邪恶漫画之家教师全集:黑宝书3

labile     adj.易变的，不稳定的
readily or continually undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change or breakdown:UNSTABLE
labile←→stable

labored   <动作、呼吸等> 困难的,痛苦的;缓慢的
lacking ease of expression
glib←→labored

labyrinth       n. 迷宫,难解的事物,迷路
something extremely complex or tortuous in structure, arrangement, or character:INTRICACY, PERPLEXITY
labyrinthine:simplicity=jejune:interest
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness

laconic   adj. （用字）简洁的
using or involving the use of a minimum of words:concise to the point of seeming rude or mysterious
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
laconic←→loquacious
laconic←→voluble
laconism←→verbosity
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent

lambaste         vt. 痛打,严责
to attack verbally:CENSURE

lamentable        adj. 令人惋惜的，悔恨的
expressing grief:MOURNFUL
lamentable:pity=responsible?:censure
celebration=lamentful=slight=show respect

laminate         v. 切成薄板（片）
to separate into laminae laminate:divide

lampoon   n．讽刺文章v．讽刺
a harsh satire usually directed against an individual
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
paean←→harshly lampoon

landfill         n.垃圾堆
a system of trash and garbage disposal in which the waste is buried between layers of earth to build up low-lying land
cistern:liquids=landfill:refuse

landlord         n. 房东,地主
the owner of property (as land, houses, or apartments) that is leased or rented to another

landslide       n. 山崩
the usually rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial fill on a slope;  also :the mass that moves down
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide

lane         n. 小路，小巷，车道，跑道
a narrow passageway between fences or hedges

languid   adj. 没精打采的，怠倦的
drooping or flagging from or as if from exhaustion:WEAK
languid←→energetic
vivacious←→languid

languish         v．衰弱，变得消瘦
a:to be or become feeble, weak, or enervated
b:to be or live in a state of depression or decreasing vitality      languish←→thrive

lank         adj. 瘦削的，稀疏的
not well filled out:SLENDER, THIN
lank←→stalwart

lapse       n. 过失,流逝,失效
a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention
lapse:error=misbehavior:criminality
misdemeanor:crime=lapse:error

larder     n. 食物贮藏室,食品橱
a place where food is stored:PANTRY
larder:food=wardrobe:clothes
larder:provisions=vault:valuables

largesse         n．慷慨援助，施舍
liberal giving (as of money) to or as if to an inferior;  also :something so given
largesse←→parsimony

lariat     n. 套索
a long light rope (as of hemp or leather) used with a running noose to catch livestock or with or without the noose to tether grazing animals:LASSO
lariat:wrangler=crook:shepherd

lash      v. 鞭打，抽打，猛击，猛烈甩动，捆扎，绑紧；n. 抽打，鞭挞，猛
to bind with or as if with a line
lash←→unbind

lassitude       n．无力，没精打采
a condition of weariness or debility:FATIGUE
lassitude←→vim/animation

latent     adj.潜伏的，潜在的
present and capable of becoming though not now visible, obvious, or active       latent←→manifest

lathe       n. 车床,陶器,镟床
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten

laudatory       a. 赞美的,赞赏的
of, relating to, or expressing praise
COUNSEL:ADVICE=laud:homage
execrable←→commendable/laudable
pejorative←→laudatory

lavish     a. 浪费的；过度的
a:expended or produced in abundance
b:marked by profusion or excess
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
lavish←→mean
lavish←→stint
penurious←→lavish

leaden     a. 铅制的,呆滞的,铅灰色的,沉闷的

a:oppressively heavy
b:SLUGGISH
c:lacking spirit or animation

leaven     vt. 使发酵,影响
to raise (as bread) with a leaven
distill:purity=leaven:volume

lectern   n. 诵经台
a stand used to support a book in a convenient position for a standing reader;  especially :one from which scripture lessons are read in a church service

ledger     n. 分类帐,分户总帐,底帐,横木
a book containing accounts to which debits and credits are posted from books of original entry

legacy     n．遗产，遗留之物
something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor or from the past
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor

legend     n. 传说,传奇文学,图例
an explanatory list of the symbols on a map or chart
glossary:text=legend:map

legible   a. 清晰的,易读的
capable of being read or deciphered:PLAIN
legible:decipher

lenient   adj. 宽大的，仁慈的
exerting a soothing or easing influence:relieving pain or stress

lethal     a. 致命的
gravely damaging or destructive:DEVASTATING
disagreeable:hateful=harmful:lethal

lethargy         adj. 嗜眠性
the quality or state of being lazy, sluggish, or indifferent

levee       n. 早朝,大堤
an embankment for preventing flooding
levee:river=cordon:crowd
rampart:invasion=levee:flood

lexicographer     n. 辞典编纂者
an author or editor of a dictionary
cartographer:map=weaver:cloth=lexicographer:dictionary

liability        n. 责任,债务,倾向
something for which one is liable;  especially :pecuniary obligation
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
asset←→liability

liaison   n. 联络
a:a close bond or connection:INTERRELATIONSHIP
b:an illicit sexual relationship:AFFAIR

liberal   a.心胸宽大的；慷慨的
marked by generosity:OPENHANDED
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
liberal←→parsimonious
liberalist←→enfetterist

libertine       n. 性行为放纵者，浪荡子
a person who is unrestrained by convention or morality;  specifically :one leading a dissolute life
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}

liberty   n. 自由,特权,随意,冒失
an action going beyond normal limits:as  a:a breach of etiquette or propriety:FAMILIARITY
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}

licentious        adj. 纵欲的，放肆的
lacking legal or moral restraints;  especially :disregarding sexual restraints
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness

lien         n．扣押权，留置权
a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty ordinarily arising by operation of law
lien:claim=subpoena:command

liken       vt.把....比做;把....比拟
(to)    COMPARE
liken:similarity=discriminate:difference

limber     adj. （肌肉）松软的，柔软的
capable of being shaped:FLEXIBLE
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty

limerick         n. 五行打油诗
a light or humorous verse form of 5 chiefly anapestic verses of which lines 1, 2, and 5 are of 3 feet and lines 3 and 4 are of 2 feet with a rhyme scheme of aabba farce:performance=limerick:poem

limousine       n. 轿车
a large luxurious often chauffeur-driven sedan that sometimes has a glass partition separating the driver's seat from the passenger compartment
mansion:residence=limousine:automobile

limp         v. 跛行adj. 无力的，松软的
lacking firm texture, substance, or structure
limp←→firm

limpid     adj. 清澈的，透明的
marked by transparency:PELLUCID
limpid←→murky
limpid←→unclear
murky←→clear/pellucid/limpid

linen       n. 亚麻布，亚麻制品
cloth made of flax and noted for its strength, coolness, and luster
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
flannel:cloth=linen:fabric

linoleum         n. 油布,油毯
a floor covering made by laying on a burlap or canvas backing a mixture of solidified linseed oil with gums, cork dust or wood flour or both, and usually pigments
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum

misbehave      vt.vi. (使)行为无礼貌,(使)行为不端
castigation:disapproval=misbehave:crime
lapse:error=misbehavior:criminality
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn

mischievous   adj. 淘气的，有害处的
a:able or tending to cause annoyance, trouble, or minor injury
b:irresponsibly playful
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous

misdemeanor   n.不轨的行为,行为失检,品行不端
a crime less serious than a felony
crime:misdemeanor=commitment:decision
misdemeanor:crime=lapse:error

miser   n.守财奴，吝啬鬼
a mean grasping person;  especially :one who is extremely stingy with money
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
spendthrift←→miser

misfortune     n. 不幸,灾祸,坏运气
a distressing or unfortunate incident or event
boon←→misfortune

misgiving      n.疑虑，担心
a feeling of doubt or suspicion especially concerning a future event      misgiving←→certainty

mishap        n. 不幸，坏运气
an unfortunate accident
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment

misnomer       n. 用词不当
a:a use of a wrong name
b:a wrong name or designation

misrepresent  vt. 误传,不称职地代表
to give a false or misleading representation of usually with an intent to deceive or be unfair
tamper:adjust=misrepresent:communicate

mite     n. 极小量，小虫
any of numerous small acarid arachnids that often infest animals, plants, and stored foods and include important disease vectors
mite:creature=speck:amount

mitigate       v. 减轻，缓和
to make less severe or painful:ALLEVIATE
mitigate:severe=qualify:general

mnemonics      n. 记忆术
a technique of improving the memory
regiment:health=mnemonics:memory

morbid        a. 不健全的,病态的,疾病的,可怕的
abnormally susceptible to or characterized by gloomy or unwholesome feelings
morbid←→wholesome

mobility       n. 可动性,变动性,情感不定
capable of moving or being moved:MOVABLE
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
splint:immobilize=duct:convey

mockery        n. 嘲弄,笑柄,蔑视
a subject of laughter, derision, or sport
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery

moderate       vt. 节制,使稳定,使缓和
to lessen the intensity or extremeness of
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
moderate:intensify=extenuate:seriousness

modicum        n. 少量
a small portion:a limited quantity
modicum←→large amount

molding        n.  [常~s] 『建筑』 (装饰墙壁、屋檐或家具等凸出部等用之) 嵌线,线脚,壁带
a decorative plane or curved strip used for ornamentation or finishing
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet

mollify        v. 安慰，安抚
to soothe in temper or disposition:APPEASE
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure
mollify:anger=hearted:dejection
mollify←→rouse
vex←→mollify
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
mollify←→antagonize/ire
pique←→mollify

mollycoddle   vt. 溺爱,娇养
a pampered or effeminate man or boy
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
mollycoddle←→treat harshly

molt     n. 换毛,脱皮,换毛期
the act or process of  sheding hair, feathers, shell, horns, or an outer layer periodically;  specifically :ECDYSIS
fledging←→molt

momentous      adj. 极重要的，严重的
IMPORTANT, CONSEQUENTIAL
atrocious:bad=momentous:important

momentum      n. 动力,要素
a property of a moving body that the body has by virtue of its mass and motion and that is equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter

monochromatic a. 单色的,一色的
having or consisting of one color or hue
iridescent←→monochromatic

monopolize     vt. 独占,垄断
to get a monopoly of:assume complete possession or control of

monotone       a. 单调的
having the property either of never increasing or of never decreasing as the values of the independent variable or the subscripts of the terms increase  :MONOTONIC
vociferous←→reticent/monotone

montage        n. 混成画,拼集的照片,蒙太奇
the production of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate an association of ideas
montage:images=medley:songs
zigzag:turns=montage:images

morass        n. 沼泽地，困境v. 陷入困境
something that traps, confuses, or impedes
morass:irritating=??

moratorium     n. 延期偿付,延期偿付期间
a legally authorized period of delay in the performance of a legal obligation or the payment of a debt
reprieve:punishment=moratorium:activity
fast:eat=moratorium:act

mordant        adj. 讥讽的，尖酸的
biting and caustic in thought, manner, or style:INCISIVE
mordant←→genial

moribund       adj．即将结束的，垂死的
being in the state of dying:approaching death
moribund←→beginning
moribund←→nascent

morose        adj．脾气坏的，不高兴的
having a sullen and gloomy disposition
morose←→cheerful
sanguine←→morose

mortar        n. 小臼，乳钵
a strong vessel in which material is pounded or rubbed with a pestle
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar

mosque        n. 清真寺
a building used for public worship by Muslims
spire:church=minaret:mosque

mosquito       n. 蚊子
any of a family (Culicidae) of dipteran flies with females that have a set of slender organs in the proboscis adapted to puncture the skin of animals and to suck their blood and that are in some cases vectors of serious diseases
mosquito:netting=impurity:filter

motile        a. 能动的,有自动力的
exhibiting or capable of movement
motility←→stasis

motivate       v. 促使，激发
to provide with a motive:IMPEL
exculpatory:absolve:=motivational:stir
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist

motley        a. 杂色的,斑杂的,杂多的,混杂的
（1）    variegated in color
（2）    composed of diverse often incongruous elements
motley←→colorless
motley←→unique

mottle        vt. 使成杂色
to mark with spots or blotches of different color or shades of color as if stained
striated:groove=mottled/dappled:spot
mottle←→blanch
mottled←→homogenous { solidary}

mournful       a. 悲恸的,悲哀的,令人惋惜的
causing sorrow or melancholy:GLOOMY
jovial←→mournful

movement       n. 运动,倾向,乐章
a distinct structural unit or division having its own key, rhythmic structure, and themes and forming part of an extended musical composition
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra

muffle        vt. 围裹,抑制,发低沉的声音
to wrap or pad with something to dull the sound
plangent←→muffled

mulish  a. 骡的,执拗的,杂种的
unreasonably and inflexibly obstinate
despicable:value=mulish:flexible
flexible←→mulish
pliant←→mulish

mull     n. 软薄布,混乱  vi. 深思熟虑
to consider at length:PONDER

mumble  vt.vi. 喃喃而语,咕哝
to utter with a low inarticulate voice
enunciate←→mumble

mundane        a. 尘世的；世俗的
characterized by the practical, transitory, and ordinary:COMMONPLACE

municipality  n. 自治区,市当局,全市民
a primarily urban political unit having corporate status and usually powers of self-government

munificent     adj. 慷慨的，大方的
characterized by great liberality or generosity
miser:munificent:zealot:blase

mural   adj. 墙壁的n. 壁画
a mural work of art (as a painting)
petrography:rock=mural:wall

murky   adj. 黑暗的，朦胧的
characterized by a heavy dimness or obscurity caused by or like that caused by overhanging fog or smoke
limpid←→murky
murky←→clear
pellucid←→murky

murmur        n. 低语,低声的怨言
a low indistinct but often continuous sound
croon:sing=murmur:speak

mushroom       vi. 迅速生长,迅速增加,采蘑菇
to spring up suddenly or multiply rapidly

mute     vt. 减弱...的声音
to muffle, reduce, or eliminate the sound of
mute←→amplify

myopic        a. 近视的
a lack of foresight or discernment:a narrow view of something
myopic←→discerning

myriad        a. 无数的,一万的,种种的
having innumerable aspects or elements
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration

nadir   n. 最低点，无底
the lowest point
nadir←→summit
nadir←→acme

naive   a. 天真的,纯真的,朴素的
deficient in worldly wisdom or informed judgment;  especially :CREDULOUS
guile:naive=??
worldly←→naive

narcissism     n. 自我陶醉,自恋
love of or sexual desire for one's own body
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
narcissism:love=guilt:blame

nascent        a. 新生的，诞生中的
coming or having recently come into existence
moribund←→nascent

natty   adj. 整洁的，漂亮的
trimly neat and tidy:SMART

nauseate       v. 使作呕，使厌恶
to feel disgust
vertigo:nauseate=??

naysayer      n. 怀疑者，否定者
one who denies, refuses, opposes, or is skeptical or cynical about something
concur←→naysay

nebulous       adj. 模糊不清的，云状的
INDISTINCT, VAGUE
nebulous←→distinct
nebulous←→clear cut

needy   a. 贫穷的,贫困的,生活艰苦的
being in want:POVERTY-STRICKEN
affluent←→needy

nefarious      adj．违法的，邪恶的
flagrantly wicked or impious:EVIL
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous

negative       n. 底片
a negative photographic image on transparent material used for printing positive pictures

negotiate      vi. 商议,谈判,交涉
to confer with another so as to arrive at the settlement of some matter
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
negotiator:agreement

neophyte       n．初学者，新手
a new convert:PROSELYTE
inexperience:neophyte=irresponsibility:wastrel

nepotism       n．裙带关系
favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based on kinship
nepotism:relative=cronyism:friend

nerve   vt. 鼓起勇气
to give strength or courage to:supply with physical or moral force
appall←→embolden/nerve

nettle        n. 荨麻，v. 烦忧，激恼
to arouse to sharp but transitory annoyance or anger imputable:nettle

nibble        v. 一点点地咬，慢慢啃
a:to bite gently
b:to eat or chew in small bits
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble

nip        v. 夹，咬 n. 严寒
to take liquor in nips:TIPPLE
nip:eat=jot:write

nitpicking     adj. 挑剔的,吹毛求疵的
minute and usually unjustified criticism
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
nitpick:criticize=cavil:object
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil

nocturnal      a. 夜的,夜曲的
of, relating to, or occurring in the night
diurnal←→nocturnal

noisome        adj. 恶臭的，令人不快的
offensive to the senses and especially to the sense of smell
noisome←→appealing
noisome←→beneficial/pleasant/healthy

nominal        a. 名义上的，(指金额)极小的
TRIFLING, INSIGNIFICANT
nominal:significance=disjunctive:unity

nonchalant     adj. 冷漠的，满不在乎的
having an air of easy unconcern or indifference
anonymous:identify=nonchalant:excite

nondescript   adj. 没有特征的，平凡的
lacking distinctive or interesting qualities:DULL, DRAB
nondescript←→conspicuous

nonentity      n. 不存在,非实在,虚无
a person of little consequence or significance
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence

nonflammable  a. 不燃烧的
not flammable;  specifically :not easily ignited and not burning rapidly if ignited
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible

nonsense       n. 无意义的事,荒谬的言行,荒唐
words or language having no meaning or conveying no intelligible ideas
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast

notch   vt. 刻凹痕,用刻痕计算,得分
to cut or make a notch in
serrated←→without notches/smooth

notwithstanding   prep.尽管，虽然
DESPITE

novelty        n. 新奇,新鲜,新奇的事物
something new or unusual
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
banal←→novel
timeworn←→novel

noxious        a.有害的,有毒的;使道德败坏的,讨厌的
physically harmful or destructive to living beings
noxious←→beneficial

nuance  n.细微的差异
a subtle distinction or variation
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
nuance←→patent difference

nudge   n.v. 用肘轻推,悄悄推,引起注意
to touch or push gently;  especially :to seek the attention of by a push of the elbow
nudge:push=？？

nurture        vt. 养育,给与营养物,教养
(1)to supply with nourishment
(2)EDUCATE
nurture←→withhold sustenance from
nurture←→disregard, ignore, neglect, overlook, pass over, slight

oafish        adj. 呆子的，白痴的
a stupid person:BOOB

obdurate       adj. 固执的，顽固的
resistant to persuasion or softening influences
firmness:obdurate=carefulness:meticulous
energetic:frenetic=firm:obdurate
toward←→obdurate

obeisance      n. 鞠躬，敬礼
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission:BOW

obfuscate      v. 使困惑，使迷惑
a:DARKEN
b:to make obscure
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
obfuscate←→clarify

obedient      a. 服从的,顺从的,孝顺的
submissive to the restraint or command of authority:willing to obey
contumacious←→obedient

obeisance     n. 敬礼,鞠躬,顿首
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission:BOW
obeisant←→impertinent

obligatory     adj. 强制性的，义务的
binding in law or conscience
elected:obliged=??
discretionary←→obligatory
selective←→obligatory

obliging      a. 亲切的,体贴的,殷勤的,有礼貌的
willing to do favors:ACCOMMODATING
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging

oblique        a. 斜的,倾斜的,无诚意的,不坦率的
not straightforward:INDIRECT;  also :OBSCURE
oblique←→direct

obliterate     v. 涂掉，擦掉
to remove from existence:destroy utterly all trace, indication, or significance of
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
obliterate:remove=accomodate:supply { convey:conduct}

oblivious      a. 易忘的,遗忘的,忘却的,健忘的
lacking remembrance, memory, or mindful attention
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
cognizant←→oblivious
oblivious←→vigilant
oblivious←→mindful
vigilant←→oblivious

obscure        vt. 使阴暗,隐藏,使含糊
not clearly seen or easily distinguished:FAINT
celebrity←→obscurity
explicit←→obscure

obsequious     a. 谄媚的,奉承的,顺从的
marked by or exhibiting a fawning attentiveness
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
obsequious:attentiveness=??
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
supercilious←→obsequious

observatory   n. 天文台,气象台,了望台
a building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena (as in astronomy);
conservatory:music={seminary:theology }=observatory:astronomy     observatory:astronomy

obsess        vt.迷住;使困窘,使烦扰
to haunt or excessively preoccupy the mind of
agonized:distress=obsessed:concern
firm:intransigent=concerned:obsessed
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous

obsolete       a. 荒废的,成废物的,陈旧的
a:no longer in use or no longer useful
b:of a kind or style no longer current:OLD-FASHIONED

obstacle       n. 障碍
something that impedes progress or achievement
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede

obstinate      adj．固执的，倔强的
perversely adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate

obstreperous  adj．吵闹的，难管束的
stubbornly resistant to control:UNRULY
obstreperous←→disciplined

obstruct       v. 阻塞，截断
to hinder from passage, action, or operation:IMPEDE
obstruct←→facilitate
occluded←→unobstructed
obstructed←→unocclude

obtuse        adj. 愚笨的，不锐利的
lacking sharpness or quickness of sensibility or intellect:INSENSITIVE
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse
restive:calmness=keen:obtuse

obviate        vt. 除去,排除,避免,预防
to anticipate and prevent (as a situation) or make unnecessary (as an action)
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary

occlude        vt. 使闭塞,封闭,关闭,逐出
to close up or block off:OBSTRUCT
occluded←→unobstructed
obstructed←→unocclude

occult        a. 神秘的,不可思议的,超自然的
not easily apprehended or understood:ABSTRUSE, MYSTERIOUS
occult←→bare/patent/readily fathomable

occurrence     n. 发生,事件,发现
something that occurs
prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence

ode        n. 颂诗,赋
a lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling and style, varying length of line, and complexity of stanza forms
chord:tone=ode:poem

odious        adj. 可憎的，讨厌的
exciting or deserving hatred or repugnance
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
grating:sound=acrid:odor
odious:disgust=menacing:fear
odious:repugnance=menacing:fear   { immovable:stability}
hankering←→odium
odium←→infatuation
odium←→esteem

offbeat        a. 不平常的，离奇的  
ECCENTRIC, UNCONVENTIONAL
offbeat←→conventional

offbeat        n. 弱拍
the unaccented beat of a musical measure

offend        v.冒犯，得罪
to cause dislike, anger, or vexation
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
politic:offend=aloof:associate
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture

offhand        adj.临时,无准备的;随便,马虎的
without premeditation or preparation:EXTEMPORE
offhand←→premeditated

officious      adj．爱发命令的，好忠告人的
volunteering one's services where they are neither asked nor needed:MEDDLESOME
attentive:officious=refined:snobbish   {absorbed:engrossed }
officious:meddle=disaffected:rebel
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
politic←→officious

offish        adj. 冷淡的
somewhat cold and reserved :STANDOFFISH
offish←→sociable

opacity        n. 不透明，暖昧
the quality or state of a body that makes it impervious to the rays of light
opacity:light=impermeability:fluid
opacity←→transparency

opaque        adj. 不透明的，难懂的
exhibiting opacity:blocking the passage of radiant energy and especially light
slack:tension=opaque:translucence
diaphanous←→opaque

opine   vt.vi. 想,以为
to express opinions
augur:predict=pundit:opine

opportune      adj. 合适的，适当的
suitable or convenient for a particular occurrence
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
opportune←→inconvenient

oppose        vt.反对；反抗
to place over against something so as to provide resistance, counterbalance, or contrast
oppose:thwart=treat:cure

oppression     n. 压抑,沉闷,压迫手段
unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power
oppression:disagreement

opprobrious   a. 嘴不干净的,无礼的,粗野的
expressive of opprobrium:SCURRILOUS
opprobrious:blameless=??
opprobrious←→irreproachable

optimization  n. 最佳化
an act, process, or methodology of making something (as a design, system, or decision) as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible;
optimization:improve=??

opulent        adj．富裕的，充足的
amply or plentifully provided or fashioned often to the point of ostentation

oration        n. 演说,致辞,叙述法
an elaborate discourse delivered in a formal and dignified manner

orchestra      n.管弦乐队
a group of musicians including especially string players organized to perform ensemble music
orchestra:musician=pack:wolf
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra

original       a. 最初的,原始的,有创意的
not secondary, derivative, or imitative
babble:sense=parrot=originality
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original

orthodoxy      n. 正统说法,正教,信奉正教
the quality or state of being conforming to established doctrine especially in religion    
religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
dissenter:orthodox=maverick:group

oscillate     vt. 使振动,使动摇
to swing backward and forward like a pendulum
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter

ossify        v．硬化，骨化, 变得泥古不化
to become hardened or conventional and opposed to change
depreciation:value=ossification:flexible
ossify←→transcend conventions

ostentatious  a. 装饰表面的,夸示的,华美的
marked by or fond of conspicuous or vainglorious and sometimes pretentious display

ostracism      n. 贝壳流放,放逐,排斥
exclusion by general consent from common privileges or social acceptance
pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}
ostracize←→take in
ostracize←→welcome
ostracize←→include/embrace

outgoing       adj. 友善的，即将离去的
openly friendly and responsive:EXTROVERTED
extrovert:outgoing=perfectionist=exacting

outmaneuver   v. 以策略制胜, 以机动性胜过
outmaneuver←→yield

outmoded      a. 过时的
no longer acceptable, current, or usable
outmoded←→original

overbearing   a. 傲慢的,骄傲自大的,蛮横的
harshly and haughtily arrogant
unassuming←→overbearing

overdose       n. 配药量过多
too great a dose (as of a therapeutic agent)
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention

overexposure  a. 过度暴露
to expose excessively;  especially :to expose (as film) to excessive radiation (as light)
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded

overlap        vt. 重叠,重复
to occupy the same area in part:lap over
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap

overt   adj．公开的、非秘密的
open to view:MANIFEST
clandestine:secretly=overt:openly
shadowy←→overt

overture       n. 前奏曲、序曲,提议,提案,初步交涉
a:an initiative toward agreement or action:PROPOSAL
b:something introductory:PRELUDE
veto:prohibitive=overture:introductory
overture:introductory=caveat:warning

overwhelm      vt. 淹没,受打击,制服,压倒
to overcome by superior force or numbers
usurp:take=overwhelm:defeat

overwrought   a. 过度紧张[兴奋]的
extremely excited:AGITATED

oxymoron       n. 矛盾修饰法
a combination of contradictory or incongruous words
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox

pacify        vt. 使平静,安慰,绥靖
to allay the anger or agitation of:SOOTHE  
solace:grief=pacification:anger    
rankle←→pacify
tantrum←→pacify
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify

pack     n. 包裹,一群,包装,背包,一副
a group of often predatory animals of the same kind ，WOLF PACK
orchestra:musician=pack:wolf

pact     n. 契约,协定,条约
COMPACT;  especially :an international treaty

padding        n. 垫充,垫塞,填料
material with which something is padded
padding:damage=disguise:recognition

paean   n. 欢乐歌,赞美歌
a joyous song or hymn of praise, tribute, thanksgiving, or triumph;  broadly :ENCOMIUM, TRIBUTE
paean←→harshly lampoon

painstaking   a. 辛苦的,勤勉的,小心的
taking pains:expending, showing, or involving diligent care and effort
cursory←→painstakingly thorough

palatable      adj．美味的，愉快的
agreeable to the palate or taste
palatable:savory=discernible:manifest

palatial       adj．宫殿般的，宏伟的
of, relating to, or being a palace
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic

palette        n. 调色板,颜料
a particular range, quality, or use of color
palette:color=repertoire:play

pall     v. 覆盖，使平淡无味
to lose in interest or attraction
pall←→interest/intrigue

palliate       v. 减轻（痛苦），掩饰（罪行）
to reduce the violence of (a disease):ABATE
pain:analgesic=symptom:palliative
caustic←→palliating/genial
palliate←→exacerbate

pallor        n. 苍白
deficiency of color especially of the face:PALENESS

palmy   a. 棕榈的,多棕榈的,繁荣的
marked by prosperity:FLOURISHING
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity

palpable       adj. 明显的，易觉察的
easily perceptible by the mind:MANIFEST
elliptical←→palpable
palpable←→subtle

palter        vi. 含糊其词,马虎处理,讨价还价,敷衍了事
to act insincerely or deceitfully:EQUIVOCATE
palter:candor=diehard:budge
palter←→candor

paltry        a.无价值的,微不足道的
INFERIOR, TRASHY，TRIVIAL
paltry←→significant/important

pan        v. 严厉批评
to criticize severely
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
rave←→pan

panache        n. 羽饰,夸示,假威风,炫耀
dash or flamboyance in style and action:VERVE
panache←→humility
panache←→unremarkable behavior

pander        v.迎合
to act as a pander;  especially :to provide gratification for others' desires

panegyric      n. 赞扬,夸大的颂词,推崇备至
a eulogistic oration or writing;  also :formal or elaborate praise
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
panegyric:praise:valediction:farewell
panegyric←→anathema

panorama       n. 全景,全貌,概论
an unobstructed or complete view of an area in every direction

pantechnicon  n. 家具仓库,家具搬运车
a usually enclosed wagon or motortruck used for transportation of goods or animals
pantechnicon:furniture=？？

pantry        n.食品柜，餐具室
a room (as in a hotel or hospital) for preparation of foods on order
pantry:food=armory:weapons
pantry:food=closet (wardrobe):clothes

parable        n. 寓言，比喻
EXAMPLE;  specifically :a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
parable:story=homily:lecture

parabola       n. 抛物线
a plane curve generated by a point moving so that its distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance from a fixed line:the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane parallel to an element of the cone

paradigmatic  adj. 作为示范的，典范的
EXAMPLE, PATTERN;  especially :an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype

paradox        n. 似非而是的论点,自相矛盾的话
a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is     perhaps true
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise

paragon        n. 模范，典型
a model of excellence or perfection
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
travesty←→paragon

parallel      a. 平行的,相似的
extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant, and not meeting

paramount      adj. 最重要的，最高权力的
superior to all others:SUPREME
painful:agonizing=important:paramount

paranoia       n. 偏执狂
a tendency on the part of an individual or group toward excessive or irrational suspiciousness and distrustfulness of others
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia

paraphrase     vt. 释义
to make a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise

parch   vi. 烤干,焦干
to dry or shrivel with cold
steep←→parch

pariah        n. 贱民，被社会遗弃者
a member of a low caste of southern India
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}

parity        n. 同等,同格,同位,平价
the quality or state of being equal or equivalent
parity←→inequality

parlance       n. 说法,语法,语调
manner or mode of speech:IDIOM
gait:walk=parlance:speak

parochial      a. 教区的,地方性的,狭小的
confined or restricted as if within the borders of a parish:limited in range or scope (as to a narrow area or region):PROVINCIAL, NARROW

parody        n．嘲弄文章，拙劣的模仿
a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule
parody:style=mime:gesture
spoof:parody=??

parquetry      n. 镶木地板艺术或图案
work in the form of usually geometrically patterned wood laid or inlaid especially for floors
fresco:wall=parquetry:floor

parrel        n. 亦作 parral.『航海』绳环
a rope loop or sliding collar by which a yard or spar is held to a mast in such a way that it may be hoisted or lowered

parrot        n.鹦鹉  vt. 学舌
to repeat by rote
babble:sense=parrot=originality

parry   v. 挡开，避开（武器，问题等）
to evade especially by an adroit answer
duty:shirk=question:parry

parse   n./v. 从语法上分析
to resolve (as a sentence) into component parts of speech and describe them grammatically
scan:metrical=parse:grammatical
specimen:dissect=sentence:parse

parsimony      n. 过度节俭,吝啬
a:the quality of being careful with money or resources:THRIFT
b:the quality or state of being stingy
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
curt:words=parsimonious:resource
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
parsimonious:spend:peremptory:fawn
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
largesse←→parsimony
liberal←→parsimonious
parsimonious←→wasteful
profligate←→parsimonious
parsimonious←→prodigal

partiality     n. 偏袒，偏心
the quality or state of being partial:BIAS

particularize vt.vi. 详细说明,列举,大书特书
to state in detail:SPECIFY
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details

partisan       n. 党羽,同党的人,游击队员
a firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person;  especially:one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
patriot:country=partisan:course

passionate     adj.多情的，热烈的
a:capable of, affected by, or expressing intense feeling
b:ENTHUSIASTIC, ARDENT

pastiche       n. 模仿 (的手法) ; 混成 [拼凑]
a literary, artistic, musical, or architectural work that imitates the style of previous work;
pastiche←→original work

patent        a. 专利的,显著的,新奇的
readily visible or intelligible:OBVIOUS
abstruse←→accessible/patent
nuance←→patent difference
occult←→bare/patent
patent←→not evident
recondite←→patent

pathology      n. 病理学,病理,病状
something abnormal,deviation from propriety or from an assumed normal state of something nonliving or nonmaterial
pathological←→normal

patina        n. 绿锈，光亮的外表
a superficial covering or exterior
patina←→essential quality

patriot        n.爱国者，爱国主义者
one who loves his or her country and supports its authority and interests
patriot:country=partisan:course

patronize      vt. 保护,支援,惠顾,庇护,赞助
to adopt an air of condescension toward:treat haughtily or coolly
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery

paucity        n. 少数,少量,缺乏
smallness of number:FEWNESS
paucity←→slew
profusion←→paucity

paunchy        a. 大肚子的
having an enlarged, swollen, or protruding abdomen
svelte←→paunchy and awkward

pauper        n. 贫民,被救济者,穷人
a person destitute of means except such as are derived from charity;  specifically:one who receives aid from funds designated for the poor

pebble        n. 小圆石,小鹅卵石
a small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide

peccadillo     n．小过失
a slight offense
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture

peck     n. 啄痕,啄食,许多 a quick light kiss
peck:kiss=glance:look      {  peck:kiss=peep:sound   }

pedagogue      n. 教师,教育者,爱假装博学者
TEACHER, SCHOOLMASTER;  especially :a dull, formal, or pedantic teacher
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate

pedant        n. 炫学者,自夸学者的人,空谈家
one who makes a show of knowledge
martinet:discipline=pedant:learning
mawkish/maudlin:sentiment=pedantic:scholarship
scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish
moralistic:principled=pedantic:learned

pedestrian     adj．徒步的，缺乏想像的  n．行人
COMMONPLACE, UNIMAGINATIVE
pedestrian←→imaginative
pedestrian←→uncommon

peep     n. 瞥见,偷看,初现
to utter the slightest sound    
{peck:kiss=peep:sound}

peeve   v. 气恼，怨恨
to make peevish or resentful:ANNOY
mawkish:sentimental=peeve:annoy
placate←→peeve

pejorative     adj．带有轻蔑意义的，贬低的
having negative connotations;  especially :tending to disparage or belittle:DEPRECIATORY
pejorative←→laudatory

pellucid       adj．清晰的，清澈的
easy to understand
venial:excuse=pellucid:understand
pellucid←→murky
murky←→clear/pellucid/limpid

penalty        n. 刑罚,罚款,报应
the suffering in person, rights, or property that is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime or public offense
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty

penchant      n. [对…的]强烈嗜好,偏好; 倾向[for]
a strong and continued inclination;  broadly :LIKING
penchant←→aversion
penchant←→dislike

penetrate      vt. 穿透,渗透,看穿
a:to pass into or through
b:to enter by overcoming resistance:PIERCE
c:to gain entrance to
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable

pensive        a. 沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的
musingly or dreamily thoughtful

penury        n.贫穷
a cramping and oppressive lack of resources (as money);  especially :severe  poverty
incognizance:knowledgeable=penury:wealthy
penury←→affluence
penurious←→lavish

perceptible   a. 可察觉的,能感觉得到的,看得见的
capable of being perceived especially by the senses
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious

peremptory     adj. 专横的，不容反抗的
characterized by often imperious or arrogant self-assurance
parsimonious:spend=peremptory:fawn
peremptory←→open to challenge

perfidy        n. 不诚实,背信
the quality or state of being faithless or disloyal:TREACHERY
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
perfidious←→faithful/loyal

perfunctorily ad. 敷衍地,潦草地,表面地
lacking in interest or enthusiasm
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration

perimeter     n. 周长,周界
the boundary of a closed plane figure
country:border=circle:perimeter

peripatetic   adj. 巡游的
moving or traveling from place to place:ITINERANT
peripatetic←→rooted

peripheral     adj.边缘的，周边的
of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
crux←→peripheral element
periphery←→central

perjury        n. 伪誓,伪证
the voluntary violation of an oath or vow either by swearing to what is untrue or by omission to do what has been promised under
oath:false swearing=perjury:deposition
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
perjure←→depose

permanence     n.永久，持久
the quality or state of being permanent:DURABILITY
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
heroic:craven=erratic：permanent
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
extinction←→perpetuation
interim←→permanent
transience←→permanence

permeable      a. 有浸透性的,能透过的
capable of being permeated:PENETRABLE;  especially :having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
opacity:light=impermeability:fluid
waterproof←→permeable

permissivist  n. 极端纵容者
granting or tending to grant permission:TOLERANT
deficient in firmness or control:INDULGENT, LAX

pernicious     a. 有害的,有毒的,致命的  
highly injurious or destructive:DEADLY
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead

perpetual      a. 永久的,不断的
continuing forever:EVERLASTING
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
extinction←→perpetuation

persecute      vt. 迫害,虐待,困扰
to harass in a manner designed to injure, grieve, or afflict;  specifically :to cause to suffer because of belief
persecute:injure=haunt:remember

persevere      vi. 坚持不懈；不屈不挠
to persist in a state, enterprise, or undertaking in spite of counter influences, opposition, or discouragement
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
persevere←→give up

persiflage     n. 挖苦，嘲弄
frivolous bantering talk:light raillery
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite

personable     a. 风度好的,优雅的,貌美的
pleasant or amiable in person:ATTRACTIVE
personable←→unattractive

perspective   n. 远景,看法,透视
an optical glass (as a telescope)

perspicacious adj. 独具慧眼的
of acute mental vision or discernment:KEEN
perspicacious←→obtuse/undiscerned

perspicuity   n. 明晰,明了,简明
plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation    
perspicuous←→dull

pertinacious  adj. 顽固的
stubbornly unyielding or tenacious
pertinacious←→tractable
pertinacity←→vacillation

pertinent     a. 相关的,中肯的,切题的
having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand
pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity
immaterial←→pertinent/relevant
pertinent←→irrelevant

perturb        vt.使担忧
to disturb greatly in mind:DISQUIET
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy

pervade        vt. 弥漫,遍及,充满,渗透,漫延
to become diffused throughout every part of

pessimism      n. 悲观,悲观主义
an inclination to emphasize adverse aspects, conditions, and possibilities or to expect the worst possible outcome

pesticide      n. 杀虫剂  
an agent used to destroy pests
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide

pestle        n. 杵，乳钵槌
a usually club-shaped implement for pounding or grinding substances in a mortar
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
pestle:grind=flint stone:sharpen/spice:flavor/whetstone:sharpen/spoon:stir
awl:pierce=pestle:hash

petition       vt.vi. 请求,恳求,请愿
to make a request to:SOLICIT
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner

petrography   n. 岩石记述学
the description and systematic classification of rocks
petrography:rock=mural:wall

petulance     n.  发脾气,生气,易怒,暴躁,性急
the quality or state of being petulant:PEEVISHNESS

philanthropic a. 博爱的
of, relating to, or characterized by philanthropy:HUMANITARIAN
philanthropist:beneficence=comedian:humor
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
philanthropist:eleemosynary==？？

philistine     n. 庸人，市侩
a person who is guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic values
philistine←→aesthete

philosophical  a. 哲学的,冷静的,哲学上的

characterized by the attitude of a philosopher;  specifically :calm or unflinching in face of trouble, defeat, or loss

phlegmatic     adj. 冷静的，冷淡的,冷漠的,无活力的
having or showing a slow and stolid temperament
phlegmatic:arouse=？？
phlegmatic←→spirited
phlegmatic←→vivacious

piddling       a. 无用的,琐屑的  
TRIVIAL, PALTRY
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable

pigment        n．天然色素，干粉颜料
a coloring matter in animals and plants especially in a cell or tissue;
albino:pigment=prairie:tree

pilfer        vt.vi. 盗,偷,窃
STEAL;  especially :to steal stealthily in small amounts and often again and again
abscond:depart=pilfer:take

pillar        n. 柱子,栋梁,重要的支持者
a firm upright support for a superstructure:POST
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
derelict←→pillar of society

pillory        n．颈手枷，示众，嘲弄
to expose to public contempt, ridicule, or scorn
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory{persuade:convince}
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
pillory←→exalt

pilot   n. 飞行员,领航员,领导人,响导,航船者
one employed to steer a ship:HELMSMAN
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra

pine     vi. 消瘦,憔悴,渴望
to yearn intensely and persistently especially for something unattainable
longing:pine=remorse:rue

pinnacle       n. 小尖塔,尖峰,高峰
an upright architectural member generally ending in a small spire and used especially in Gothic construction to give weight especially to a buttress

pinpoint       n. 极小之物,针尖  vt.精确地找到
extremely fine or precise

piquant        adj．辛辣的,开胃的
agreeably stimulating to the palate;  especially :SPICY
pique←→mollify

pithy   a. 有髓的,有力的,含蓄的
having substance and point:tersely cogent
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
pithy←→prolix

pitiless       a. 无情的,冷酷的,无怜悯心的
devoid of pity:MERCILESS

pittance       n. 配给的食物,施舍少量的钱,少量
a small portion, amount, or allowance;  also :a meager wage or remuneration
cornucopia←→lack/pittance

placate        vt.安抚；和解
to soothe or mollify especially by concessions:APPEASE
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
galling←→placating
placate←→peeve
placate←→antagonize

placebo        n．安慰剂
an inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:painkiller=backdrop:vista
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious

plagiarize     vt.vi. 剽窃,抄袭
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own:use (another's production) without crediting the source
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents
plagiarism:ideas=rustling:cattle

plangent       adj．如泣如诉的,悲哀的
having a loud reverberating sound
plangent←→muffled

plantation     n. 耕地,森林,殖民
a usually large group of plants and especially trees under cultivation
plantation:tobacco=media:bacteria

plateau        n. 高地,高原
a region of little or no change in a graphic representation
plateau:change=respite:activity
plateau:slope

platitude     n. 单调,平凡,陈腐
a banal, trite, or stale remark
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal

platonic      a. 柏拉图哲学的,柏拉图主义的,唯心的
of, relating to, or being a relationship marked by the absence of romance or sex

plausible      a. 似真实的,似合理的,说得煞有其事的    ]
superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable but often specious
rationalize:plausible=??

plethora       n. 过量，过剩
EXCESS, SUPERFLUITY;  also :PROFUSION, ABUNDANCE
plethora←→dearth

pliable        a. 易曲折的,柔软的,圆滑的
supple enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking
static:move=pliable:inflexible
pliable←→rigid

pliant        adj．易受影响的,易弯的
easily influenced:YIELDING
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
pliant←→mulish
pliant←→intransigence/intractable

plight        n. 境况,誓约,困境
to put or give in pledge:ENGAGE
plight←→favorable condition

plodding       a. 沉重缓慢的,单调乏味的
working laboriously and monotonously:DRUDGE
meteoric←→plodding

plot     vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,阴谋
a secret plan for accomplishing a usually evil or unlawful end:INTRIGUE
cabal:association=plot:plan
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
plot:plan=inveigle:interest

plot     vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,阴谋
the plan or main story of a literary work
choreography:dance=plot:story
joke:punch line=plot:denouement

pluck   n. 勇气,猛拉,动物内脏
courageous readiness to fight or continue against odds:dogged resolution      
pluck←→cowardice

pluck   n. 勇气,猛拉,动物内脏, 弹奏
to play by sounding the strings with the fingers or a pick
horn:blow=harp:pluck

plumb   vt.铅锤测定是否垂直或深度
to measure the depth of with a plumb
assess:value=plumb:depth
measure:dimensions=calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
plumb←→examine curiously

plummet        v. 垂直或突然地堕下
to drop sharply and abruptly
fall descend:plummet=move:dart
plummet:ascend=??

plump   a.丰满的；鼓起的,直率的
having a full rounded usually pleasing form
a plump woman
svelte←→plump

plump   vt. 突然放下,支持,使丰满,使鼓起
to drop, sink, or come in contact suddenly or heavily

plurality      n. 复数,较大数,许多,兼职
a:the state of being plural
b:the state of being numerous
c:a large number or quantity

polemic        n. 争论，论战
the art or practice of disputation or controversy
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive

polish        a. 擦亮的,精练的,优美的
highly developed, finished, or refined  PERFECT
rustic←→polished
untutored←→polished
gaucheness←→polish

politic        a. 精明的,圆滑的,慎重的,策略的
characterized by shrewdness in managing, contriving, or dealing
politic:offend=aloof:associate
politic←→unsophisticated
politic←→officious

pollster       n. 民意测验家
one that conducts a poll or compiles data obtained by a poll
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass

pompous        a. 傲慢的,自大的,夸大的,豪华的
having or exhibiting self-importance:ARROGANT
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless

ponderous      adj. 笨重的，笨拙的
of very great weight
ponderous←→ethereal/gossamer/lively
slight←→ponderous
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly

pontificate   v. 自大武断地做，装模作样的说话
to speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
strut:walk=pontificate:speak
pontificate←→comment tentatively

porcelain      n.瓷，瓷器
a hard, fine-grained, sonorous, nonporous, and usually translucent and white ceramic ware that consists essentially of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar and is fired at high temperatures
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
glaze:porcelain=vanish:wood

pore     n.毛孔，气孔，细孔
a minute opening especially in an animal or plant;  especially :one by which matter passes through a membrane
pore:membrane=door:room

porous        adj. 可渗透的，多孔的
capable of being penetrated fragile:break=porous:penetrate
porous←→impenetrable

portentous     a. 前兆的,不吉的,自大的,奇怪的
eliciting amazement or wonder:PRODIGIOUS
portentous←→regular

portrait       n.肖像,人像,半身像,人物描写
PICTURE;  especially :a pictorial representation (as a painting) of a person usually showing the face
portrait:painting=jazz:music
portrait:person=seascape:ocean

poseur        n. 装模作样的人
a person who pretends to be what he or she is not:an affected or insincere person
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
poseur←→sincere person

posit   v．假定,认为  
to assume or affirm the existence of:POSTULATE
posit←→deny as false

posterity      n.后代
the offspring of one progenitor to the furthest generation

postulate      v．假定,要求
to assume or claim as true, existent, or necessary:depend upon or start from the postulate of
postulate←→deny as false

posture        vi. 作姿势
to assume an artificial or pretended attitude:ATTITUDINIZE
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
posture←→behave naturally

potable        adj. 适于饮用的
suitable for drinking
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling

potentate      n. 有权的人,有势力的人,统治者
RULER, SOVEREIGN;  broadly :one who wields great power or sway
virtuoso:skill=potentate:power
potentate←→subject

potentiate     n. 统治者，当权者  vt. 赋与力量,加强
to make effective or active or more effective or more active;  also :to augment the activity of (as a drug) synergistically
deactivate←→potentiate

pout     vt.vi. 撅嘴,绷脸
to show displeasure by thrusting out the lips or wearing a sullen expression
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
pout←→grin

prairie        n. 大草原,牧场
a large area of level or rolling land in the Mississippi valley that in its natural uncultivated state usually has deep fertile soil, a cover of tall coarse grasses, and few trees
albino:pigment=prairie:tree

prate   vi. 唠唠叨叨的讲,闲聊,空谈
to talk long and idly:CHATTER
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
prate:speak=saunter:walk

preach        vt.vi. 传道,讲道,鼓吹,宣讲,说教
to deliver a sermon
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil

precarious     a.不稳定的
characterized by a lack of security or stability that threatens with danger
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy
precarious←→secure/stable

precedent      n. 先例,前例
prior in time, order, arrangement, or significance
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
unexceptionable:oppose=unique:precedent
unique:precedent=infinite:end

precipice      n. 悬崖
a very steep or overhanging place
precipice:steepness=defile:narrowness
precipitous←→level

precipitate   v. 加速，促成adj. 匆忙的，鲁莽的
to bring about especially abruptly
precipitate←→retard/dilatory

precipitation n．急躁,降雨(量)
something precipitated:as a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone

precipitous   adj. 陡峭的，仓促的
very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging in rise or fall
precipitous←→gradually sloping

precursor      n. 先驱者,前导,先进者
one that precedes and indicates the approach of another
precursory←→derivative

predecessor   n. 前任,先辈,以前的东西
one that precedes;  especially :a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor

preeminent    a. 优秀的,超群的,卓越的
having paramount rank, dignity, or importance:OUTSTANDING
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight

preempt        v. 以先买权取得，取代
to replace with something considered to be of greater value or priority:take precedence over
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession

preen   v. 整理羽毛，(人)打扮修饰
to dress or smooth (oneself) up:PRIMP
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
preen←→ruffle

preface        n. 序文,绪言,前言
the introductory remarks of a speaker or author
preface←→epilogue
prefatory←→conclusive

pregnant      a. 怀孕的,充满的,含蓄的
abounding in fancy, wit, or resourcefulness:INVENTIVE
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty

preliminary   a. 初步的,开始的,预备的
coming before and usually forming a necessary prelude to something else

premeditated  a. 预先想过的,预谋的,有计划的
characterized by fully conscious willful intent and a measure of forethought and planning
offhand←→premeditated
spontaneous←→premeditate

preponderant  a. 以重胜的,优势的,压倒性的
having superior weight, force, or influence
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
preponderant←→commensurate

prepossessing a. 讨人欢喜的,有魅力的,给人好感的
tending to create a favorable impression:ATTRACTIVE
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome

preposterous  adj. 荒谬的，可笑的
contrary to nature, reason, or common sense:ABSURD
preposterous←→commonsensical

presage       vt. 成为...的前兆,预示,预言
FORETELL, PREDICT
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify

prescription  n. 处方,命令,指示
a written direction for a therapeutic or corrective agent;  specifically :one for the preparation and use of a medicine
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention

presentiment  n. 预感,预觉
a feeling that something will or is about to happen:PREMONITION

preservative  n. 预防法,预防药,防腐剂
something that preserves or has the power of preserving;  specifically:an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage
censorship:communication=preservative:decay

presumptuous  a. 放肆的,冒昧的,冒失的
overstepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy):taking liberties    
transgression:morality=:presumption:propriety       presumptuous:unruly

pretense       n. 借口,虚假,伪装
an inadequate or insincere attempt to attain a certain condition or quality  
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove

prevail        vi.胜，优胜；流行
to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority:TRIUMPH

prevalent      adj.流行的，普遍的
generally or widely accepted, practiced, or favored:WIDESPREAD
prevalent←→unusual

prevaricate   vi. 支吾其辞,搪塞,撒谎
to deviate from the truth:EQUIVOCATE
blandishment:coax=prevarication:deceive
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth

prime   n. 最佳部分,初期
the earliest stage
prime←→uninitial

primordial     a. 原始的；初发的
existing in or persisting from the beginning
primordial←→most recent

primp   vt.vi. 打扮,装饰
to dress, adorn, or arrange in a careful or finicky manner
primp:vain=gloat:smug

principal      a. 主要的,重要的,首要的
most important, consequential, or influential:CHIEF
principal←→subordinate

prissy        a. 谨小慎微的,神经质的,为小事挂虑的
being prim and precise:FINICKY

pristine       a. 原来的,古时的,原始的,纯净的,无垢的
not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted (as by civilization):PURE
pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation
squalid←→pristine
pristine←→taint

privilege      n.特权，优惠
a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor:PREROGATIVE;  especially :such a right or immunity attached specifically to a position or an office

probe   v.探索,探测
to make a searching exploratory investigation
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate

probity        n. 刚直，正直
adherence to the highest principles and ideals:UPRIGHTNESS
probity←→unscrupulousness

procrastinate v. 耽搁，拖延
to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done
dilatory:procrastinate=malcontent:complain
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
procrastination←→diligence

procure        vt. 获得,取得,促成
to get possession of:obtain by particular care and effort
procure←→relinquish

prod     vt. 戳,刺,刺激
to incite to action:STIR
rein←→prod

prodigal       a. 浪费的,挥霍的,放荡的
characterized by wasteful expenditure:LAVISH
mean:prodigality=meek:arrogance
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend
husbandry←→prodigality
parsimonious←→prodigal

prodigy        n. 惊人的事物,不凡的人,神童
a:an extraordinary, marvelous, or unusual accomplishment, deed, or event
b:a highly talented child or youth
prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence
prodigious←→slight

profane        v. 亵渎，玷污
to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt:DESECRATE
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
inviolable←→profane/impure

proffer        v. 献出，赠送，n. 提议，建议
to present for acceptance:TENDER, OFFER
proffer←→retain

profligate     adj. 挥金如土的，n. 挥霍者
wildly extravagant:PRODIGAL
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
querulous:words=profligate:money
loquacious:word=profligate:money
profligate←→parsimonious
provident←→profligate
barren←→profligate
proliferate←→dwindle

profusion      n．丰富、大量、浪费
great quantity:lavish display or supply
profusion←→paucity
profuse←→scanty

prolix        adj．罗嗦的,冗长的
marked by or using an excess of words
pithy←→prolix
prolixity←→succinctness
taciturn←→prolix

prolong        vt. 延长,拖延,拖长
to lengthen in extent, scope, or range
prolong←→truncate

prominent      a. 卓越的,显著的,凸出的,突起的
a:readily noticeable:CONSPICUOUS
b:widely and popularly known:LEADING

promote        vt. 促进,升迁,创办
to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER
abate←→intensify/promote
subside←→promote

propagate      vt.繁殖；传播，普及
to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area:EXTEND
propagate←→check

propensity     n. 习性；倾向
an often intense natural inclination or preference
propensity←→aversion

prosperous    a. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的
marked by success or economic well-being
prosperous←→depressed

prophetic      a. 预言的,先知的,预示的
foretelling events:PREDICTIVE

propitiate     vt. 慰抚,安抚,和解( a. propitiatory)
to gain or regain the favor or goodwill of:APPEASE, CONCILIATE
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
propitiate←→incense
propitiate←→antagonize

propitious     a. 顺利的,适合的,吉祥的,慈悲的
favorably disposed:BENEVOLENT

proposal       n.提案，建议
an act of putting forward or stating something for consideration

prosaic        a.单调的,无趣的
DULL, UNIMAGINATIVE,EVERYDAY, ORDINARY
prosaic←→exceptional/imaginary/exciting

proscribe      v. (当作危险物而) 禁止<习惯等>,排斥
to condemn or forbid as harmful or unlawful:PROHIBIT
proscribed←→permitted

prosecution   n. 实行,经营,起诉
the act or process of prosecuting;  specifically :the institution and continuance of a criminal suit involving the process of pursuing formal charges against an offender to final judgment
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction

proselytize   vi. 劝诱改宗
to recruit or convert especially to a new faith, institution, or cause
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert

prosperous     a. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的
a:marked by success or economic well-being
b:enjoying vigorous and healthy growth:FLOURISHING
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent

prostrate      a. 拜倒的,降伏的,伏地的,沮丧的,衰竭的
stretched out with face on the ground in adoration or submission;  also :lying flat
prostrate←→erect

protagonist   n. 主演,主角,主唱者
a:the principal character in a literary work (as a drama or story)
b:a leading actor, character, or participant in a literary work or real event

protean        a.千变万化的,变化不定的
displaying great diversity or variety:VERSATILE
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
protean←→static

protest       vt.vi. 反对,抗议,拒付,主张,断言
to execute or have executed a formal protest against (as a bill or note)
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat

protocol       n. 外交礼节，协议
a code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and precedence
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage

protract       v．延长,拖长
to prolong in time or space:CONTINUE
protract:length=throng:number
protract←→curtail

protuberant   a. 突起的,凸出的,显著的
thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass:PROMINENT    
protuberant←→depressed

provident      adj. 深谋远虑的，节俭的
FRUGAL, SAVING
provident←→profligate

provincial     a. 省的,地方的,偏狭的
limited in outlook:NARROW
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}

provisional   a. 暂时的,暂定的,临时的
serving for the time being:TEMPORARY
definitive←→provisional

provisory      a. 有附文的,有附带条件的,暂时的
containing or subject to a proviso:CONDITIONAL
provisory←→unconditional

provoke        vt. 激怒,惹起,驱使
to call forth (as a feeling or action):EVOKE
choleric←→difficult to provoke
jejune←→thought  provoking

prowess       n. 英勇,勇敢,超凡技术
distinguished bravery;  especially :military valor and skill
prowess←→timid

prude   n. 装成规矩的女人,过分正经的女人
a person who is excessively or priggishly attentive to propriety or decorum;  especially :a woman who shows or affects extreme modesty
fanatic:devoted=prude:proper

prudent        a. 审慎的,三思而后行的,精明的,节俭的
marked by circumspection:DISCREET
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
fool←→prudent

prudish        a. 装淑女样子的,装规矩的,过分规矩的
marked by prudery:PRIGGISH
scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish
prune   n. 干梅子,梅干,深紫红色,傻瓜
a plum dried or capable of drying without fermentation
prune:plum=raisin:grape

pry        v.刺探,打听,撬开
to look closely or inquisitively;  also :to make a nosy or presumptuous inquiry

psychology     n. 心理学,心理状态
the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist

puckish       adj. 爱恶作剧的精灵似的; 爱恶作剧的,淘气的,顽皮的
IMPISH, WHIMSICAL
puckish←→sober
puckish←→grave

puerile        adj. 幼稚的，儿童的
CHILDISH, SILLY
puerile←→sagacious

pulchritude   n. 美丽
physical comeliness
pulchritude←→ugliness ,hideous

pullet        n. 小母鸡,小姑娘
a young hen;  specifically :a hen of the domestic chicken less than a year old    filly:horse=pullet:chicken

punch line    n. 结论，点睛之笔
the sentence, statement, or phrase (as in a joke) that makes the point
joke:punch line=plot:denouement

punctilious   a. 精密细心的,一丝不苟的,拘泥形式的
marked by or concerned about precise accordance with the details of codes or conventions
punctilious←→remiss

pundit        n．权威人士,专家
one who gives opinions in an authoritative manner:CRITIC
augur:predict=pundit:opine
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
pundit:opinion=augur:prediction

pungent        a. 苦痛的,刺激性的,严厉的
causing a sharp or irritating sensation;  especially :ACRID
pungency←→blandness

puny     a. 微小的,弱小的,微不足道的
slight or inferior in power, size, or importance:WEAK
measly:contemptibly=puny:weakly

purgatory      n. 灵魂的净化,涤罪,炼狱
an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification;  specifically :a place or state of punishment wherein according to Roman Catholic doctrine the souls of those who die in God's grace may make satisfaction for past sins and so become fit for heaven

purity        n. 杂质,不洁,不纯
the quality or state of being pure
mosquito:netting=impurity:filter
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
winnow:grain=purify:water
distill:purity=leaven:volume
inviolable←→profane/impure

purlieu        n. 森林边缘地,常去的地方,范围,界限
a frequently visited place:HAUNT
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu

purloin        vt.vi. 偷窃,盗取
to appropriate wrongfully and often by a breach of trust
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart

pursue        vt. 追赶,追踪,追捕,追随,追求,
to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or defeat

purvey        v. （大量）供给，供应
to supply (as provisions) usually as a matter of business
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate

pusillanimous adj. 懦弱的，胆小的
lacking courage and resolution:marked by contemptible timidity
dauntless←→pusillanimous
pusillanimous←→stouthearted
temerity←→pusillanimity/circumspection
valiance←→pusillanimous

quaff   vt.vi. 一口气喝干,大口地喝
to drink (a beverage) deeply
quaff:sip=stride:mince
quaff:sip=delve:skim

quail   vi. 胆怯,畏缩
to recoil in dread or terror:COWER
quail←→become resolute

quaint        a. 古雅的,离奇有趣的,奇怪的
unusual or different in character or appearance:ODD

qualified      a.合格的，受限制的
limited or modified in some way
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
absolute←→qualified
categorical←→qualified/conditional

quarantine     n. 隔离检疫期，隔离
to isolate from normal relations or communication
embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident

quarry        n. 采石场,猎物,追求物,出处
an open excavation usually for obtaining building stone, slate, or limestone
mine:ore=quarry:rock

quarry        n. 采石场,猎物,追求物,出处
one that is sought or pursued:PREY
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert

quash   v. 取消，拒绝接受，撤销
to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely
quash←→engender

quell   vt. 压制,平息,减轻
to thoroughly overwhelm and reduce to submission or passivity
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse

quench  vt. 熄灭,结束,冷浸,淬火
to cool (as heated metal) suddenly by immersion (as in oil or water)
tint:suffuse:damp:quench

querulous      adj. 抱怨的，多牢骚的
habitually complaining
querulous:words=profligate:money

questionnaire n. 调查表,问卷,调查表
set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information from individuals

queue   vi.排长队 n.一行
a waiting line especially of persons or vehicles
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
queue:people=chain:link=colonnade:pillar

quibble        n. 遁辞,谬论,双关话  v. 推托,诡辩,说模棱两可的话
to evade the point of an argument by caviling about words
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil

quiescent      a. 静止的,不活动的,寂静的
marked by inactivity or repose:tranquilly at rest
tumult←→quietude/quiescence

quip     n. 名言，讽刺语 v. 讽刺，嘲弄
a:a clever usually taunting remark:GIBE
b:a witty or funny observation or response usually made on the spur of the moment

quixotic       adj. 不切实际的，空想的
foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals;  especially :marked by rash lofty romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action
quixotic←→displaying consistently practical behavior

quotidian      adj．每日的，平凡的
COMMONPLACE, ORDINARY
quotidian←→remarkable
quotidian←→striking

rabble        n. 乌合之众，暴民，下等人
a disorganized or disorderly crowd of people:MOB
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble

rabid   a. 猛烈的,热烈的,急进的,疯狂的,固执的,狂怒的
extremely violent:FURIOUS     rabid←→logical

racketeer      n. 敲诈者,获取不正当钱财的人
one who obtains money by an illegal enterprise usually involving intimidation

raconteur      n．善于讲故事的人 '
a person who excels in telling anecdotes
raconteur:storytelling=wordsmith:writing

racy     a. 保持原味的,活泼的,生动的
a:full of zest or vigor
b:having a strongly marked quality:PIQUANT
tame←→racy

raffish        a. 名誉不好的,无赖的,卑鄙的,艳俗的
marked by or suggestive of flashy vulgarity or crudeness
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub

raffle        n. 抽彩售货,废物
a lottery in which the prize is won by one of numerous persons buying chances    lottery:raffle=ticket:admission

rafter        n. 椽,椽架屋顶,筏夫
any of the parallel beams that support a roof
roof:rafter=table:leg

rage     n. 愤怒,情绪激动,狂暴
violent and uncontrolled anger  bigot=dedication=rage:anger
gush:effusive=rage:irate

ragged        a. 衣衫褴褛的,参差的,刺耳的,粗糙的,不协调的
torn or worn to tatters
cloth:ragged=furniture:rickety

rail     vi. 责骂,抱怨,n. 横杆,围栏,栏杆,秧鸡,扶手
to revile or scold in harsh, insolent, or abusive language

ramble        vi. 漫步,漫谈,漫游,蔓延
to move aimlessly from place to place
draw:doodle=travel:ramble

rambunctious  a. 粗暴的,难控制的,骚乱的
marked by uncontrollable exuberance:UNRULY

rampart        n. 垒,壁垒,城墙
a protective barrier:BULWARK
tower:edifice=rampart:barrier

ramshackle     adj. 摇摇欲坠的
appearing ready to collapse:RICKETY
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity

rancid        a. 腐臭的
offensive in odor or flavor:RANK

rancor        n．深仇，怨恨
bitter deep-seated ill will
rancor←→goodwill
rancor←→charitableness

range   n. 排,行,山脉,射程,行列
a series of things in a line:ROW
a series of mountains
range:mountain=chain:link {archipelago:island }

ranger        n. 守林人,骑警,徘徊者
the keeper of a British royal park or forest
ranger:forest=curator:museum

rank     a. 繁茂的,恶臭的,讨厌的,下流的
offensive in odor or flavor;  especially :RANCID

rankle        v. （怨恨，失望等）难以释怀
to cause anger, irritation, or deep bitterness
rankle←→pacify
rankle←→calm

rant     vt.vi. 咆哮,激昂地说
to scold vehemently
fear:cower=anger:rant

rapacious      a. 强夺的,贪欲的,贪婪的
excessively grasping or covetous
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious

rapport        n．和睦，意见一致
RELATION;  especially :relation marked by harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity

rapprochement n. (尤指国与国之间的) 建立或恢复友谊或和睦关系
establishment of or state of having cordial relations
estrangement←→rapprochement

rapt      a.  全神贯注的,入迷的,出神的
wholly absorbed:ENGROSSED
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
rapt←→distracted

rash     a.轻率的；鲁莽的
marked by or proceeding from undue haste or lack of deliberation or caution
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous
loquacious:talkative=rash:adventurous

raisin        n. 葡萄干
a grape of any of several varieties that has been dried in the sun or by artificial heat
prune:plum=raisin:grape

raspy   a. 刺耳的,粗糙的,易怒的
HARSH, GRATING
mellifluous←→raspy

ratify        vt. 认可；批准
to approve and sanction formally:CONFIRM
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification

ratiocination n. 推理,推论
the process of exact thinking:REASONING
ratiocination:thinking=articulate:talking

ration        n. 定额,定量,配给
a food allowance for one day
dose:medicine=ration:food
rationalize:plausible=

raucous        a. 沙哑的,粗声的,刺耳的
disagreeably harsh or strident:HOARSE

ravel        vi. 散开,解除
to separate or undo the texture of:UNRAVEL
ravel←→knit

ravenous       a. 贪婪的,饿极的,渴望的,狼吞虎咽的
very eager or greedy for food, satisfaction, or gratification
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied}
rave←→pan

raze     vt.摧毁,破坏,抹去,消除
to destroy to the ground:DEMOLISH
raze←→build

reactant       n. 反应物
a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction    
reactant←→inert material

reactionary   adj.反动的
relating to, marked by, or favoring reaction;  especially :ultraconservative in politics
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change

ream     n. 令,大量的纸
a quantity of paper being 20 quires or variously 480, 500, or 516 sheets
ream:paper=cord:wood

reaper        n. 收割者,收割机
one that reaps;  especially :any of various machines for reaping grain
scythe:reaper=axe:woodcutter

reassure       v. 使安心，安慰
to restore to confidence
feed:hunger=reassure:uneasiness

rebuff        vt. 严厉拒绝
to reject or criticize sharply:SNUB
rebuff←→approve

rebus   n. 谜,画谜
a representation of words or syllables by pictures of objects or by symbols whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in sound;  also :a riddle made up of such pictures or symbols
rebus:dissimulation=??

recalcitrant  adj．固执的，顽抗的
obstinately defiant of authority or restraint
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change

recant        vi. 放弃信仰,撤消声明,公开认错
to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly:RENOUNCE
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
recant:declare=??
recant←→reaffirm

recant        vi. 放弃信仰,撤消声明,公开认错
to make an open confession of error
recantation:error=confession:crime recant←→reaffirm

receipt        n. 收据,收入,收到
a writing acknowledging the receiving of goods or money

recessive      a. 退行的,逆行的,后退的,隐性的
producing little or no phenotypic effect when occurring in heterozygous condition with a contrasting allele
dominant←→recessive

recidivism     n. 累犯，重犯 '
a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior;  especially :relapse into criminal behavior
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce

reciprocate   vi. 往复运动,互换,酬答
to move forward and backward alternately
reciprocating←→moving unidirectional

reckless       a. 不注意的,大意的,卤莽的,不顾后果的
marked by lack of proper caution:careless of consequences
circumspect←→audacious/reckless

reclaim        v. 要求收回，要求恢复，开垦，填筑
a:to recall from wrong or improper conduct:REFORM
b:TAME, SUBDUE

recluse        n. 隐遁者,遁世者
a person who leads a secluded or solitary life
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
recluse:communicate=??
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
turncoat:consistency:recluse:compassion

recoil        vi. 退却,畏缩,弹回,报应,反冲,撤退
to fall back under pressure
recoil:advanced

reconcile      vt. 使和解,调停,使和谐,使听从,使顺从,使一致
to make consistent or congruous
rift←→reconciliation

recondite      adj. 深奥的，难解的
difficult or impossible for one of ordinary understanding or knowledge to comprehend:DEEP
recondite←→widely understood
recondite←→patent
recondite←→self explain

reconnoiter   vi. 侦察,勘查,勘测; 观察,探究
to make a reconnaissance of
reconnoiter:information=??

reconstitute  vt. 重新组成,重新设立
to constitute again or anew;  especially :to restore to a former condition by adding water
reconstitute←→dehydrate

rectify        v. 改正，调正
to correct by removing errors:ADJUST
rectify:treaty=confirm:hypothesis

rectitude      n. 诚实，正直
moral integrity:RIGHTEOUSNESS
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
inequity←→rectitude

redolent       adj. 芬芳的芳香的 exuding fragrance:AROMATIC
redolent←→unscented

redoubtable   adj．可敬畏的,可怕的,厉害的,著名的
ILLUSTRIOUS, EMINENT;  broadly :worthy of respect
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard

redress        n./v. 改正，修正, 赔偿,救济,矫正
to set right:REMEDY

redundant      a. 多余的,过多的,冗长的
exceeding what is necessary or normal:SUPERFLUOUS
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability

reel     n. 卷轴,一卷,蹒跚,旋转,纺车
a revolvable device on which something flexible is wound
reel:winging=die:shaping

refectory      n. 餐厅,休息室
a dining hall (as in a monastery or college)

refinery       n.精炼厂，提炼厂
a building and equipment for refining or processing (as oil or sugar)
refinery:petroleum=mill:grain
crass←→refined
refine←→reduce purity

reflective     a. 反射的,反映的,熟虑的
marked by reflection:THOUGHTFUL, DELIBERATIVE

refractory     adj．难驾驭的，（病）难治的
resisting control or authority:STUBBORN, UNMANAGEABLE
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
refractory←→responsive

refresh       vt. 使清新,使恢复,使生气蓬勃
to restore strength and animation to:REVIVE
disgruntle←→refresh

refugee       n. 难民,流亡者
one that flees;  especially :a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution
refugee:asylum=??

refuse        vt.拒绝 vt.拒绝n. 废物
TRASH, GARBAGE

refute        vt. 驳倒,反驳
to prove wrong by argument or evidence:show to be false or erroneous        
refutation←→verification

regard        n. 关心,注意,问候,关系,尊敬
a feeling of respect and affection:ESTEEM
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard

regenerate     a. 新生的,再生的
restored to a better, higher, or more worthy state
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse

regimen        n. 养生法，生活规则
a systematic plan (as of diet, therapy, or medication) especially when designed to improve and maintain the health of a patient
regimen:health=mnemonics:memory
regimen:health=budget:solvency

regression     n. 复原,逆行,退步
a trend or shift toward a lower or less perfect state
regressive←→forward

rehabilitation    n. 复原
a:to restore to a former state (as of efficiency, good management, or solvency)
b:to restore or bring to a condition of health or useful and constructive activity
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition

reign   n. 执政,君主统治,统治,支配
royal authority:SOVEREIGNTY
coronation:reign=wedding:marriage

rein     n.缰绳 vi.驾驭，控制
to check or stop by or as if by a pull at the reins
rein←→prod

reiterate      v. 重申，反复地说
to state or do over again or repeatedly sometimes with wearying effect
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant

relapse        vi. 故态复萌,再陷邪道,再度堕落
to slip or fall back into a former worse state
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce

release        vt. 释放,解放,放松,豁免,免除
to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
constrain←→release
immure←→release

relentless     a. 无情的,冷酷的,残酷的
showing or promising no abatement of severity, intensity, strength, or pace:UNRELENTING
inexorable←→relenting

relevant       a. 有关联的,中肯的,有关系的，适当的
having significant and demonstrable bearing on the matter at hand
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
relevant←→immaterial

religion       n. 宗教,信仰
a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy

relinquish     vt. 放弃,撤回,让与,放手
a:to stop holding physically:RELEASE
b:to give over possession or control of:YIELD
procure←→relinquish
relinquish←→cling to
relinquish←→cooperate/reward/procure

relish        n. 滋味,风味,美味,爱好,食欲
characteristic flavor;  especially :pleasing or zestful flavor

remiss        adj. 疏忽的，不留心的
showing neglect or inattention:LAX
assiduous←→remiss
punctilious←→remiss

remnant        n. 残余物，零头布料
a usually small part, member, or trace remaining
shred:remnant=??

remodel        vt. 改造,改型,改变
to alter the structure of:REMAKE
construct:remodel=compose:edit

remonstrance  n．抗议，抱怨
an earnest presentation of reasons for opposition or grievance;  especially :a document formally stating such points
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
remonstrance:dissuade=syllogism:disprove

remorse        n. 懊悔，悔恨
a gnawing distress arising from a sense of guilt for past wrongs:SELF-REPROACH
longing:pine=remorse:rue
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse

remunerate     vt. 给与报酬,赔偿,酬劳
to pay an equivalent to for a service, loss, or expense:RECOMPENSE
remuneration:service=retaliation:injury
remunerative←→unrequited

rend     v．撕裂，猛拉
to split or tear apart or in pieces by violence
rend←→unite/mend
rend←→repair

renounce       vi. 垫牌,放弃权利
to give up, refuse, or resign usually by formal declaration
claim←→renounce

renovate       vt. 更新,革新,恢复,修复,刷新
to restore to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding)
renovate←→cause to decay

repartee       n. 机灵的回答
a succession or interchange of clever retorts:amusing and usually light sparring with words
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product}

repatriate     v. （自异国）遣返
to restore or return to the country of origin, allegiance, or citizenship
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification

repeal        v. 废除（法律）
to rescind or annul by authoritative act;  especially :to revoke or abrogate by legislative enactment
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification

repel   vt. 逐退,抵制,使厌恶,抗据
a:to drive back:REPULSE
b:to drive away:DISCOURAGE
court←→repel intentionally
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore

repellent      adj. 令人厌恶的
serving or tending to drive away or ward off
repellent:attract=ephemeral:endure

repertoire     n. 全部剧目,保留剧目,全部技能
the complete list or supply of dramas, operas, or musical works available for performance
palette:color=repertoire:play
repertoire:performance=manifest:cargo=agenda:meeting

replete        adj. 饱满的，塞满的
fully or abundantly provided or filled
repletion←→want

repose        n. 休息,睡眠,静止
to take a rest
guilt:expiation=fatigue:repose

reprehensible a. 应斥责的,应该谴责的
worthy of or deserving reprehension:CULPABLE
lamentable:pity=reprehensible:censure
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible

repressed     adj. 被压抑的,被抑制的
characterized by restraint
unrepressed←→restrained

reprieve       n. 缓刑,缓刑令,暂缓
to delay the punishment of (as a condemned prisoner)
reprieve:punishment=moratorium:activity

reprimand      n./v. 训诫，谴责
to reprove sharply or censure formally usually from a position of authority

reprisal       n．（政治或军事的）报复
a:the act or practice in international law of resorting to force short of war in retaliation for damage or loss suffered
b:an instance of such action

reproach       n. 责备,耻辱
an expression of rebuke or disapproval
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
scurvy←→above reproach
opprobrious←→irreproachable

reprobate      v. 谴责，指责 n./adj. 堕落的（人）
to condemn strongly as unworthy, unacceptable, or evil
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
reprobate←→righteous individual

reproof        n. 斥责，责备
criticism for a fault:REBUKE
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit

reprove        v. 责骂，申斥
to scold or correct usually gently or with kindly intent
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
reprove:reprimand=blame:censure

repudiate      vt. 离婚,抛弃,拒绝履行,拒付
a:to refuse to accept;  especially :to reject as unauthorized or as having no binding force
b:to reject as untrue or unjust

repugnant      adj. 令人厌恶的
exciting distaste or aversion
odious:repugnance=menacing:fear
cogent:convince=repugnant:repel

repulse        v./n. 驱逐，击退，厌恶
to drive or beat back:REPEL
captivate←→repulse
court←→repulse intentionally
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore

rescind        v．废除，取消  (n. rescission)
to make void (as an act) by action of the enacting authority or a superior authority:REPEAL
rescind←→institute
rescission←→enactment

resentment     n. 怨恨,愤恨
a feeling of indignant displeasure or persistent ill will at something regarded as a wrong, insult, or injury

reserved       adj. 说话不多的,隐讳的,缄默的,冷淡的,性格孤独的
restrained in words and actions
expansive←→reserved/diffident

resign        v.辞（职）；放弃
to give up one's office or position:QUIT
abdicate:throne=resign:office

resin   n.树脂，松脂
any of various solid or semisolid amorphous fusible flammable natural organic substances that are usually transparent or translucent and yellowish to brown, are formed especially in plant secretions, are soluble in organic solvents (as ether) but not in water, are electrical nonconductors, and are used chiefly in varnishes, printing inks, plastics, and sizes and in medicine
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant

resolute       坚决的,刚毅的,毅然的
marked by firm determination:RESOLVED
malleable:shape=irresolute:opinion
daunt←→make resolute
jittery←→resolute

resonant      adj. （声音）洪亮的，共鸣的
full-bodied:flavor=resonant:sound

resourceful    a. 策略的,机智的,资源丰富的
able to meet situations:capable of devising ways and means
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality

respite        n. 休息，中止，暂缓
a period of temporary delay;  especially :REPRIEVE
fast:eat=respite:labor
plateau:change=respite:activity

resplendent    adj．华丽的，辉煌的
shining brilliantly:characterized by a glowing splendor
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
bravura:performance=resplendent:appearance
resplendent←→dull

responsive     a. 回答的,应答的,易感应的
quick to respond or react appropriately or sympathetically:SENSITIVE
dispassionate←→responsive

restive        adj. 不安静的，不安宁的倔强, 难以驾御
marked by impatience:FIDGETY
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
restive:calmness=keen:obtuse   restive←→calm/imperturbable
restiveness←→contentment

restore        vt. 回复,恢复,修复,修补
to put or bring back into existence or use
dilapidated←→restored

restrain       vt.抑制，制止，遏制
to limit, restrict, or keep under control
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
bridled←→without restraint
fervid←→restrained
unrepressed←→restrained

resurgence     n. 再起,复活,再现
a rising again into life, activity, or prominence:RENASCENCE

resuscitate     v．使复活，使苏醒
to revive from apparent death or from unconsciousness;  also:REVITALIZE
extinct←→resuscitated
resuscitation←→enervation

retainer       n. 家臣,扈从,保持者
a person attached or owing service to a household;  especially :SERVANT
retainer:retinue=witch:coven

retaliate       v. 报复，反击
to repay (as an injury) in kind
remuneration:service=retaliation:injury

retard         vt. 妨碍,延迟,迟缓
to slow up especially by preventing or hindering advance or accomplishment:IMPEDE    
divert:shunt=retard:brake
catalyze←→retard
expedite←→retard
precipitate←→retard/dilatory

reticent       adj．沉默不语的
restrained in expression, presentation, or appearance
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
reticent:voluble=??
reticent←→loquacious
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent

retinue        n. 侍从，随员
a group of retainers or attendants
retainer:retinue=witch:coven

retort         vi. 反驳,回嘴,反击
to pay or hurl back:RETURN
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product}
retort:response=??

retouch       vt. vi. 润饰,修正
to alter (as a photographic negative) to produce a more desirable appearance
revise:manuscript=retouch:picture

retract        vt. vi. 缩回,收回,取消,撤消
TAKE BACK, WITHDRAW
misunderstood:clarify=erroneous:retract
foster←→retract

retreat        n. 休息寓所,撤退,避难所,退避,隐居
the usually forced withdrawal of troops from an enemy or from an advanced position    
incursion←→retreat

retrench       v. 节省，削减
a:CUT DOWN, REDUCE
b:to cut out:EXCISE
retrench←→enlarge

retrospective   adj. 追想的，回顾的
affecting things past:RETROACTIVE
retrospective←→anticipatory

revenge        n. 报仇,复仇,报复
to inflict injury in return for
mercenary:money=vindictive:revenge

revere         v.尊崇,尊敬
to show devoted deferential honor to:regard as worthy of great honor
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
revere←→jape at

revise         vt. 校订,修正,校正
to make a new, amended, improved, or up-to-date version of
revise:manuscript=retouch:picture

revive         vi. 苏醒,复活,复兴,恢复精神
to return to consciousness or life:become active or flourishing again
wither←→revive
lull←→revive

revue         n. 时事讽刺剧
a theatrical production consisting typically of brief loosely connected often satirical skits, songs, and dances

rewarding     a. 有益的,有所得的,有报酬的
yielding or likely to yield a reward:VALUABLE, SATISFYING
drudgery←→rewarding work
relinquish←→cooperate/reward/procure

ribald         a. 说话猥亵的,下流的,卑贱的
CRUDE, OFFENSIVE
ribald←→seemly

rickety        a. 患佝偻病的,驼背的,摇摆的
lacking stability or firmness:SHAKY
cloth:ragged=furniture:rickety

rider         n. 骑士,附件,扶手
a clause appended to a legislative bill to secure a usually distinct object    rider:bill=endorsement:policy

ridicule       n .v. 嘲笑,愚弄,笑柄
the act of exposing to laughter:DERISION, MOCKERY
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
ridicule:derision=??
sublime←→base/ridiculous

rife           a. 流行的,盛传的,非常多的
copiously supplied:ABOUNDING
sparse←→rife

rift          n．裂缝，隙缝
BREACH, ESTRANGEMENT
rift←→reconciliation

rigid         adj.硬性的
a:inflexibly set in opinion
b:strictly observed
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
pliable←→rigid

rigorous      a. 严厉的,严酷的,严格的,精确的
a:marked by extremes of temperature or climate
b:HARSH, SEVERE

rile          vt. 搅浑浊,惹怒,使焦急
to make agitated and angry:UPSET
appease←→rile

risible       adj．可笑的，引人发笑的
arousing or provoking laughter; especially:LAUGHABLE

rite          n.宗教仪式
a prescribed form or manner governing the words or actions for a ceremony
rite←→improvised act

rival        n. 对手,竞争者
one of two or more striving to reach or obtain something that only one can possess

rive         vt. 撕开,使沮丧
to wrench open or tear apart or to pieces:REND
rive←→unite

rodent       n．啮齿类动物（如鼠等）
any of an order (Rodentia) of relatively small gnawing mammals (as a mouse, a squirrel, or a beaver) that have in both jaws a single pair of incisors with a chisel-shaped edge
kangaroo:marsupial=squirrel:rodent

roil         v.搅浑，激怒
a:to make turbid by stirring up the sediment or dregs of
b:to stir up:DISTURB, DISORDER
roil←→clarify/appease/settle

roisterer      n. 作威作福者, 闹饮者
to engage in noisy revelry:CAROUSE
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw

riot          vi. 参加暴动,纵情,放荡
to indulge in revelry or wantonness
sedate←→riot

roster        n．值勤表，花名册
a roll or list of personnel
roster:personnel=slate:candidate

rosy         a. 美好的；乐观的；玫瑰色的
characterized by or tending to promote optimism

rouse       vt. 激起，使振奋，唤起，唤醒
a:to stir up:EXCITE
b:to arouse from or as if from sleep or repose:AWAKEN
mollify←→rouse
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse

rubicund     a. 红润的,透红的
having a healthy reddish color
rubicund←→pale

rudder       n. 舵,方向舵,指导原则
a flat piece or structure of wood or metal attached upright to the stern of a boat or ship so that it can be turned causing the vessel's head to turn in the same direction

rue          n．后悔，遗憾．
to feel penitence, remorse, or regret for
longing:pine=remorse:rue
rue:satisfaction  rueful←→impenitent

ruffian       n. 恶棍，歹徒. adj. 残暴的
a brutal person:BULLY

ruffle        n. 皱褶,波纹,生气,轻擂
a strip of fabric gathered or pleated on one edge
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
preen←→ruffle

ruminate     vt. vi. 反刍,沉思
to go over in the mind repeatedly and often casually or slowly
ruminate：decide

rumple       n. 皱纹,皱褶
FOLD, WRINKLE
rumple:shirt

run          n. 一个完整的表演或放映程序
an unbroken course of performances or showings
journal:entries=run:performance

rupture      n. 破裂,断裂,敌对,决裂,裂开
breach of peace or concord;  specifically :open hostility or war between nations

rustic        a. 乡村的,纯朴的,手工粗糙的
of, relating to, or suitable for the country:RURAL
rustic←→polished
urbane←→rude/rustic

rustling      n. ((美口语))偷牛[马]
to steal cattle
plagiarism:ideas=rustling:cattle

rostrum      n. 讲坛,演讲坛
a stage for public speaking
rostrum:orator=bench:judge

sabbatical     a. 安息日的,周期性休息的
of or relating to the break or change from a normal routine
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation

sabotage      vt. 妨害,破坏
destructive or obstructive action carried on by a civilian or enemy agent to hinder a nation's war effort
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend

saccharine     adj. <态度> 娇媚的;  <说话声> 娇滴滴的
overly or sickishly sweet

sacrifice       n. 牺牲,供俸,祭品
an act of offering to a deity something precious;  especially :the killing of a victim on an altar
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury

sacrilege       n. 亵渎圣物,冒渎,悖理逆天的行为
a technical and not necessarily intrinsically outrageous violation (as improper reception of a sacrament) of what is sacred because consecrated to God

safeguard      n.保护措施；护照
a technical contrivance to prevent accident
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss

sagacious      adj．聪明的，睿智的
of keen and farsighted penetration and judgment:DISCERNING
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:sagacity  folly←→sagacious
puerile←→sagacious
sagacious←→without wisdom
sagacity←→folly

salient        adj．显著的，突出的
standing out conspicuously:PROMINENT;  especially :of notable significance
salient:ignore=incomprehensible:understand
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
salient←→unconspicuous

salmon       n. 大麻哈鱼,鲜肉色
a large anadromous salmonid fish (Salmo salar) of the No. Atlantic noted as a game and food fish
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist

salubrious    adj . 有益健康的
favorable to or promoting health or well-being
virulent←→salubrious
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
insalubrious←→wholesome

salutary      adj 的益的，有益健康的
producing a beneficial effect:REMEDIAL
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious

salvage       n./v. （从灾难中）抢救，海上救助
to rescue or save especially from wreckage or ruin

salve         n. 药膏，v. 减轻，缓和
an unctuous adhesive substance for application to wounds or sores
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous

sanctify      vt. 使神圣,奉献给神,使成为神圣之物
to set apart to a sacred purpose or to religious use:CONSECRATE
desecrate←→sanctify/revere

sanctimonious  a. 假装神圣的,假装虔诚的,假装诚实的
affecting piousness:hypocritically devout;  also :indicative of affected piousness

sand         v. 磨光
to smooth or dress by grinding or rubbing with an abrasive (as sandpaper)          varnish:glossy=sand:smooth

sanguine      adj. 充满希望的，乐观的, 血红色的
CONFIDENT, OPTIMISTIC
sanguine←→despondent
sanguine←→morose

sanitation     n. （公共）卫生
the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of sanitary conditions
censorship:information=sanitation:disease
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous

sapient       a. 装聪明样的,聪明的,伶俐的,有见识的
possessing or expressing great sagacity
sapient←→foolish

sarcastic      a. 讽刺的,讥讽的,辛辣的
given to the use of sarcasm:CAUSTIC

sartorial      a. 裁缝匠的,缝工的,裁缝的
of or relating to a tailor or tailored clothes;  broadly:of or relating to clothes
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel

satiated       adj. 1 充分满足的  2 [对…]厌倦的,生腻的[with]
to satisfy (as a need or desire) fully or to excess
satiated:food=saturated:moisture

satire         n．讽剌（作品）
a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow

saturated      a. 饱和的,渗透的,深颜色的
full of moisture:made thoroughly wet
satiated:food=saturated:moisture
small:minuscule=moist:saturated

saturnine      adj. 忧郁的,沉默寡言的,阴沉的,感染铅毒的
of a gloomy or surly disposition
saturnine←→jovial

saunter        n./v. 闲逛，漫步
to walk about in an idle or leisurely manner:STROLL
prate:speak=saunter:walk

savanna        n. 大草原
a tropical or subtropical grassland containing scattered trees and drought-resistant undergrowth
savanna←→slope

savory         a. 风味极佳的,可口的,味香的
pleasing to the sense of taste especially by reason of effective seasoning

savvy          n./v. 理解能力,机智,悟性
practical know-how
savvy←→simplicity

scale          n. 天平,秤盘,秤
an instrument or machine for weighing
gauge:pressure=scale:weight
scale:weight=yardstick:length=gauge:pressure

scalpel         n．外科手术刀，解剖刀
a small straight thin-bladed knife used especially in surgery
scalpel:surgeon=telescope:astronomer

scan           vt. 细看,浏览,分析韵律,详细调查,扫描
to read or mark so as to show metrical structure
scan:metrical=parse:grammatical

scanty         a. 缺乏的,仅有的,节省的,狭小的,不够的
limited or less than sufficient in degree, quantity, or extent
scant:considerable=
voluminous←→scanty/scarce
profuse←→scanty

scarp          n．悬崖，陡坡
a line of cliffs produced by faulting or erosion

scathing        a. 伤害的,损伤的,足致伤害的
bitterly severe
scathing←→politely  {cooperative}

schematic       a. 概要的,图解的
of or relating to a scheme or schema

scintillating     adj．才气横溢的,闪闪发光的; 闪烁的
brilliantly lively, stimulating, or witty

scoff           v. ①嘲笑，②狼吞虎咽
to show contempt by derisive acts or language
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless

scooter         n. 滑行车,踏板车
child's foot-operated vehicle consisting of a narrow footboard mounted between two wheels tandem with an upright steering handle attached to the front wheel
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter

score           n.乐谱
the copy of a musical composition in written or printed notation
director:script=conductor:score
score:instrument
script:drama=score:music

scorn          vt. 轻蔑,不屑做
to treat with scorn:reject or dismiss as contemptible or unworthy
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn  
adulate←→scorn

scour           vt. 擦亮,洗涤,冲洗,急速穿过,冲刷成,清洗
to rub hard especially with a rough material for cleansing
scour:wash

scowl           vi. 皱眉头,做出不高兴的脸
to contract the brow in an expression of displeasure
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}

scrappy         adj. 好斗的，生气勃勃的a. 杂凑的,不连贯的,爱打架的,斗志旺盛的
scrappy←→timorous

screw   n. 螺旋,螺杆,螺孔,吝啬鬼,螺旋桨,螺丝钉  vt. 调节,扭紧,旋,拧,加强,鼓舞,勒索,压榨
a nail-shaped or rod-shaped piece with a spiral groove and a slotted or recessed head designed to be inserted into material by rotating
gear:tooth=screw:thread

scribble        vt. vi. 潦草地书写,乱写,滥写
to write hastily or carelessly without regard to legibility or form
tinker:adjust=scribble:write

script          n. 手迹,手稿,副本
the written text of a stage play, screenplay, or broadcast;  specifically :the one     used in production or performance
director:script=conductor:score
script:drama=score:music

scrupulous     a. 小心谨慎的,细心的
having moral integrity:acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper
probity←→unscrupulousness

scrutable      adj. 通过细看和细查可以理解的
capable of being deciphered:COMPREHENSIBLE
mysterious←→scrutable

scrutiny       n. 细看,仔细检查,监视,选票的复查
a searching study, inquiry, or inspection:EXAMINATION
scrutinize=gloss=delve:skim

scuff          n./v.  拖着脚走,磨损
to scratch, gouge, or wear away the surface of
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization

sculptor       n. 雕刻家
an artist who makes sculptures
canvas:painter=marble:sculptor

scurvy        a. 下流的,卑鄙的,无礼的
disgustingly mean or contemptible:DESPICABLE
scurvy←→above reproach

scythe        n. 长柄的大镰刀,战车镰
an implement used for mowing (as grass) and composed of a long curving blade fastened at an angle to a long handle
scythe:reaper=axe:woodcutter

secrete       vt. 隐秘,隐藏,隐匿,分泌
to form and give off (a secretion)
secrete←→absorb

sedate        a. 沉着的,镇静的,安静的 vt. 给...服镇静剂
to dose with sedatives
sedate←→riot

sedentary      adj. 久坐的，固定不动的
not migratory:SETTLED
migratory←→sedentary

seduce         vt. 怂恿,瞒骗,引诱,诱奸
to persuade to disobedience or disloyalty

sedulous       adj. 聚精会神的、勤勉的
involving or accomplished with careful perseverance

seemly        a. 适当的,恰当的,合适的,好看的
conventionally proper:DECOROUS
seemly←→uncouth
ribald←→seemly

seminal        adj. 有创意的,种子的,生殖的
containing or contributing the seeds of later development
seminal←→hampering further development

seminary       n. 学校,学院,发源地
an institution of secondary or higher education
conservatory:music={seminary:theology}=observatory:astronomy

sensation       n.感觉，知觉；轰动
a mental process (as seeing, hearing, or smelling) due to immediate bodily stimulation often as distinguished from awareness of the
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
numb:insensible:burnish:lustrous
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
sensation←→anesthesia

sensitive       a. 敏感的,易感的,灵敏的,感光的
highly responsive or susceptible
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
sensitive←→numb

sentinel        n.哨兵,看守
SENTRY:GUARD, WATCH; especially:a soldier standing guard at a point of passage (as a gate)
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating

sepulchral      adj. 坟墓的，阴深的
suited to or suggestive of a sepulchre:FUNEREAL, MORTUARY
sepulchral←→merry

sequester       vt. 使隐退,使隔绝,扣押,没收
to place (property) in custody especially in sequestration
sequester←→permit to mingle

sere           adj．干枯的，凋萎的
being dried and withered
sere←→lush/damp

serendipity     n. 善于发掘新奇事物的天赋
the faculty or phenomenon of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance

serenity        n. 宁静,沉着,晴朗
the quality or state of being shining bright and steady
havoc←→serenity

sermon        n. 说教,训诫,布道
a religious discourse delivered in public usually by a clergyman as a part of a worship service
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil

serrate         a. 锯齿状的
notched or toothed on the edge;  specifically :having marginal teeth pointing forward or toward the apex
serrated←→without notches/smooth

serried         a. 密集的,林立的,重重叠叠罗列的
crowded or pressed together:COMPACT
serried←→widely separated

servile         adj.奴隶的；卑屈的
meanly or cravenly submissive:ABJECT
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}

severe         a. 严格的,凶猛的,严肃的,朴素的
rigorous in restraint, punishment, or requirement:STRINGENT, RESTRICTIVE
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity

shackle        vt. 加桎梏,加枷锁,束缚
to deprive of freedom especially of action by means of restrictions or handicaps:IMPEDE
emancipate←→shackle
shackle←→loose

shadow        vt. 遮蔽,使朦胧,预示,尾随
to follow especially secretly:TRAIL
follow:shadow=leave:abscond
shadowy←→overt

shale          n. 页岩,泥板岩
a fissile rock that is formed by the consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, has a finely stratified or laminated structure, and is composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition
shale:lode=well:aquifer

shard         n.(陶瓷器、瓦等的) 破片,碎片
fragments of pottery vessels found on sites and in refuse deposits where pottery-making peoples have lived
shard:pottery=fragment:bone

shelter        vt. 庇护,保护,隐匿
to constitute or provide a shelter for:PROTECT
conspicuous:sheltered=??

shiftless       a. 无计谋的,偷懒的,不中用的,无能的
lacking in ambition or incentive:LAZY

shirk         v．逃避，规避
to evade the performance of an obligation
duty:shirk=question:parry
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk

shod          v.  adj. ((文语))穿鞋的
furnished or equipped with a shoe

shopworn      a. 陈旧的
stale from excessive use or familiarity

shred          n. 碎片，碎条
a long narrow strip cut or torn off    shred:remnant

shrewd         a. 精明的,锐利的,厉害的,机灵的
marked by clever discerning awareness and hardheaded acumen

shrink         n. 收缩,萎缩,畏缩
to recoil instinctively

shrug          vt. vi. 耸肩
to raise or draw in the shoulders especially to express aloofness, indifference, or     uncertainty
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference

shunt          v. 使（火车）转到另一轨道，转移方向 
to switch (as a train) from one track to another
divert:shunt=retard:brake

shuttle         vt. vi.(使)穿梭移动,往返运送
to cause to move or travel back and forth frequently

sidereal        adj. 恒星的
of, relating to, or expressed in relation to stars or constellations:ASTRAL
arboreal:trees=sidereal:stars

signal          a. 作为信号的,显著的
distinguished from the ordinary
signal←→unremarkable

simpleton      n. 笨蛋,傻子
a person lacking in common sense
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:precedent

simplicity      n.简单，简易；朴素
freedom from pretense or guile:CANDOR

simulate       vt. 模拟,假装,模仿
to give or assume the appearance or effect of often with the intent to deceive:IMITATE
simulation←→authentic article

sin            n. 罪,犯罪,失礼,过失,犯法
an offense against religious or moral law
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation

sincere         a. 诚实的,正直的,真挚的,纯净的
a:free of dissimulation:HONEST
b:free from adulteration:PURE
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
poseur←→sincere person

sinew          n. 肌肉,精力,腱,原动力,体力
solid resilient strength:POWER
tendinous:sinewy=
sinew←→weakness

singular        a. 异常的,单一的  
distinguished by superiority:EXCEPTIONAL
worldly←→singular

sinister        adj. 不吉祥的，险恶的
singularly evil or productive of evil

sinuous        a. 弯弯曲曲的,迂回的,乖僻的
a:of a serpentine or wavy form:WINDING
b:marked by strong lithe movements

sip            vi. 啜饮
to drink in small quantities
sip:drink=mince:walk
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
quaff:sip=stride:mince
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill←→sip

siren          n.汽笛，警报器
a device often electrically operated for producing a penetrating warning sound

skeptic        n. 怀疑者,怀疑论者,无神论者
a person disposed to skepticism especially regarding religion or religious principles
votary←→skeptic

sketchy        a. 写生的,写生风格的,概略的
wanting in completeness, clearness, or substance:SLIGHT, SUPERFICIAL
fawn:imperiousness=elaborate:sketchy

skimpy        adj.吝啬的;太少的
deficient in supply or execution especially through skimping:SCANTY
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk

skirt          vt. 位于...边缘,装边于,回避
to avoid especially because of difficulty or fear of controversy
skirt←→seek
skirt←→face

skit           n.滑稽短剧
a brief burlesque or comic sketch included in a dramatic performance (as a revue)    skit:revue=??
vignette:scene=skit:drama

skittish        adj. <马等>容易受惊的,容易惊恐的
a:lively or frisky in action:CAPRICIOUS
b:VARIABLE, FLUCTUATING

slake          vt. 消除,平息,熄灭
SATISFY, QUENCH
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty

slate          n. 石板,竞选提名
a list of candidates for nomination or election
roster:personnel=slate:candidate

slew          v.（使）旋转，n. 大量，许多
a large number
paucity←→slew

slight         a.细长的；轻微的
small of its kind or in amount:SCANTY, MEAGER
grievous←→slight
prodigious←→slight
slight←→ponderous

slight         n. 轻蔑,怠慢
to treat with disdain or indifference
celebration=lamentful=slight=show respect
cosset←→slight
slight←→show respect to

slink         v. 偷偷走动
to go or move stealthily or furtively (as in fear or shame):STEAL

slippery      a.滑的，使人滑跤的
causing or tending to cause something to slide or fall
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery

slipshod      adj. 粗心的，邋遢的
a:wearing loose shoes or slippers
b:down at the heel:SHABBY

slogan       n. 呐喊声,标语,口号
a brief attention-getting phrase used in advertising or promotion

sloppy       adj．邋遢的，不整洁的
a:wet so as to spatter easily:SLUSHY
b:wet or smeared with or as if with something slopped over

sloth        n. 怠惰,懒惰
a:disinclination to action or labor:INDOLENCE
b:spiritual apathy and inactivity

slouch       n. 没精打采的样子,耷拉,笨人
to walk, stand, or sit with a gait or posture characterized by an ungainly stooping of the head and shoulders or excessive relaxation of body muscles:DROOP
slouch←→stand erect

sloven       adj. 不修边幅的,邋遢的,懒散的
untidy especially in personal appearance:slovenly
sloven←→tidy

slumber     n. 睡眠,沉睡状态
a:to be in a torpid, slothful, or negligent state
b:to lie dormant or latent

slur         n. 连音符,诽谤,耻辱,印刷模糊
a:an insulting or disparaging remark or innuendo:ASPERSION
b:a shaming or degrading effect:STAIN, STIGMA

sly          adj. 狡猾的,诡密的,淘气的,偷偷摸摸的
lacking in straightforwardness and candor:DISSEMBLING
sly←→artless

smart       vi. 刺痛
a smarting pain;  especially :a stinging local pain
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow

smart       a. 聪明的,漂亮的,敏捷的,潇洒的,伶俐的
a:NEAT, TRIM
b:stylish or elegant in dress or appearance
tatty←→smart

smattering   n. 一知半解,浅薄的知识; 少量[of]
superficial piecemeal knowledge
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered

smirk       v．假笑，得意地笑
to smile in an affected or smug manner:SIMPER
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision

smother     vt. 窒息，扼杀，抑制，忍住，覆盖，笼罩
to be overcome or killed through or as if through lack of air
smother:choke=??

smug       n. 装模做样, 矫矜
highly self-satisfied
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
primp:vain=gloat:smug

smuggle     v. 走私，私运
to convey or introduce surreptitiously
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
smuggle←→transport openly

snag        n.意外的障碍
a tree or branch embedded in a lake or stream bed and constituting a hazard to navigation
snarl   n./v. 纠缠，混乱
to cause to become knotted and intertwined:TANGLE
disentangle←→snarl

sneer       n.冷笑，嘲笑 vt.轻蔑
to smile or laugh with facial contortions that express scorn or contempt
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt

snob       n. 势利的人,假内行
one who has an offensive air of superiority in matters of knowledge or taste    attentive:officious=refined:snobbish {absorbed:engrossed}

snub       v. 冷落，不理睬
to treat with contempt or neglect
dissemble:honesty=snub:politeness
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
snub:disdain=double cross:disloyalty   court←→snub

soak       v. 浸泡，渗透
to lie immersed in liquid (as water):become saturated by or as if by immersion

sober      a. 清醒的,稳重的,节制的,严肃的,朴素的,合理的,不夸大的
marked by sedate or gravely or earnestly thoughtful character or demeanor
puckish←→sober
sumptuous←→sobriety

sodden     a. 浑身湿透的,不成样子的,浸过酒的
heavy with or as if with moisture or water
marsh:sodden=desert:arid

soggy      a. 浸水的,沉闷的
saturated or heavy with water or moisture:as

solace      n. 安慰. 慰藉
alleviation of grief or anxiety
solace:grief=pacification:anger

solder      v. 焊接，焊合 to unite or make whole by solder
breach←→solder
solder←→breach

solemn     n. 严肃,一本正经
marked by grave sedateness and earnest sobriety
jest←→solemnity

solicitous   adj. 热切的，挂念的
full of concern or fears:APPREHENSIVE
solicitous←→unconcerned

solvent     a. 有偿付能力的,有溶解力的   n. 溶剂
1:able to pay all legal debts
2:that dissolves or can dissolve
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
regimen:health=budget:solvency

somber        a. 昏暗的,阴天的,阴森的,忧郁的
a:of a serious mien:GRAVE
b:of a dismal or depressing character:MELANCHOLY
c:conveying gloomy suggestions or ideas
cherubic←→somber

somnolence    n. 想睡; 瞌睡; 嗜睡
the quality or state of being drowsy:SLEEPINESS

sonata  n. 奏鸣曲
an instrumental musical composition typically of three or four movements in contrasting forms and keys
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata

sonnet  n. 十四行诗
a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of fourteen lines that are typically five-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme;  also :a poem in this pattern
sonnet:poet=symphony:composer
sonnet:verse monger=

soothe        vt. 缓和,使安静,安慰,奉承
to please by or as if by attention or concern:PLACATE,RELIEVE, ALLEVIATE
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe

sop        n.有安慰作用的东西， 面包片,湿透的东西,懦夫
a conciliatory or propitiatory bribe, gift, or gesture
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive

sophism        n．诡辩
an argument apparently correct in form but actually invalid;  especially :such an argument used to deceive
sophism:reasoning=counterfeit:money

sophistication    n. 诡辩,强词夺理,久经世故，精明
the process or result of becoming cultured, knowledgeable, or disillusioned;  especially :CULTIVATION, URBANITY
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
callow←→behaving with adult sophistication  
politic←→unsophisticated

sophomoric     adj.大学二年级学生的， 一知半解的,傲慢的
conceited and overconfident of knowledge but poorly informed and immature

soporific      adj. 催眠的，n. 安眠药
a:causing or tending to cause sleep
b:tending to dull awareness or alertness
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
soporific←→stimulant
soporific←→provocative

sordid        a. 肮脏的,不干净的,卑鄙的,暗淡的
marked by baseness or grossness:VILE

sound   adj. 稳固的, 健全的,可靠的,合理的,有效的,彻底的
(1）SOLID, FIRM;  also :STABLE
(2)free from error, fallacy, or misapprehension
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
tenable←→unjustified/unsound

sparse        a. 稀疏的,稀稀落落的,薄的
of few and scattered elements;  especially :not thickly grown or settled
copious←→sparse
sparse←→rife

spartan        adj. 简朴的，刻苦的
marked by simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
voluptuous←→spartan
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious

spate   n. 泛滥,洪水,一阵,大量
a large number or amount
spate←→dearth

specialist    n. 专门医师,专家
one who specializes in a particular occupation, practice, or branch of learning
dabbler←→specialist

specificity   n. 特性; 特征
the condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group of organisms

specious       adj．似是而非的，华而不实的
having a false look of truth or genuineness:SOPHISTIC
specious←→valid

speck   n. 小点，斑点，少量
a very small amount:BIT
mite:creature=speck:amount

spectator      n. 观众,目击者,旁观者
one who looks on or watches
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching

speculate      vi. 深思,推测,投机
to meditate on or ponder a subject:REFLECT
conjecture←→restrain from the speculation

spendthrift   n. 浪费的人
a person who spends improvidently or wastefully
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
spendthrift←→miser

spent   a.用尽的,精疲力竭的
drained of energy or effectiveness:EXHAUSTED
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy

spindly        adj．细长的，纤弱的
of a disproportionately tall or long and thin appearance that often suggests physical weakness
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty

spiny   a. 多针的,尽是尖刺的,棘手的,麻烦的,尖刺状的
abounding with difficulties, obstacles, or annoyances:THORNY

spire   n. 尖塔,尖顶,旋涡,螺旋
a tapering roof or analogous pyramidal construction surmounting a tower
spire:church=minaret:mosque

spleen        n.脾;脾气,怒气
feelings of anger or ill will often suppressed
spleen←→good will

splint  n. （  固定断骨的）夹板，托板
material or a device used to protect and immobilize a body part (as a broken arm)
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
splint:immobilize=duct:convey

spoil   vt. 损坏,破坏,溺爱
to pamper excessively:CODDLE
cosseted←→unspoiled

spoke   n．（车轮上）幅条，阻碍物
any of the small radiating bars inserted in the hub of a wheel to support the rim
spoke:hub=radius:center

spontaneous   a.自发的；本能的
arising from a momentary impulse
spontaneous←→premeditate

spoof   n. 诳骗,愚弄,戏弄
a light humorous parody  spoof:parody

sporadic       a. 偶尔发生的,零星发生的,分散的
occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances
chronic←→sporadic

sprain        n. 扭伤,扭筋
a sudden or violent twist or wrench of a joint with stretching or tearing of ligaments    sprain:injure=cold:contagion

sprightly      adj. 愉快的，活泼的
marked by a gay lightness and vivacity:SPIRITED
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly

spur     vt. 刺激,激励,用马刺刺
to incite to action or accelerated growth or development:STIMULATE
deter←→spur

spurious       adj. 假的，伪造的
outwardly similar or corresponding to something without having its genuine qualities:FALSE
spurious←→genuine

spurn   v. 拒绝，摈弃
to reject with disdain or contempt:SCORN
spurn←→welcome willingly
spurn←→court, crave, embrace

squabble       n. 争吵，口角
a noisy altercation or quarrel usually over trifles
squabble:dispute=foible:failing
tiff:squabble=foible:failing

squalid        adj. 污秽的，肮脏的
marked by filthiness and degradation from neglect or poverty
squalid←→pristine
splendor←→squalor

squall        n.小骚乱 狂风,暴风雪,哇哇叫声
a short-lived commotion
squall:commotion=flash:illumination

squander       vt. 浪费,使分散
to spend extravagantly or foolishly:DISSIPATE
husband←→squander
conserve←→waste/squander/exhaust

squelch        n./v. 压制，镇压
to completely suppress:QUELL
squelch←→foment

stagnant       a. 不流动的,停滞的,不景气的
not advancing or developing
stagnant←→flowing

staid   adj. 稳重的，沉着的
marked by settled sedateness and often prim self-restraint:SOBER, GRAVE    
staid←→jaunty

stalemate      n. 和棋局面，僵局
a drawn contest:DEADLOCK
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations

stalwart       adj．健壮的，坚定的
marked by outstanding strength and vigor of body, mind, or spirit
lank←→stalwart

stammer        v．口吃，结巴
to make involuntary stops and repetitions in speaking:HALT
falter:act=stammer:speak

stanza  n．（诗）节，段
a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a usually recurring pattern of meter and rhyme:STROPHE
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
stanza:line=volume:issue
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra

stark   a.(外表)僵硬的,刻板的,完全的
a:rigid in or as if in death
b:rigidly conforming (as to a pattern or doctrine):ABSOLUTE

startle        vt.使大吃一惊 n.吃惊
to frighten or surprise suddenly and usually not seriously
startle←→lull

static        a. 静态的,静电的
characterized by a lack of movement, animation, or progression
static:move=pliable:inflexible
motility←→stasis

steadfast      a. 坚定的,踏实的,固定的,不变的
a:firmly fixed in place:IMMOVABLE
b:not subject to change
capricious←→steadfast

stealth        n. 秘密行动,秘密,鬼祟
the act or action of proceeding furtively, secretly, or imperceptibly
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied

steep   vt.vi. 浸,泡
to saturate with or subject thoroughly to
steep←→parch

stench        n.臭气,恶臭
to emit a strong offensive odor ：STINK
stench:nose=din:ear

stentorian     adj．（指声音）极响亮的
extremely loud
audible:stentorian=discernable:obvious
stentorian←→faint

sterile        a. 不毛的,不孕的,无菌的,枯燥的,无效的,贫瘠的
free from living organisms and especially microorganisms
verdant←→sterile

stickler       n．坚持细节之人
one who insists on exactness or completeness in the observance of something    
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
stickler:exacting=martinet:discipline
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate

stiff   a.硬的；僵直的
a:not easily bent:RIGID
b:lacking in suppleness or responsiveness   numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness

stifle        vt.使不能呼吸,窒息,抑制
DETER, DISCOURAGE
foment←→stifle

stigma        n. 耻辱,污名,烙印
a mark of shame or discredit:STAIN
stigma←→mark of esteem

stilted       adj.  夸张的,夸大的, 踩高跷的
a:POMPOUS, LOFTY
b:FORMAL, STIFF

stint   v. 吝惜，节省
to be sparing or frugal
lavish←→stint

stingy        a. 小气的,吝啬的,缺乏的,有刺的
not generous or liberal:sparing or scant in giving or spending
generosity←→stinginess

stipple    　  v．点画，点描．
to engrave by means of dots and flicks
stipple:dot=striate:band

stock   n.血统,原料 adj.  存货的,常备的,平凡的
a store or supply accumulated;  especially :the inventory of goods of a merchant or manufacturer
census:population=inventory:stock
stock←→unique

stockade       n. 栅栏，围栏
a:an enclosure or pen made with posts and stakes
b:an enclosure in which prisoners are kept
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support

stodgy        a. 不易消化的,塞满的,笨重的
BORING, DULL
stodgy←→exciting

stoic   adj. 禁欲的,冷静的
not affected by or showing passion or feeling;  especially :firmly restraining response to pain or distress
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
stoic:flinch

stolid        adj. 无动于衷的，感情麻木的
having or expressing little or no sensibility:UNEMOTIONAL

stouthearted  a. 刚毅的,大胆的
having a stout heart or spirit:
a:COURAGEOUS
b:STUBBORN
pusillanimous←→stouthearted

straggle       vi. 迷路,落伍,蔓延
to wander from the direct course or way:ROVE, STRAY

strait        n. 海峡,困难
a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water
isthmus:land=strait:water

stratify       v. （使）层化
a:to divide or arrange into classes, castes, or social strata
b:to divide into a series of graded statuses
stratify←→homogenize

stray   a. 迷途的,偶然的
having strayed or escaped from a proper or intended place
digressive:topic/subject=stray:group
stray:group=digress:subject

strength       n. 力量,强度,抵抗力,浓度
degree of potency of effect or of concentration
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength

striate        vt. 加条纹
to mark with striations or striate
grooved:striated=braided:stranded
stipple:dot=striate:band
striated:groove=dappled:spot

stricture      n. 狭窄,苛评,束缚
a:an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage;  also :the narrowed part
b:a constriction of the breath passage in the production of a speech sound

stride        vi.vt. 迈大步走,跨过,跨
to move with or as if with long steps
quaff:sip=stride:mince

strident       a. 刺耳的,吱吱尖叫的,尖锐的
characterized by harsh, insistent, and discordant sound
stridency:sound=acridity:odor

strike        vi. 打,打击,抓,罢工,搏动
to aim and usually deliver a blow, stroke, or thrust (as with the hand, a weapon, or a tool)
strike:medal=mint:coin

stringent       a. 迫切的,严厉的,银根紧的
TIGHT, CONSTRICTED
stringent←→lax

strip   vt.剥；夺去 n.条带
to remove clothing, covering, or surface matter from
bedeck←→strip

strut   v. 昂首阔步地走
a:to walk with a proud gait  '
b:to walk with a pompous and affected air
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
strut:walk=pontificate:speak

strut   n. 支柱,抗压材
a structural piece designed to resist pressure in the direction of its length
strut:wing=buttress:wall

stubborn       a. 顽固的,不听话的,执拗的,棘手的
(1):unreasonably or perversely unyielding:MULISH
(2):justifiably unyielding:RESOLUTE

studio        n. 工作室,画室,演播室
the working place of a painter, sculptor, or photographer
studio:artist=laboratory:scientist

stultify       vt.使显得愚蠢;使无效,使无价值
to cause to appear or be stupid, foolish, or absurdly illogical
stultify←→stir/excite
stultifying←→exciting/stirring

stun     vt. 使晕倒,使惊吓,打晕
to make senseless, groggy, or dizzy by or as if by a blow:DAZE

stunt   v.阻碍   n. 特技,绝技,花招,噱头,矮小物,发育迟缓,手腕
to hinder the normal growth, development, or progress of

sturdy        a. 强健的,健全的
marked by or reflecting physical strength or vigor

stylus        n. 铁笔,尖笔,唱针
an instrument for writing, marking, or incising
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination

stymie        v. 阻碍
to present an obstacle to:stand in the way of
stymie←→abet

subdue        vt. 使服从,压制,克制,抑制
to conquer and bring into subjection:VANQUISH  impervious:
damaged=indomitable:subdued
subdue←→inflame
subdued←→unruly
flamboyant←→subdued
burgeon←→subdue

subject        n. 受隶属、受支配的人
one that is placed under authority or control
potentate←→subject

subjugate      vt. 征服,使服从,抑制,克制
to bring under control and governance as a subject:CONQUER
subjugation←→liberation

sublime        a. 壮观的,卓越的
lofty, grand, or exalted in thought, expression, or manner
sublime←→base/ridiculous

submerge       vt.浸没 vi.潜入水中
to put under water
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble

submissive     a. 服从的,顺从的,柔顺的
submitting to others

subordinate   a. 下级的,次要的,附属的
placed in or occupying a lower class, rank, or position:INFERIOR
principal←→subordinate
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate

subpoena       n. （法律）传票，v. 传讯
a writ commanding a person designated in it to appear in court under a penalty for failure
lien:claim=subpoena:command

subside        v. （建筑物等）下陷，（天气等）平息，平静
to tend downward:DESCEND;  especially :to flatten out so as to form a depression    
subside←→promote

subsidiary     n. 子公司,附加物,辅助者
furnishing aid or support:AUXILIARY

subsidy        n. 补助金,津贴
a grant by a government to a private person or company to assist an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive

substantial   a. 实质上的,物质的,有内容的
a:consisting of or relating to substance
b:not imaginary or illusory:REAL, TRUE
c:IMPORTANT, ESSENTIAL
diaphanous←→substantial
substantive←→trivial
vaporous ←→substantial

substantiate  vt. 证实；证明...有根据
to establish by proof or competent evidence:VERIFY
substantiate←→disapprove
unsubstantiated←→verified

substantiate  vt. 使实体化,证实
to establish by proof or competent evidence
controvert←→substantiate

subterfuge    n. 遁辞,借口,托辞
deception by artifice or stratagem in order to conceal, escape, or evade
subterfuge:deceive=decant:pour

subtle        a.微妙的；精巧的
difficult to understand or perceive:OBSCURE
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
subtle:overlook=tractable:lead
palpable←→subtle
blatant←→subtle

succinct       adj.简明的;简洁的
marked by compact precise expression without wasted words
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
babble←→express succinctly
prolixity←→succinctness
verbosity←→succinctness
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent

succor        vt. 救援,援助
to go to the aid of:RELIEVE
succor:relief=caution:warning
succor←→aggravate

suffuse        v．（色彩等）弥漫，染遍
to spread over or through in the manner of fluid or light:FLUSH, FILL
tint:suffuse:damp:quench

suite   n. 随员,套房,一组
RETINUE;  especially :the personal staff accompanying a ruler, diplomat, or dignitary on official business

summary        n. 摘要,概要
an abstract, abridgment, or compendium especially of a preceding discourse
compendium:summary=anthology:collection

summit        n. 顶点,最高阶层
TOP, APEX;  especially :the highest point:PEAK
crest:wave=summit/peak:mountain
roof:room=summit:mountain
nadir←→summit

summon        vt.召唤；鼓起(勇气)
to command by service of a summons to appear in court
command:request=summon:invite
summons:citation  
summon←→dismiss

sumptuous      adj. 豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的
extremely costly, rich, luxurious, or magnificent
sumptuous←→sobriety

sunder        v. 分裂，分离 (asunder)
to break apart or in two:separate by or as if by violence or by intervening time or space
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
sunder←→connect
sunder←→link
sunder←→combine/yoke/bond

supercilious  adj．目中无人的，高傲的
coolly and patronizingly haughty
supercilious←→obsequious
supercilious←→humble

superficial   a.表面的；肤浅的  
of or relating to a surface
superficial←→central

superfluous   a. 多余的,过剩的
exceeding what is sufficient or necessary:EXTRA
pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity
integral←→superfluous

supple        n. 易弯曲,柔软,顺从
easy and fluent without stiffness or awkwardness
numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness

supplement     n. 补充物,增刊,补充
something that completes or makes an addition

supplicate     v. 恳求，乞求
to make a humble entreaty;  especially :to pray to God
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
supplicate←→demand

suppress       vt.防止，阻止；抑制
to put down by authority or force:SUBDUE
surfeit        n. （食物）过量，过度
an overabundant supply:EXCESS
surfeit←→deficiency
deprivation←→surfeit

surgeon        n. 外科医生,军医,船上的医生
a medical specialist who practices surgery
scalpel:surgeon=telescope:astronomer

surrender      n./v. 交出,放弃,投降
to yield to the power, control, or possession of another upon compulsion or demand
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated

surrender      n./v. 交出,放弃,投降
to give (oneself) over to something (as an influence)
appropriate←→surrender

surreptitious adj. 鬼鬼祟祟的，保密的
done, made, or acquired by stealth:CLANDESTINE
surreptitious←→barefaced/aboveboard

surrogate      n. 代理,代理人,代用品
to put in the place of another:
a:to appoint as successor, deputy, or substitute for oneself
b:SUBSTITUTE

suspend        vi. 暂停,中止,悬浮,宣布破产
to cause to stop temporarily
suspend←→erect
invoke←→ suspend

suspicion      n. 怀疑,觉察,嫌疑
a state of mental uneasiness and uncertainty:DOUBT
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia

suture        n. 缝合,缝合处,缝合用的线
the act or process of sewing with sutures to unite, close, or secure with sutures
suture←→incision

svelte        adj. （女人）体态苗条的
SLENDER, LITHE
svelte←→plump
svelte←→paunchy and awkward

swagger        v. 大摇大摆地走
to conduct oneself in an arrogant or superciliously pompous manner;  especially :to walk with an air of overbearing
blustering:speak=swaggering:walk
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciate
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger

swamp   n. 沼泽,湿地
a wetland often partially or intermittently covered with water;  especially :one dominated by woody vegetation

sweltering     adj. 酷热的
oppressively hot
sweltering←→frigid

swerve        v. 转向，突然改变方向
to turn aside abruptly from a straight line or course:DEVIATE
swerve←→maintain direction

swill   v．冲洗，痛饮
to drink great drafts of:GUZZLE
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
swill←→sip

swindle        vt.vi. 骗取,诈取
to obtain money or property by fraud or deceit
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle

swing   n. 摇摆,振幅,音律,节奏,涨落,自由活动,旋转,秋千
omething that swings freely from or on a support;  especially :a seat suspended by a rope or chains for swinging to and fro on for pleasure
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter

sybarite      n. ((文语))沉于奢侈逸乐者,爱奢侈享乐的人
VOLUPTUARY, SENSUALIST
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
sybarite←→ascetic

sycophant      n．马屁精
a servile self-seeking flatterer
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant

syllogism      n. 三段论法,推论法,演绎
a deductive scheme of a formal argument consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove

symphony       n. 交响乐,交响曲
a symphony orchestra concert
instrumentalist:symphony=dancer:ballet
sonnet:poet=symphony:composer

synergic       adj. 协作的，合作的
working together:COOPERATING
synergic←→antagonistic

synopsis       n. 摘要，概要
a condensed statement or outline (as of a narrative or treatise):ABSTRACT
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
synopsis←→protracted

synthesis      n.综合，合成
the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole
synthesis←→analysis