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Hurricane Safety Rules
See also:  'SomeForecasting Rules'
TERMS TO KNOW

By international agreement,tropical cyclone is the general term for all cycloniccirculations originating over tropical waters, classifiedby form and intensity as follows:

TROPICAL DISTURBANCE:

Rotary circulation slight or absent at the surface, butsometimes better developed aloft, no closed isobars(lines of equal atmospheric pressure)and no strong winds, a common phenomenon in the tropics.

TROPICAL DEPRESSION:

One or more closed isobars and some rotary circulation atsurface, highest wind speed 39 miles per hour (34 knots).

TROPICAL STORM:

Closed isobars, distinct rotary circulation, highest windspeed of 74 miles per hour (34-63 knots).

HURRICANE:

Closed isobars, strong and very pronounced rotarycirculation, wind speed of 74 miles per hour (64 knots)or more.

THE SAFFIR/SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE:

The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane scale is an index whichattempts to relate hurricane intensity to damagepotential. This descriptive scale, which ranges over ascale of 1 to 5, is summarized below: (From NOAATechnical Memorandum NWS NHC 22, "A Tropical CycloneData Tape for the North Atlantic Basin, 1886-1983:Contents, Limitations, and Uses", B. R. Jarvinen, C.J. Neumann, and M. A. S. Davis, March 84)

Category 1:

Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily toshrubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes.No real damage to other structures. Some damage to poorlyconstructed signs. And/or: Storm surge 4 to 5 feet abovenormal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pierdamage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn frommoorings.

Category 2:

Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage toshrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Majordamage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage topoorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofingmaterials of buildings; some window and door damage. Nomajor damage to buildings. And/or: Storm surge 6 to 8feet above normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escaperoutes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours beforearrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage topiers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotectedanchorage torn from moorings. Evacuation of someshoreline residences and low-lying island areas required.

Category 3:

Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn fromtrees; large trees blown down. Practically all poorlyconstructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofingmaterials of buildings; some window and door damage. Somestructural damage to small buildings. Mobile homesdestroyed. And/or: Storm surge 9 to 12 feet above normal.Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structuresnear coast destroyed; larger structures near coastdamaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lyingescape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hoursbefore hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet orless above sea level flooded inland 8 miles or more.Evacuation of low-lying residences within several blocksof shoreline possibly required.

Category 4:

Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and treesblown down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofingmaterials, windows and doors. Complete failure of roofson many small residences. Complete destruction of mobilehomes. And/or: Storm surge 13 to 18 feet above normal.Flat terrain 10 feet or less above sea level flooded asfar as 6 miles. Major damage to lower floors ofstructures near shore due to flooding and battering wavesand floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cutby rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane centerarrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation ofall residences within 500 yards of shore possiblyrequired, and of single-story residences on low groundwithin 2 miles of shore.

Category 5:

Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and treesblown down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings;all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage towindows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on manyresidences and industrial buildings. Extensive shatteringof glass in windows and doors. Some complete buildingfailures. Small buildings overturned or blown away.Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or: Storm surgegreater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lowerfloors of all structures less than 15 feet above sealevel within 500 yards of shore. Low-lying escape routesinland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricanecenter arrives. Massive evacuation of residential areason low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possiblyrequired.

SMALL-CRAFT ADVISORY:

When a hurricane moves within a few hundred miles of thecoast, advisories warn small-craftoperators to take precautions and not to venture into theopen ocean.

GALE WARNING:

When winds of 38-55 miles per hour (33-48 knots) areexpected, a gale warning is added to the advisorymessage.

STORM WARNING:

When winds of 55-74 miles per hour (48-64 knots) areexpected, a storm warning is added to the advisorymessage. Gale and storm warnings indicate the coastalarea to be affected by the warning, the time during whichthe warning will apply, and the expected intensity of thedisturbance. When gale and storm warnings are part of atropical cyclone advisory, they may change to a hurricanewarning if the storm continues along the coast.

HURRICANE WATCH

If the hurricane continues its advance and threatenscoastal and inland regions, a hurricane watch is added tothe advisory, covering a specific area and duration. Ahurricane watch means that hurricane conditions are areal possibility; it does not mean they are imminent.When a hurricane watch is issued, everyone in the areacovered by the watch should listen for further advisoriesand be prepared to act quickly if hurricane warnings areissued.

HURRICANE WARNING:

When hurricane conditions are expected within 24 hours, ahurricane warning is added to the advisory. Hurricanewarnings identify coastal areas in which winds of atleast 74 miles per hour are expected to occur. A warningmay also describe coastal areas in which dangerously highwater or exceptionally high waves are forecast, eventhough winds may be less than hurricane force.

When a HURRICANE WARNING is issued, allprecautions should be taken immediately. Hurricanewarnings are seldom issued more than 24 hours in advance.If the hurricane's path is unusual or erratic, thewarnings may be issued only a few hours before thebeginning of hurricane conditions. Precautionary actionsshould begin as soon as a hurricane warning is announced.

HURRICANE SAFETY RULES

Hurricane advisories will help save your life...butyou must help.

1) ENTER EACH HURRICANE SEASON PREPARED.Every June through November, recheck your supply ofboards, tools, batteries, nonperishable foods, and theother equipment you will need if a hurricane strikes yourtown.

2) WHEN YOU HEAR THE FIRST TROPICAL CYCLONEADVISORY, listen for future messages. This willprepare you for a hurricane emergencywell in advance of the issuance of watches and warnings.

3) WHEN YOUR AREA IS COVERED BY A HURRICANE WATCH,continue normal activities, staying tuned to radio ortelevision for all National Weather Service advisories.Remember, a hurricane watch means possible danger within24 hours; if the danger materializes, a hurricane warningwill be issued. MEANWHILE, KEEP ALERT. IGNORERUMORS.

4) WHEN YOUR AREA RECEIVES A HURRICANE WARNING,PLAN YOUR TIME before the storm arrives andavoid the last-minute hurry which leaves you marooned orunprepared.

KEEP CALM until the emergency has ended.

LEAVE LOW-LYING AREAS that may be sweptby high tides or storm waves.

LEAVE MOBILE HOMES for more substantialshelter. They are particularly vulnerable to damageduring strong winds. Damage can be minimized by securingmobile homes with heavy cables anchored in concretefooting.

MOOR YOUR BOAT SECURELY before the stormarrives, or evacuate it to a designated safe area. Whenyour boat is moored, leave it, and don't return once thewind and waves are up.

BOARD UP WINDOWS or protect them withstorm shutters. Danger to small windows is mainly fromwind-driven debris. Larger windows may be broken by windpressure.

SECURE OUTDOOR OBJECTS that might beblown away or uprooted. Garbage cans, garden tools, toys,signs, porch furniture, and a number of other harmlessitems become missiles of destruction in hurricane winds.Anchor them or store them inside before the stormstrikes.

STORE DRINKING WATER IN CLEAN BATHTUBS, JUGS,BOTTLES, AND COOKING UTENSILS; YOUR TOWN'S WATER SUPPLYMAY BE CONTAMINATED BY FLOODING OR DAMAGED BY HURRICANEFLOODS.

CHECK YOUR BATTERY-POWERED EQUIPMENT.Your radio may be your only link with the world outsidethe hurricane, and emergencycooking facilities, lights, and flashlights will beessential if utilities are interrupted.

KEEP YOUR CAR FUELED. Service stationsmay be inoperable for several days after the stormstrikes, due to flooding or interrupted electrical power.

STAY AT HOME, if your home is sturdy andon high ground; if it is not, move to a designatedshelter and stay there until the storm is over.

REMAIN INDOORS DURING THE HURRICANE.Travel is extremely dangerous when winds and tides arewhipping through your area.

MONITOR THE STORM'S POSITION throughNational Weather Service advisories. BEWARE OFTHE EYE OF THE HURRICANE. If the calm stormcenter passes directly overhead, there will be a lull inthe wind lasting from a few minutes to half an hour ormore. Stay in a safe place UNLESS emergency repairs are absolutelynecessary. But remember, at the OTHER SIDE OF THEEYE, the winds rise very rapidly to hurricaneforce, and come from the opposite direction.

5) WHEN THE HURRICANE HAS PASSED.

SEEK NECESSARY MEDICAL CARE AT RED CROSSdisaster stations or hospitals.

STAY OUT OF DISASTER AREAS. Unless youare qualified to help, your presence might hamperfirst-aid and rescue work.

DRIVE CAREFULLY along debris-filledstreets. Roads may be undermined and may collapse underthe weight of a car. Slides along cliffs are also ahazard.

AVOID LOOSE OR DANGLING WIRES, andreport them immediately to your power company or thenearest law enforcement officer.

REPORT BROKEN SEWER OR WATER MAINS tothe water department.

PREVENT FIRES. Lower water pressure maymake fire fighting difficult.

CHECK REFRIGERATED FOOD for spoilage ifpower has been off during the storm.

REMEMBER THAT HURRICANES MOVING INLAND CAN CAUSESEVERE FLOODING. STAY AWAY FROM RIVER BANKS AND STREAMS.

NOTE: Please follow the advice of your local authorities.It's always better to be safe than sorry. I wantto keep you around as a visitor for a long time!