靛蓝儿童:汇总4

十三、定语从句考查点归纳

定语从句是高中英语学习的重要语法项目之一，也是历年高考的热点。它的难度主要是通过改变句子的正常语序或借助于其它语法项目来体现的，为了提高同学们的应变能力， 现对定语从句的一些常见考点归纳和总结如下：
一、疑问句中考查定语从句
1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week？
   A. where    B. the one    C. on which    D. /
【解析】答案是D.
命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
二、倒装句中考查定语从句
2. We came to a place， ________ stood a big tower.
   A. which    B. that    C. /    D. where
【解析】正确答案是D.为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。

三、拆分词组和固定搭配
3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
   A. of which    B. where    C. to do    D. that
4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life？
   A. which   B. on which   C. when   D. where
【解析】正确答案分别是D和A.一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of， play a part （in）。
四、添加插入语或状语
5. The scientist has made another discovery， _______ I believe is of great importance.
   A. that    B. /    C. which    D. why
【解析】应选择C.这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think （suppose， expect， believe， imagine）， in my opinion， to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。

五、插入非谓语动词
6. Is this the man ________ you want to have ________
the radio for me？
   A. who；repaired        B. that；repaired
   C. whom；repairing     D. that；repair
【解析】D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。如：我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：
    You want to have the man repair the radio for me.

十四、特殊分词用法归纳

1. considering “就……而论、照……来看；考虑到”，既可用作介词，又可用作连词。例：
   I hear he is more than 70， but he is still very strong， considering his age.
   听说他已经 70 多岁了，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很结实。
   Considering（that）he did not study hard， he did well on the test.考虑到他没有用功，他考得还不错。
另：considering 还可用作副词，通常置于句尾，意为“从各方面看”。例：
She seems（to be）very bright， considering.从各方面看，她似乎很聪明。
2. providing / provided “倘若……；在……的条件下”，用作连词，引导条件状语从句，但从句不用虚拟语气。例：
   We'll visit Europe next year, provided / providing（that）we have the money.如果我们有这笔钱，我们明年将去欧洲游览。
   I shall go provided / providing（that）it does not rain.倘若天不下雨，我就去。

3. supposing / suppose “假如、假定”用作连词，引导条件状语从句，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。例：
   Supposing / Suppose（that）the weather were bad， where would you go？假如天气不好，你去什么地方？
   Supposing / Suppose（that）she doesn't come， what should we do？假如她不来我们该怎么办？
   supposing 可用在一个简单句中，相当于 What would / will happen if … / What does it matter if …例：
   Supposing I don't see her.（=What will happen if I don't see her？）假如我见不到她，那该怎么办？
   suppose 意为“假定；万一；倘若；不妨；何不”。例：
（Let us）Suppose（that）his statement is right.假定他的陈述是正确的。
4. according to /by “根据…… / 按照……”，用作连词。例：
According to my watch， it's 4 o'clock.按照我表上的时间，现在是4点钟。
   You may go or stay， according as you decide.去还是留，由你来决定。
   You may / will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad.根据工作好坏你将会受到奖惩。

according to 与 according by 的区别在于：
（1）according by 不可与表示人的名词或代词连用； according to 可与表示人的名词或代词连用。
（2）according to 只能表示来自他处的信息，而不能表示来自说话者本身的信息。
例：
   According to（不能用 by）my clock， it is 12 o'clock.根据我表上的时间，现在是 12 点。
   According to（不能用 by）her （不能用 me）, the war broke out in 1923. 根据她所说的，那场战争在 1923 年爆发。
5. compared with/to “将……与……比较”，用作介词。例：
   Compared with/to her mother，she is tall.和她母亲比起来，她算很高了。
6. including “包含”，用作介词。例：
   I have to prepare food for seven people，including me. 我必须准备包括自己在内 7 个人的食物。

7. owing to “由于……因为……”，用作介词。seeing（that）“由于……；既然……；因为……”，用作连词。例：
   Owing to unfavourable weather，I was unable to carry on with it. 由于天气不好，我不能把它进行下去。
   Seeting（that）he is ill， he's unlikely to come. 由于生病的缘故，他可能不来了。
8. judging from / by（=to judge by）“由……来判断”，用作介词。例：
   Judging from / by what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是个诚实的人。
   Judging from / by his accent, he must be from Guangdong province. 从他的口音来判断，他一定来自广东。
9. regarding（=as regards, in regard to, with regard to）/ respecting（=as respects, in respect to,  with respect to）/ concerning（=as concerns）/ relating to 均用作介词，意为“关于，就……而言”，相当于 about, 但比 about 正式。例：
   Regarding this point， he is correct.关于这一点，他是对的。
   Respecting your salary， we shall come to a decision later. 关于你的工资，我们将在以后做出决定。

Concerning your letter， I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable. 关于来信，我很高兴地通知你，我们觉得你的计划是可接受的。
10. given “如果有……，假定……，考虑到……”，既可用作介词，也可用作连词。例：
    Given that they are inexperienced， they have done a good job. 考虑到他们经验不足，他们的工作做得还不错。
   Given his support，I think we'll win the election.若能获得他的支持，我想我们会赢得这次选举。
11. granted / granting 用作连词，意为“就算……，假定……，纵使……，姑且承认”例:
    Granted / Granting you are right， I won't do it. 就算你说的是正确的，我也不打算做那事。
12. assuming / say （用于句首，与 Let's 连用）意为“假定……假使”例：
    Assuming / Say （ Let's say ） that war breaks out， what do you do？

十五、不可不知的插入语用法归纳

插入语用法很多,在句子中的位置比较灵活,在学习中应当认真去体会。大体而言,插入语可以分为以下几类:
1. 用简短的句子结构作插入语  这类短语有:I think, I hope, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I wonder, I tell you, I say, I'm afraid, I'm sure, you see, you know, as you know, that is, that is to say, what's more等等,它们可以置于句中或句尾。如:
   I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.
   This diet, I think, will do good to your health.
   It won't be raining long, I hope.
   You will have to work harder, you know, if you want to succeed.
2. 副词或副词短语用作插入语  这类插入语一般放在句首或句尾。如:
   Happily for him, his father's second wife was kind to him too.
   You'll be able to pass the coming exam, surely.
   Luckily for him, he didn't hurt in the accident.
   Honestly, I don't need it at the moment.

3. 介词或介词短语作插入语  这类插入语一般放在句首,有时也可放在句中。如:
   Like most of my schoolmates, I have neither brothers nor sisters-in other words, I'm an only child.
   By the way, Bob sends his best wishes.
   On the other hand, I didn't know you were there.
   In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.
4. 分词短语作插入语  如:
   Judging from your accent, you must be from England.
   Generally speaking, he is the best student in our class.
   Compared with China, the USA is smaller.
5. 不定式短语作插入语  如:
   To put it mildly, he was not up to the mark.
   To tell you the truth, I don't want to see her.
   To be sure, Jim is a faster skater, but he is not good at doing figures.
   To conclude, it was a great success.

十六、高考重点时态考点归纳

根据试题统计，动词语法占语法考题中的50%左右，其内容主要包括动词的时态、语态、要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。现将各考点分别归纳如下。
1. 一般现在时
　　主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
　　He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
　　She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun.
　　Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
　　考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
　　I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
　　考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时，常用的引导词有：
　　时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment / minute / day / year
　　条件：if, unless, provided If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
　　So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
　　只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
　　考点四：在the more… the more … (越…越…) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
　　The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2. 现在进行时
　　表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动；与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。
　　We are having English class. The house is being built these days.
　　The little boy is always making trouble.
　　考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
　　Look out when you are crossing the street.
　　Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
　　考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。
　　Marry is leaving on Friday.

3. 现在完成时
　 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。
　 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
　 They have lived in Beijing for five years.
　 They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years.
　 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days
　 Has it stopped raining yet?
　 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
　 in the past few years/months/weeks/days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history 等
　 In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.

考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词＋that” 后面用现在完成时。
　 This is my first time that I have visited China. That is the only book that he has written.
　 This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
4.一般过去时
　　表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday,
　　last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when。
　  考点一：used to + do 表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式符号，后接动词原形。
　　比较：be / become / get used to + doing 表示习惯于
　　He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early.
　　考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
　　He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.

5. 过去进行时
   表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
   The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
   He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
   What were you doing at nine last night?
   The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
   表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
   There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2009.
   By the end of last term we had finished the book.
   They finished earlier than we had expected.
   考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
   I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
   I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
   No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意倒装)

考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
   That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
   考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7. 一般将来时
　　表示在将来某个时间发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。
　　考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中。
　　We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
　　(主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)
　　考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
　　I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
　　考点三：“祈使句 + and / or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
　　Use your head and you will find a way.

考点四：“be going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
　 “be about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
　 “be to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
　 They are to be married in May.
8. 将来进行时
　 表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
　 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
　 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9. 将来完成时
　 表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
　 考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by + 将来时间 ，如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的从句。
　 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
　 By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
　 By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
　 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
10. 动词的语态
　　一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词后通常不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，需要注意以下考点。
　　考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
　　come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
　　It took place before liberation.
　　考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用：lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride , write
　　Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
　　The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。

考点三：一些常用经典被动句型
　　It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…，It is expected…, It is estimated…,
　　这些句子一般翻译为“据说…”，“人们认为…”，而“以前人们认为…”则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…。

十七、英文常见陷阱句

有些句子的意思，尤其是一些惯用句子的意思，我们是不能单从字面来理解的。下面就是一些常见的容易引起误解的句子：
　　1. He is the last person to do such a thing. 他决不会干这种事。
　　She is the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner.　　她是我在宴席上最不愿意与之相邻就座的女子。
　　That's the last thing I should expect him to do. 那是我最不可能指望他去做的事情。
　　注：“ the last + 名词 + 不定式或定语从句”中的 last 作“least likely / suitable/ willing/ desirable”解，即常常将 last 译为“最不可能的；最不合适的；最不愿意的；最不希望的”，而不作“最后的”解。
　　2. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. （=We cannot estimate the value of modern science much enough. = It is impossible to estimate the value of modern science too much/ much enough.） 无论怎么重视现代科学的价值都不为过分。
　　We cannot be too careful in doing experiments. （= We cannot be careful enough in doing experiments.） 我们做实验时无论怎样小心都不过分。

注：“ cannot/ could not…… too + 形容词或副词 = cannot/ could not…… + 形容词或副词 + enough ”。我们不能把第 1 句理解成：“我们不能过分估算现代科学的价值。”也不能把第 2 句理解成：“我们做实验时不能太小心。”
　　3. It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 无论怎样聪明的人也难免要犯错误。
　　It is a long lane that has no turning. 无论怎样长的巷子也有弯。
　　注：这个句子含有比较储蓄的让步意味。我们不能把第 1 句理解成：“从不犯错误的人是一个聪明的人。”也不能把第 2 句理解成：“那是一个没弯的长巷。”
　　4. If the sun were to rise in the west， I would not break my word.　　使太阳从西方出来，我也不会背弃我的诺言。
　　Were the danger even greater （= Even if the danger were greater）， I should feel compelled to go. 即使危险再大，我也觉得非去不可。

注：从形式上看上面句子中的从句像是条件状语从句，但实际上却是让步状语从句，因为其中的主句和从句在意义上形成鲜明的对照。若句子含条件状语从句，则从句表示的是条件，主句表示的是结果。下面句子中的从句就是条件状语从句：
　　If the sun were to rise in the west， I would break my word.　　如果太阳从西方出来，我就会背弃我的诺言。
　　Were the danger even greater， I should not go. 如果危险再大一些，我就不去了。
　　5. A mountain is not famous because it is high. 山出名不在高。
　　I don't believe that he will come tomorrow. 我相信他明天不会来。
　　Mary did not leave the office in order to meet Tom. 玛莉离开办公室为的是不见汤姆。

注：上面这三句话中都包含一个被转移的否定词 not .因此不能把第 1 句理解成：“山不出名是因为高。”也很少将第 2 句转换成：“ I believe that he will not come tomorrow. ”第 3 句可以转换成：“Mary left the office in order not to meet Tom. ”也可以将其理解成：“玛莉没离开办公室是为了见到汤姆”。为了避免产生上述歧义，我们最好说：“It was in order to meet Tom that Mary did not leave the office.”（玛莉没离开办公室是为了见到汤姆。）和“ It was in order not to meet Tom that Mary left the office. ”（玛莉离开办公室为的是不见汤姆。）
　　6. Who in the world （on earth） told you that？ 那事到底是谁告诉你的？
　　注：这里的 in the world （on earth） 是用来加强语气，意思是“到底”，“究竟”，而不是“在世界上”。
　　7. He is too ready to talk 他爱说话。
　　Men are too apt to forget. 人们往往健忘。
　　We are only too pleased to work together with the workers. 我们和工人们一起劳动，太高兴了。
　　They are but too glad to do so. 他们非常喜欢这么做。

注：若 too 后面跟 ready， apt， likely 等形容词，或 only too， but too， all too 和 not too 后面跟一个形容词或副词，则后面的不定式没有否定意义。
　　8. No man is so old but he may learn. （= No man is too old to learn.）　　没有人因为太老而不能学（活到老学到老）。
　　I never go past my old school but I think （= without thinking）of Mr Wilkins，the headmaster.
　　每当我走过我的母校时，都想起校长威尔金斯先生。
　　注：这里的 but 是从属连词，本身有否定含义，而不能被理解成“可是”。