapeutic:hospital=illuminating:school
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly

illusory         a. 产生幻觉的,幻影的,错觉的
based on or producing
illusion:DECEPTIVE
maelstrom:turbulent=mirage:illusory
nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
squall:commotion=flash:illumination

illustrate        vt. 举例说明,作图解,阐明
to provide with visual features intended to explain or decorate
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details

imbroglio       n. 纷乱,纠葛,纷扰,一团糟
an intricate or complicated situation

imitation       n. 模仿,效法,冒充,赝品
the quality of an object in possessing some of the nature or attributes of a transcendent
idea   exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame

immanent         adj. 普遍存在的，内在的
remaining or operating within a domain of reality or realm of discourse:INHERENT;  specifically :having existence or effect only within the mind or consciousness
immanent←→explicit

immaterial        a. 非物质的,无形的,精神的，不相关的
of no substantial consequence:UNIMPORTANT
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant←→immaterial

immemorial        adj. 太古的，极古的
extending or existing since beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition
immemorial←→recent

imminent         a. 即将来临的,逼近的
ready to take place;  especially :hanging threateningly over one's head

immune     a. 免疫的,免除的,不受影响的
not susceptible or responsive;  especially :having a high degree of resistance to a disease
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded

immure     vt. 监禁,禁闭
a:to enclose within or as if within walls
b:IMPRISON
immure←→release (?liberate)

immutable       a. 不可变的,不变的,不能变的
not capable of or susceptible to change
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
transitory:endure=immutable:change
immutable←→variable

imp           n. 顽童
a mischievous child:URCHIN
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp

impair     vt. 损害,减少,削弱
to damage or make worse by or as if by diminishing in some material respect

impassive       a. 无感情的,冷淡的,不动的,平静的
unsusceptible to or destitute of emotion
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
impassive←→emotional

impeccable        adj．无瑕疵的
free from fault or blame:FLAWLESS
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
impeccable←→faulty

impecunious       adj. 不名一文的，贫困的
having very little or no money usually habitually:PENNILESS
foolish:discretion=impecunious:money
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent

impede     v.妨碍,阻碍
to interfere with or slow the progress of
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
abet←→thwart/impede
facilitate←→impeding

impenetrable      a. 不能穿过的,不可理喻的,费解的,顽固的
incapable of being penetrated or pierced
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
porous←→impenetrable

impenitent        adj. 不悔悟的
not feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses
rueful←→impenitent

imperative        a. 命令式的,急需的,势在必行的,强制的
expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation
question:interrogative=order:imperative

imperceptible     a. 不能感知的,不知不觉的,微细的
not perceptible by a sense or by the mind:extremely slight, gradual, or subtle    appreciable←→imperceptible

imperial         a. 帝王的,至尊的,壮丽的
of, relating to, befitting, or suggestive of an empire or an emperor
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy

imperious       adj. 傲慢的，专横的
marked by arrogant assurance:DOMINEERING
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciat
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
imperious←→humble

impertinent       a. 鲁莽的,无礼的,粗鲁的,不恰当的
(1)    not pertinent:IRRELEVANT
(2)   not restrained within due or proper bounds especially of propriety or good taste
impertinence←→respect/relevance
obeisant←→impertinent

imperturbable     a. 沉着的,泰然自若的,镇静的
marked by extreme calm, impassivity, and steadiness:SERENE
restive←→calm/imperturbable
ticklish←→imperturbable

impervious        adj. 不能渗透的，不为所动的
not capable of being damaged or harmed
impervious:damaged=indomitable:subdued
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
impervious:damaged=indefensible:excused

impetuous       a. 冲动的,猛烈的,轻率的,急躁的
marked by impulsive vehemence or passion
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
impetuous←→deliberate

impiety   n. 无信仰,无信心,不虔诚,不孝
the quality or state of being impious:IRREVERENCE
impiety←→devoutness

implacable        a. 难宽恕的,难和解的,执拗的
not placable:not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle

implement        n. 工具,器具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行
CARRY OUT, ACCOMPLISH;  especially :to give practical effect to and ensure of actual fulfillment by concrete measures

implicate       vt. 含意,暗示,牵连
to involve as a consequence, corollary, or natural inference:IMPLY

implode   v. 内爆，剧减
to collapse inward as if from external pressure;  also :to become greatly reduced as if from collapsing
collapse:implode=divide:sunder

impromptu       adj. 即席的，即兴的
made, done, or formed on or as if on the spur of the moment:IMPROVISED
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent

improvident       a. 无远见的,浪费的
not provident:not foreseeing and providing for the future

improvised       adj. 即席而作的,即兴的
to compose, recite, play, or sing extemporaneously
rite←→improvised act

imprudent       a. 轻率的,鲁莽的
not prudent:lacking discretion

impudent         a. 鲁莽的,卑鄙的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others:INSOLENT
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
impudent←→deferential/respectful

impugn     v. 指责，对…表示怀疑
to assail by words or arguments:oppose or attack as false or lacking integrity
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
impugn←→champion
impugn←→endorse
impugn←→vindicate

impuissance       n.  无能; 无力; 虚弱
WEAKNESS, POWERLESSNESS
clout←→impuissance

impulsive       adj. 易冲动的，感情用事的
having the power of or actually driving or impelling

impute     a. 可归罪的,使负责的,可嫁祸的
to lay the responsibility or blame for often falsely or unjustly
imputable:nettle

inadvertent       adj. 不注意的，疏忽的
not focusing the mind on a matter:INATTENTIVE

inalienable       a. 不能让与的,不能转售的,不能夺取的,不可分割的
incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated

inane       a. 空虚的,愚蠢的,空洞的
lacking significance, meaning, or point:SILLY
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous {inane:clumsy}
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty

inanimate       adj. 无生命的
not endowed with life or spirit
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living

inaugurate        v. 举行就职典礼，开创
to induct into an office with suitable ceremonies
inaugurate:president=install:official=crown:king
inauguration:official=matriculation:student
cease←→inaugurate/commencement

incendiary        a. 放火的,煽动的,教唆的
of, relating to, or involving a deliberate burning of property

incense   vt. 用香焚,使发怒
to arouse the extreme anger or indignation of
propitiate←→incense

inception       n．开端，开始，取得学位
an act, process, or instance of beginning:COMMENCEMENT
inception:termination=matriculation:graduation

incessant       a. 不断的,不绝的,无尽的
continuing or following without interruption:UNCEASING

inch         vi. 慢慢前进,慢慢移动
to move by small degrees:progress slowly
inch:move=drawl:speak

inchoate         adj．刚开始的，未发展的

being only partly in existence or operation;  especially :imperfectly formed or formulated:FORMLESS
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized

incipient       a. 起初的,发端的,初期的
beginning to come into being or to become apparent
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized

incisive         a. 敏锐的,机敏的,锋利的,切入的
impressively direct and decisive (as in manner or presentation)

incite     v  激发，刺激
to move to action:stir up:spur on:urge on
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
instigator：incite=bully:browbeat

inclement       adj．　（天气）严酷的，严厉的
lacking mildness:as   physically severe:STORMY
inclemency:evade=??
inclement←→balmy

incogitant       adj. 『罕』无思想的; 粗心的; 不体谅的
THOUGHTLESS, INCONSIDERATE
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm

incongruent       adj. 不协调的,不和谐的; 不合适的
not superposable so as to be coincident throughout
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey

inconsequential   a. 不合逻辑的,不合理的,不重要的
of no significance:UNIMPORTANT
crucial←→inconsequential

incontrovertible  a. 无争论余地的,无疑的,明白的
not open to question:INDISPUTABLE
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied} {intrepid:feared}
controvert←→substantiate

incorrigible      a. 无药可救的,积习难改的,固执的
incapable of being corrected or amended  UNALTERABLE, INVETERATE
tractability←→incorrigibility
tractable←→incorrigible

incriminate       vt. 归罪,使负罪,控告
to charge with or show evidence or proof of involvement in a crime or fault
incrimination←→exoneration

inculcate       vt. 教授,谆谆教诲,教育
to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions

inculpate       vt. 使负罪,控告,使连累   INCRIMINATE
exonerate←→inculpate
absolve←→inculpate
exculpate←→inculpate

incursion       n．侵犯，入侵
a hostile entrance into a territory:RAID
incursion←→retreat

indecorous        a. 无体的,不合礼节的
not decorous:conflicting with accepted standards of good conduct or good taste

indefatigable     a. 不知疲倦的,有耐性的,不屈不挠的
incapable of being fatigued:UNTIRING

indelible       adj. 擦试不掉的，不可磨灭的
UNFORGETTABLE, MEMORABLE
indelible:forget=astounding:expect
indelibility←→erasability

indelicate        a. 下流的,无教养的,卑鄙的,不雅的
not delicate:
a (1):lacking in or offending against propriety:IMPROPER
  (2):verging on the indecent:COARSE
b:marked by a lack of feeling for the sensibilities of others:TACTLESS

indemnity       n. 赔偿,补偿,保护
security against hurt, loss, or damage
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure

indict     vt. 起诉,控告,指控
to charge with a crime by the finding or presentment of a jury (as a grand jury) in due form of law
indict:accused=??

indifferent       a. 漠不关心的,无重要性的,中立的
marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something:APATHETIC
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
avid←→indifferent

indigenous        adj．土产的，本地的
having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment
exotic←→indigenous
indigenous←→ nonnative

indigent         a. 贫乏的,穷困的  
suffering from indigence:IMPOVERISHED
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indigent←→affluent

indigestible      a. 不消化的,难消化的,难理解的
not digestible:not easily digested

indispensability  n. 不可缺少
absolutely necessary:ESSENTIAL
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability

indoctrinate      v．灌输思想
to instruct especially in fundamentals or rudiments:TEACH
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate

indolent         adj. 懒惰的，懒洋洋的 (n. indolence)
a:averse to activity, effort, or movement:habitually lazy
b:conducing to or encouraging laziness
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}

inducement        n．引诱物
a motive or consideration that leads one to action or to additional or more effective actions
inducement←→deterrent

indulgent       a. 纵容的,任性的,放纵的
indulging or characterized by indulgence;  especially :LENIENT
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate
glutton:overindulgence=ascetic:self denial
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
draconian←→indulgent/mild    
martinet←→indulgent person
indulgent←→ascetic

indurate         vt. 使坚固,变坚固,使硬化 to make hard
indurate←→soften

inedible         a. 不适于食用的,不能吃的
not fit to be eaten

ineluctable       adj．难免的，不能逃避的
not to be avoided, changed, or resisted:INEVITABLE
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance

ineptitude        n. 不适当,愚笨,愚昧的言行
the quality or state of being inept;  especially :INCOMPETENCE
finesse←→ineptitude

inert       adj. 惰性的，行动迟钝的
deficient in active properties;  especially :lacking a usual or anticipated chemical or biological action
inertia←→activity
reactant←→inert material
inert←→active
inert←→dynamic

inestimable       a. 无价的,无法估计的
too valuable or excellent to be measured or appreciated

inevitable        a. 不可避免的,必然的
incapable of being avoided or evaded
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend

inexorable        a. 无情的,冷酷的,不屈不挠的
not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty:RELENTLESS
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
inexorable←→relenting

infamy     n. 声名狼藉,出丑
evil reputation brought about by something grossly criminal, shocking, or brutal
infamy←→good repute

infatuate       vt. 使迷恋,使糊涂
to cause to be foolish:deprive of sound judgment
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
odium←→infatuation

infer       vt. 推论出,推断
GUESS, SURMISE
tacit:infer=encoded:decode

inferno   n．火海，地狱般的场所
a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell
fire:inferno=storm:hurricane

infinite         a.无穷的
immeasurably or inconceivably great or extensive:INEXHAUSTIBLE
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
unique:precedent=infinite:end

infirm     a. 弱的,虚弱的,柔弱的
of poor or deteriorated vitality;  especially :feeble from age
hale←→infirm

inflame   v. 使燃烧，激怒（某人）
to excite to excessive or uncontrollable action or feeling
assuage←→inflame    subdue←→inflame

infelicitous      a. 不幸的,不吉的,不适当的
not appropriate in application or expression
happy←→infelicitous

influx     n. 涌入    a coming in
exodus←→influx

infuse     v. 灌输，使…充满 INSPIRE, ANIMATE
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
infuse←→drain away/refuse/extract

ingenious       adj. 聪明的，有发明天才的
marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution

ingenuous       adj．纯朴的，单纯的
showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ingenuous←→cunning

ingrained       adj. 根深蒂固的
to work indelibly into the natural texture or mental or moral constitution
ingrained←→easily to change

ingratiating      a. 逢迎的,迷人的
capable of winning favor:PLEASING
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive

inimical         adj．为敌的，不友善的
a:having the disposition of an enemy:HOSTILE
b:reflecting or indicating hostility:UNFRIENDLY
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amenable←→inimical

inimitable        adj. 无法仿效的，不可比拟的
not capable of being imitated:MATCHLESS
inimitable←→commonplace
inimitable←→ordinary

iniquity         n. 邪恶，不公正
gross injustice:WICKEDNESS
iniquity←→rectitude/disinterestedness

initial   a. 开始的,最初的,字首的
placed at the beginning:FIRST
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
initial←→follow
initiate←→follow up
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}

innocent         n. 天真的人,笨蛋
free from guilt or sin especially through lack of knowledge of evil:BLAMELESS    culpable←→innocent

innocuous       adj．（行为，言论等）无害的
not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility:INOFFENSIVE, INSIPID
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous

innovation        n. 改革,创新
the introduction of something new
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/   innovation/novelty

inquiry   n. 质询,调查
examination into facts or principles:RESEARCH
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory

insatiable        a. 不知足的,贪求无厌的
incapable of being satisfied:QUENCHLESS

insipid   a. 没有味道的,清淡的,难吃的
lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge:DULL, FLAT

insolent         adj. 粗野的，无礼的
exhibiting boldness or effrontery:IMPUDENT
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
insolent←→polite/courteous {elegant}

insouciant       adj. 漫不经心的; 无忧无虑的
lighthearted unconcern:NONCHALANCE

inspired         adj. 有创见的，有灵感的
outstanding or brilliant in a way or to a degree suggestive of divine inspiration

instigate       vt. 教唆,怂恿,煽动
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse

instigator        n. 煽动者
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
instigator：incite=bully:browbeat

instill   v.滴注,逐渐灌输
to impart gradually

institute       n. 学会,学院   vt. 创立,开始,制定,任命
to originate and get established:ORGANIZE
rescind←→institute
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold

insubordinate     adj．不服从的，反抗的
disobedient to authority
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate

insular   a. 岛的,岛民的,保守的,孤立的,岛特有的
characteristic of an isolated people;  especially :being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint
insular←→cosmopolitan

insulate         v. 使绝缘，使隔离
to place in a detached situation:ISOLATE;  especially :to separate from conducting bodies by means of nonconductors so as to prevent transfer of electricity, heat, or sound
insularity←→cosmopolitanism
insulate←→expose

insurgent       adj. 叛乱的，起事的n. 叛乱分子
a person who revolts against civil authority or an established government;  especially :a rebel not recognized as a belligerent
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent

intangible        a. 难以明了的,无形的
not tangible:IMPALPABLE
corporeal←→intangible

integral         a.组成的；整的
essential to completeness:CONSTITUENT
integral←→superfluous

integrity       n. 正直，诚实，完整
the quality or state of being complete or undivided:COMPLETENESS
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity      taint:integrity

intelligible     a. 可理解的,易理解的,明了的
capable of being understood or comprehended
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
intemperate       adj. 无节制的，放纵的
not temperate especially :given to excessive use of intoxicating liquors
equable←→intemperate
intemperate←→constrained

intensify       vi. 强化
to make intense or more intensive:STRENGTHEN
moderate:intensity=extenuate:seriousness
abate←→intensify/promote
assuage←→intensify

inter       vt. 埋葬,葬,埋
to deposit (a dead body) in the earth or in a tomb
inter:burial=obliterate:removal

intercede       vi. 仲裁,说情,调解  (n. intercession)
to intervene between parties with a view to reconciling differences:MEDIATE    
intercessor:mediate=augur:prediction
intercessor:mediate=translator:interpret

interim   n. 过渡时期adj. 暂时的
an intervening time:INTERVAL
interim←→permanent

interlock       a. 联锁的
to become locked together or interconnected
interlocking←→independent

interloper        n. (非法) 闯入者
one that interlopes:as
a:an illegal or unlicensed trader
b:one that intrudes in a place or sphere of activity

interlude       n. 幕间,幕间时间,过场,穿插,插曲
an intervening or interruptive period, space, or event:INTERVAL

interminable      adj. 无尽头的
having or seeming to have no end;  especially :wearisomely protracted
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration

intermittent      adj. 断断续续的，间歇的
coming and going at intervals:not continuous
intermittent←→constant

interrogate       vt. 质问,讯问,审问
to question formally and systematically
interrogate:probe
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
question:interrogative=order:imperative

intervene       vi. 插入,调停,干涉
to interfere usually by force or threat of force in another nation's internal affairs especially to compel or prevent an action

intimate         a. 亲密的,私人的,秘密的  n. 熟友
a friend or confidant marked by very close association, contact, or familiarity
clique:intimates=flock:sheep

intimate         vt. 暗示,通知,告诉
to make known especially publicly or formally:ANNOUNCE

intimate         vt. 暗示,通知,告诉
to make known especially publicly or formally:ANNOUNCE

intimidate        vt. 威胁,恐吓,胁迫
to make timid or fearful:FRIGHTEN;  especially :to compel or deter by or as if by threats
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation

intransigent      adj．不妥协的，固执的
refusing to compromise or to abandon an extreme position or attitude:UNCOMPROMISING
firm:intransigent=concerned:obsessed
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
intransigent←→open to compromise
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
pliant←→intransigence/intractable

intrepid         adj. 无畏的，刚毅的
characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract

intricacy        n. 纷乱,复杂,错综
the quality or state of being intricate
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy

intriguing        adj．引起极大兴趣的
engaging the interest to a marked degree:FASCINATING
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
pall←→interest/intrigue

intrinsic       adj. 固有的，内在的
belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing

inure       vt. 使习惯
to accustom to accept something undesirable
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency

invective       n.痛骂；恶意抨击
of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive

inveigh   vi. 痛骂,漫骂,臭骂
to protest or complain bitterly or vehemently:RAIL
inveigh←→verbally provide support

inveigle         v. 诱骗，诱使
to win over by wiles:ENTICE
plot:plan=inveigle:interest
inveigle←→request directly

inventory       n. 详细目录，存货清单
an itemized list of current assets:as
(1) :a catalog of the property of an individual or estate
(2) :a list of goods on hand
census:population=inventory:stock
inventory:merchandise=manifest:cargo

investigate       v.调查
to make a systematic examination;  especially :to conduct an official inquiry
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate

inveterate        a. 根深的,成癖的,积习的
firmly established by long persistence
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}

invidious       adj．惹人反感的，招人嫉妒的
tending to cause discontent, animosity, or envy
invidious←→beneficial

invigorate        v. 鼓舞，激励
to give life and energy to:ANIMATE;  also :STIMULATE
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
debilitate←→invigorate
enervate←→invigorate
enfeeble←→invigorate

inviolate       a. 未亵渎的,未受侵犯的,无污点的
not violated or profaned;  especially :PURE
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
inviolable←→profane/impure

invoice   n. 发票，装货清单
a consignment of merchandise
consignment:invoice=??

invoke     vt. 祈求,恳求,引起,援引,实行
to put into effect or operation:IMPLEMENT
invoke←→ suspend

invulnerable      adj. 无法伤害的
incapable of being wounded, injured, or harmed
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
untenable:defense=invulnerable:injury

irascible       adj. 易发怒的.(ire)
marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger
affable←→irascible

irate       a. 发怒的,生气
arising from anger
gush:effusive=rage:irate

iridescence       n. 彩虹色
a lustrous rainbowlike play of color caused by differential refraction of light waves (as from an oil slick, soap bubble, or fish scales) that tends to change as the angle of view changes
iridescent←→monochromatic

irk            v．使苦恼，厌烦．
to make weary, irritated, or bored
irk←→make someone pleased

ironclad         adj. 坚固的，装铁甲的
so firm or secure as to be unbreakable:as  a:BINDING
jammed:full=ironclad:firm

irreducible       a. 不能复归的,不能削减的不可约的
impossible to transform into or restore to a desired or simpler condition     factorable←→irreducible

irrelevant        a. 不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的
not relevant:INAPPLICABLE
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
germane←→irrelevant
immaterial←→relevant

irresolute        a. 无决断的,优柔寡断的,踌躇不定的
uncertain how to act or proceed:VACILLATING

irreverent        a. 不敬的,不逊的,无礼的  
lacking proper respect or seriousness;  also :SATIRIC
awe←→irreverence

irritate         n. 刺激,烦恼,刺激物
to provoke impatience, anger, or displeasure in:ANNOY
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
haunt:familiar/similarity=harass:irritating
balm←→irritant

issue       n.问题；发行
a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties
debate:issue=bargain:price
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product  }
issue←→withdraw

issue       vt. 使流出,放出,发给,发布
the act of publishing or officially giving out or making available
stanza:line=volume:issue
issue←→withdraw

isthmus   n．地峡
a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
isthmus:land=strait:water

jabber     v. 快而不清楚地说
to talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly
jabber←→speak slowly

jaded       adj．疲惫的，厌倦的
fatigued by overwork:EXHAUSTED
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded

jam           a.   拥塞
fatigued by overwork:EXHAUSTED
jammed:full=ironclad:firm

jape         n/v. 戏言,笑料,嘲弄
to make mocking fun of
revere←→jape at

jar           vi. 震惊,冲突,发刺耳声,不一致
a:to make a harsh or discordant sound
b:to have a harshly disagreeable or disconcerting effect
c:to be out of harmony;  specifically :BICKER

jaundice         n. 黄疸,偏见,乖僻
a state or attitude characterized by satiety, distaste, or hostility

jaunty     adj．愉快的，满足的
sprightly in manner or appearance:LIVELY
staid←→jaunty

jazz         n. 爵士乐,喧闹
American music developed especially from ragtime and blues and characterized by propulsive syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation, and often deliberate distortions of pitch and timbre
portrait:painting=jazz:music

jealousy         n. 妒忌,猜忌,羡慕
a jealous disposition, attitude, or feeling

jejune     adj. 空洞的，不成熟的
devoid of significance or interest:DULL
labyrinthine:simplicity=jejune:interest
jejune←→thought  provoking

jerk         vi. 痉挛,急拉,急推
to give a quick suddenly arrested push, pull, or twist to

jest         n./v. 说笑，玩笑
an utterance (as a jeer or quip) intended to be taken as mockery or humor
jest←→solemnity

jingoist         侵略主义者,感情用事的 , [盲目的]爱国主义者
extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy
dove←→warmonger/jingoist

jitter     vi. 神经过敏,战战兢兢
to be nervous or act in a nervous way
jittery←→resolute

jocund     adj. 快乐的，高兴的
marked by or suggestive of high spirits and lively mirthfulness
jocund←→dreary

jog           n. 轻推,轻撞,漫步
a movement, pace, or instance of jogging (as for exercise)
jog:exercise=barter:trade

joke         n. 笑话,玩笑,笑柄
something said or done to provoke laughter;  especially :a brief oral narrative with a climactic humorous twist
joke:punch line=plot:denouement

jolt         vi. 颠簸而行,震摇
to cause to move with a sudden jerky motion
jolt:move=check:stop

jot           vt. 略记,摘要记载下来
to write briefly or hurriedly:set down in the form of a note
nip:eat=jot:write

jovial     adj. 快活的
markedly good-humored especially as evidenced by jollity and conviviality    
jovial←→mournful
saturnine←→jovial
maudlin←→jovial

jubilant         a. 欢呼的,喜洋洋的
EXULTANT
dolorous←→jubilant

judicious       a. 头脑精明的,贤明的,判断正确的
having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgment:DISCREET
daft←→judicious

juggernaut        n. Krishna 神像
a massive inexorable force, campaign, movement, or object that crushes whatever is in its path
juggernaut:unstoppable=??

jumble     vi. 搀杂,混杂
to mix into a confused or disordered mass
mixture:jumble=??

justify   vt. 替...辩护,证明
to prove or show to be just, right, or reasonable
justify←→argue against

juxtapose       vt. 并置,并列
to place side by side

kangaroo         n. 袋鼠
kangaroo:marsupial=squirrel:rodent

ken           n. 视野范围,知识范围,见地
the range of vision
earshot:hear=ken:see

kindle     vt.点燃 vi.着火
a:to stir up:AROUSE
b:to bring into being:START

kink         n. 纽结,蜷缩,颈
a short tight twist or curl caused by a doubling or winding of something upon itself

kiss         vt. 吻,轻拂
to touch with the lips especially as a mark of affection or greeting
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}

knead       vt. 揉,按摩,捏制
to work and press into a mass with or as if with the hands
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable

knit         vt.vi. 编织,密接,结合
to form by interlacing yarn or thread in a series of connected loops with needles
ravel←→knit

knotty     a. 有结的,多节的,多瘤的,棘手的
marked by or full of knots;  especially :so full of difficulties and               complications as to be likely to defy solution
knotty←→easy
knotty←→simple