邵阳县到凤凰:[转载]翻译课

例1.(96年真题) (…The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting.Their aim was to devise a trategy that would guarantee Roald Reagan’s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.)

It should have

例1.(96年真题) (…The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting.Their aim was to devise a trategy that would guarantee Roald Reagan’s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.)

It should have been easy. These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced, with plenty of money for a topflight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America---a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.

谋求再次当选理应轻而易举。这都是些跟随里根多年身经百战的政坛宿将，与共和党的渊源更为深远，他们比国内任何一个人都深谙总统政治。竞选的背景也十分有利，大有文章可做的好消息比比皆是：美国正值太平盛世，作为竞选关键因素的国内经济，在长期衰退后正强劲反弹。还有，竞选经费也十分充裕，足够雇用一流的竞选班子和支付全国巡回演说与电视宣传的一切费用。而更为重要的是，他们的候选人是里根，一位名声显赫而又长于交际的现任总统，自约翰·F·肯尼迪以来，还没有哪一位美国总统能像里根一样，为美国描绘出那样广阔的国家前景：美国将重振军事雄风，倡导个人首创精神以及精简联邦政府。

例2. (Kurt Frosheiser watched the invasion of Iraq on TV, looking, according to his sister, more serious than she had ever seen him. He had an option to get out of serving, but he left home on April 16th for basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky.) In June, the family drove down to see him on Family Day, and Chris(注：Frosheiser’s father) was stunned by the transformation: His son stood at perfect attention on Pershing Field for forty-five minutes in his dress uniform. It was the same in August, when they attended graduation: Private Frosheiser, marching, singing with his classmates, “Pick up your wounded, pick up your dead.” Chris found the words chilling, but the music, the sharpness of the formation, the bearing of his son, filled him with pride.     

六月，全家在“家庭节”那天驾车去看他，克莱司被他儿子的转变完全惊呆了：他儿子一身戎装，肃然而立，在操场上一站就是45分钟。而八月出席他儿子的毕业典礼时，情景依旧：列兵Frosheiser，正与同班同学列队行进，阔步高歌：(抬走伤员，搬开尸体)。尽管这歌词令克莱司不寒而栗，但那军乐，那整齐划一的方阵，以及他儿子的军人姿态，却让他自豪不已。

例3. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.

参考译文：科学真理中唯一不争的事实就是——至今我对此仍深信不疑——我们对大自然还极其无知。确实，我认为这是过去几百年来生物学的重大发现。倘若十八世纪启蒙大师中的佼佼者们被告知，当今世界人们依旧对自然界和未来所知甚少、充满困惑，他们一定会惊愕不已。但正是这种对无知猛然直面、深刻全面的认识，才是20世纪科学对人类知识的最大贡献。

例4. The most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business and of the world, who argue from what they see and know, instead of spinning cobwet distinctions of what things ought to be.Women have often more of what is called good sense than men. They have fewer pretensions; are less implicated in theories, and judge of objects more from their immediate and involuntary impression on the mind, and, therefore, more truly and naturally. They cannot reason wrong, for they do not reason at all. They do not think or speak by rule, and they have in general more eloquence and wit as well as sense, on that account. By their wit, sense, and eloquence together, they generally contrive to govern their husbands. Their style, when they write to their friends, is better than that of most authors. Uneducated people have most exuberance of invention.

商人和见过世面的人是我们在社会上见到的最通达事理的人。他们讨论问题时从自己的所见所闻出发，而不纠缠于事物的是非曲直。和男人相比，女人通常有更好的所谓直觉。她们很少自命不凡；她们也不大深究理论，她们判断事物更多地是从头脑中下意识的第一印象出发，因此她们的判断也就更真实和自然。她们不可能有推理错误，因为她们根本就不推理。她们思考或讲话时也不遵循什么规则；正因为如此，她们一般更善辩，更机智，直觉更好。集机智、善辩与出色的直觉于一身，她们通常都有办法支配自己的丈夫。在给朋友的书信中，她们的文笔会令大多数作家自愧不如。没读过多少书的人往往点子最多。

例1．Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower. You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird’s wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute. From most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.

凡眼见于俏脸、鲜花，无人不觉赏心悦目。然而，要参透数学、物理或棋弈之美，欣赏树之有形、鸟之翼趣，乃至对长笛奏出的悠悠颤音心领神会，则必经专门训练方可体味。在人类大部历史上，这种训练就是学会如何观察，历来由长者教之于幼者。

例2．（直到下半天，寻来寻去寻到山坳里），大家都说，糟了，怕是遭了狼了！

(1)When seeing this, everybody there realized that something bad must have happened----- he was killed by a wolf! 

例3. “…”, began Clyde, who did not quite like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to present himself as agreeable as possible.

……。尽管他不太喜欢眼前这个领班，但还是决定让自己尽量迎合一下对方。

这一译文才比较符合主人公的身份，虽然字面不及译(1)精准，却更合清理，这就是语境的制约作用。

例4. 孔子很早就说：“四十而不惑”。意思是到了四十，就是肥肉一块吊到你嘴边，你饥肠辘辘馋涎欲滴，也不应该伸脖子去贪嘴了。

Confucius said: “40 is the age when one can be safe from temptations.” According to him, when one is forty or over, he should be able to resist the temptation of a piece of juice meat dangling before him even if he is very hungry with his mouth watering. （居祖纯，2000：96）

例5. 我想，其实谁都有一个小小的花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也需要开发。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关心自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。

试译：In fact everybody, I think, has his own small garden, namely, the inner- world in our minds. A man’s intellect needs developing, so does his inner-world. The difference between a man and an animal, apart from many other cases known to all, probably lies in the fact that a man owns an inner-world. The heart is just a vital organ in a man’s body while his inner-world is a landscape developed gradually by the constant work of the outer-world on his mind. Everybody cares so much for his own heart health, as well as his loved ones’, that he will be all the day in a state of anxiety / worry a lot if there is a minor trouble in the heart. Nevertheless, not everyone cares about what happens/the condition in his or his loved ones’ inner-worlds.

例1．On one of those sober（严肃）and rather melancholy（忧郁）days, in the later part of Autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling（漫步）about Westminster Abbey. There was something congenial（适意的）to the season in the mournful（悲哀）magnificence of the old pile; and, as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of former ages.  （Washington Irving, Westminster Abbey）

时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影，几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁将云暮，终日昏暗，我就在这么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了几个钟头。古寺巍巍，森森然似有鬼气，和阴沉沉的季候正好调和；我跨进大门，觉得自己已经置身远古，相忘于古人的鬼影之中了。            —— “西敏大寺” ，夏济安译，1976，p. 54

例2. What brought me to the woods was the longing to be with words in an undistracted place. “Woods” and “words” were almost identical.

    我来到这片林地是出于一种渴望，渴望于树林中寻一清净之地潜心读书，“树”“书”相偕相成，乃天作之合。

例3．“各人自扫门前雪，休管他人瓦上霜”，是使世界达到和平的最佳途径。一家如此，则一家和乐。一国如此，则一国安全。全世界如此，则天下太平。

A. “Just sweep away the snow in front of your own house, and never mind the frost on other people’s roof”, as the Chinese proverb says, may be the best way to bring about a happy and peaceful world. So long as we limit our activity within our own sphere, strictly refraining from trespassing upon others’, we can surely win peace in the family, in the country as well as in the world.

B. In order to secure a happy and peaceful world, we must first of all, limit our activity within our own spheres, strictly refraining from trespassing upon others’. Suppose that this role is observed in all families, countries of the world, surely there will be no trouble in them all.

C. One of the best ways to make the world peaceful and happy is for every individual to keep within his own province, refraining from encroaching upon others’. If a family follows this way, that family will be free from worry; if a nation follows this way, that nation will be at ease; and if the entire world follows this way, it will find itself in perfect peace.       

（钱歌川，翻译的技巧：432，561）

例4．这里三千座奇峰拔地而起，形态各异，有的似玉柱神鞭，立地顶天；有的象铜墙铁壁，巍然屹立；有的如晃板垒卵，摇摇欲坠；有的若盆景古董，玲珑剔透……神奇而又真实，迷离而又实在，不是艺术创造胜似艺术创造，令人叹为观止。

3000 crags rise in various shapes—pillars, columns, walls, shaky egg stacks and potted landscapes… -— conjuring up unforgettably fantastic images.

例5. 今天，在这里展出的20多件作品,仅仅是表达作者闲暇时的点滴笔墨情怀，她以恬静而朴素的艺术语言,描述着一种寄情自然的生存状态。走进画廊：仿佛融入了故乡那如歌的童话里...... 那畅快淋漓的水墨画笔，书写着作者淳朴自然的甜美心境；那色彩斑斓的乡间小景，有儿时童趣的回忆和梦的追逐；那清韵滴翠的绿荫里，有少女春的耕耘和秋的期盼......, 观其笔墨：包含神韵和墨色的相融与松灵动变，使其作品有如“春草沾露”般的清新润泽；读其画面：不失传统而又奔放洒脱的艺术形式，有如“春树挂丹”般的风雅明丽......

试译：More than 20 of her paintings are exhibited here, all reflecting her painting emotion and style. Featured in simplicity and freshness, they are infused with her love for nature and homeland, her enthusiasm for life, her memory of her childhood, her dream when as a young girl, etc.. Her stokes are facile and graceful, bold yet tender, with a carefree style. The charm of nature and life finds vivid through her painting brushes.

试译2：Diligence, Devotion, Dedication (and) Enterprise.

例1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious(丑恶)----in this respect I’ve slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up---in other words, whichever is easiest.

 (2)孤独是一块极好的试金石，利于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。我的吃相实在不雅，这方面一下就倒退了几百年，实在是一点规矩也没有。只要觉得合适，我可用手抓着吃，直接拿着罐头吃，或是站着吃：反正怎么省事就怎么吃。

例2.What brought me to the woods was romanticism. I wanted to feel elemental sublimity, the full force of the stars and rain and wind.

 (2) 我来到这片林地是出于一种浪漫情结，想亲身感受天地之精华，体验星辰与风雨的自然真力。(生动、自然，语气到位)

例3．When I’m having trouble with a story and think about giving up or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mother did. What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead.

 (2) 每当我因文章难写想打退堂鼓，或是自叹命不如人、老天不公时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像母亲当年那样，一个字一个字吃力地打着。这时，我想起的不是母亲的失败，而是她的勇气，那种一往无前的勇气。

例4．It (Beauty) restores our faith in the generosity of nature. By giving us a taste of the kinship between our own small minds and the great Mind of the cosmos, beauty reassures us that we’re exactly and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe.

   C. 美恢复了人类对大自然慷慨富有的信念，唤起了渺小人类与浩瀚宇宙心灵间的亲缘感应。美使我们深信，如此妙绝天成的人类，原本就是为这煌煌星球、泱泱宇宙应运而生的。

        （适度引申，17届“韩素音翻译大赛”参考译文）

例5．Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.

 (2) 我们既已认真开始了探索，那么，就已窥见冰山一角，看到问题数量之庞大、答案寻求之遥远。假若你完全无知，这还不太难办，难就难在要具体了解无知的现状——哪些是最糟糕的，那些是夹在其中又不太糟糕的——而这一切，却没有通道尽头灯光的正确指引，甚至连可信赖的通道都没有。

例2. I am not bound to win, but I am bound to be true. I am not bound to succeed but I am bound to live up to what light I have. I must stand with anybody that stands right, stand with him while he is right and part with him when he goes wrong.    ——林肯竞选总统演讲辞

(1) 我不一定会胜利，但定会真诚行事。我不一定成功，但会保持一贯的信念。我会与任何正直持平的人并肩而立。他对的时候，我会给予支持；他错的时候，我肯定会离他而去。

                                      （官方译文）

(2) 我未必稳操胜算，却始终以诚处世。我未必马到功成，却不忘心中真理。我当与天下正直之士并肩而立，知其是而拥护之，知其非而离弃之。（董桥译）

例3．Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been sift out(筛落) the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.

 (2)书的实质在于世代永存，是迄今人类长期努力得来的最持久产品。庙宇会坍塌，雕像会腐蚀，但书籍却能永存。伟大的思想不会因岁月的流失而消泯，前人的思想历久长新，其所言所思至今仍跃然纸上、声声入耳。悠悠岁月只会去尽糟粕，真正的好书经得起历史的淘汰和荡涤。

例4. 人是很有趣的。往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点，这一点象是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷盘的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿筵席，缺点就找出来了。

 (2) Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dinning in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed.

例5. 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上，这里最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。

 (2) Known in ancient history of China as the “mother” of the nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese people. As called the “cradle” of the nation, it is also the region for Chinese civilization to start from. In ancient times, it was a vast land abundant with exuberant plants, where the Chinese ancestors worked and lived. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, it became the first settled agricultural region and the first class society developed in Chinese history, where the diligent and brave Chinese people gave a lot of breath-taking performances in history and created a variety of colorful arts and cultures. Today many cultural ashes and historic relics still remain in this region.

例2. 要提高全社会生态文明意识，动员全体人民更加积极投身于资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设。

We will enhance public awareness of the importance of a culture of conservation and encourage the entire nation to participate in building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.

例3. She had wanted to visit Europe and see cathedrals and parsonages. She had wanted to breathe the ripe air of history.

 (2) 她曾想去欧洲参观，亲眼看看那些大教堂和牧师住所，呼吸那承载着厚重历史的空气。

例5. Scientific and technological advance are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constitutions of matter, and the miracle of life.

(2) 科技进步使我们现在能探明宇宙的边陲、弄清物质的最基本成分，领悟生命的奇妙。

课堂练习

Classwork 1, 翻译划线部分:  (2006年八级考试汉译英试题)

    中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小，因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多，况中国古代素来以不滞于物、不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正平和、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

讨论稿2.  The Chinese nation has never believed in human supremacy. And the nation finds full expression in the philosophy, literature and art that human coexist with other species in nature with a proportionally proper rather than an absolutely dominant position. Therefore we generally suffer less depression than Westerners, as the degree of the suffering varies with that of our desire and ambition. People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, and hence less desire. Moreover, the main Chinese ancient philosophy of life is always to be free from  the encumbrance(阻碍) or enslavement of the outside world.

                                      (邵志洪译)  [行文用字较正式]

Class-work 2：

(1)英译汉（翻译划线部分）：

I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head. Now I am thirty-two….

    Life, I believe, asks a continuous series adjustments to reality. The more readily a person is able to make these adjustments, the more meaningful his own private world becomes. The adjustment is never easy. I was bewildered and afraid. But I was lucky. My parents and teachers saw something in me---a potential to live, you might call it---which I didn’t see, and they made me want to fight it out with blindness.

The hardest lesson I had to learn was to believe me in myself. That was basic. If I hadn’t been able to do that, I would have collapsed and become a chair rocker on the front porch for the rest of my life. When I say belief in my life I am not talking about simply the kind of self-confidence that helps me down an unfamiliar staircase alone. That is part of it. But I mean something bigger than that: an assurance that I am, despite imperfection, a real, positive person, that somewhere in the sweeping(包罗万象的), intricate(错综复杂的) pattern of people there is a special place where I can make myself fit.

译文2: 我认为，生活要求人们不断地自我调整以适应现实。人越能及时调整自我，其个人世界亦越有意义。调整决非易事。对此我曾茫然、害怕过，但又十分幸运。因为，对潜藏于心底的某种东西——或曰人的生活可塑性，在我尚未察觉时，父母和老师们就发现了它，并用它来激励我自发地与失明顽强抗争。

我务必学会相信自己，尽管最难学，却是我的基本课程。倘若连这点都做不到，恐怕我早就一败涂地，只能在门廊的摇椅上了此残生了。相信自己，并非仅指帮我走下不熟的楼道时那份小小的自信，那只是它一部分。我是指更大的自信：我虽身有残疾，却是一个堂堂正正、积极向上的人，坚信在这大千世界、芸芸众生之中，自有我安生立命的一席之地。      [语气与口吻！]

(2)汉译英（翻译划线部分）

    一年后他们就结婚了。有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我每天上班第一件事就是帮她擦桌子，然后为她泡上一杯她喜欢的绿茶。她的胃不好，我经常备些胃药放在她桌上。一开始她不知道，时间长了就知道了”。

忍不住叫人想起“浪漫”一词。写情书是一种浪漫，送99朵玫瑰是一种浪漫。我不知道，擦桌子泡茶送药是否也是一种浪漫。浪漫是没有定式的，或许那些实实在在的呵护和关爱才是真正的浪漫，它是生命之火所点燃的最绚烂的花朵。

His words remind me of the word “romantic”. Writing love letters is an outpouring of romantic feelings, so is offering a big bunch of 99 red roses. The expression of love follows no definite pattern. I wonder if wiping the desk and preparing tea and medicine for a person of one’s heart is not one of the ways. Maybe true love lies in giving heart-felt care and whole-hearted protection. That and that alone is the reddest rose nurtured by the spring of life. (居祖纯译)

Class work 3.(07年英语八级考试试题)汉译英[翻译划线部分]：

运动员比任何人更深刻地认识到时光易逝机会难得。他会珍惜并利用每一分钟、抓住任何一个机会。他付出许多，也得到许多，不仅为自己也为祖国赢得荣誉。

参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。它表现于弱者敢于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取得更好的成绩，胜而又胜，优而更优。这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进，他会尽其所能、永不松懈、永不罢休。有人说竞技者终究会是失败者，即使是最佳运动员也会被更强者淘汰。然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败结局所沮丧，仍然力争最佳发挥。实在到了自知技穷之时，他会愉快地退下来，让位给年轻的优胜者，并对自己在奥林匹克运动中争取更好成绩尽了一份力而心满意足，他会自豪地说，他的青春没有虚度。

    None other than an athlete feels so keenly about the rarity of opportunity and fleeting of time. He cherishes every minute, makes full use of it and tries to grasp any chance coming his way. He gets as much as he gives, winning honors not only for himself but also for his country.

    To participate and to win----this is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to defy the strong, and the strong striving for ever better performances. To be ever better---the ideal always lures a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up.

It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated---even the best is bound to be surpassed by some one still stronger. This is the rule of the sports. However, undaunted by the inevitable failure, he is always striving to do the best he can. When the time comes that he knows he can’t do more, he will step down happily to give place to the younger winner, and feel content with his bit (he’s) done for the “ever better” performance in the Olympic games. He will say proudly that he has never live(或pass) his youth in vain / idle his youth away.

Class work 4

1) Translate the underlined part of the following text into English:

 暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合在一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。

也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏

也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他们不知在何处歇息。只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的。如果走近了，你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及那丰富而单纯的表情。

 (1)参考答案：Just beside this splendid picture, a flock of sheep grazing with bent heads by the riverside. Hardly any of them cares look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight. Perhaps they are using the last moment for another chew before going home. This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River. The shepherd, who is nowhere to be seen, is having a rest in an unknown place, leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom. Here the water grass is so luxuriant and tender that the sheep have battened on them. If you approach them, you will see their snow-white teeth as well as their rich innocent expressions.

Class-work 4:

 1) 英译汉：

    Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of processing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that is marked aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy. But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The demand of the public holds the artist hostage to his or her own success, fame. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc, the audience may turn away and look to confer fleeting fickle(无常的) fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on.    

参考答案：凡成名者，大多有一技之长，或能歌，或善舞，或长于绘画，或精于写作(对偶！)，都因各自演艺中形成的强烈个性和鲜明风格而名声鹊起。然而，正是这得来的名望，使他们常年固守着自己的本色不敢越雷池半步(习语 )，因为这是公众的要求和喜爱。可随着时间的推移，歌星若年复一年唱着同样的歌，画家若一成不变画着同样的画，演员若一如既往重复着同一角色(平行结构)，恐怕连他自己都会厌烦。但为了保全已有的成就和名望，他只能一味顺从这种需要而沦为公众的人质。若要改换笔调，转变舞风，创新唱法(增译)，观众就会舍他而去，将那来去不定、乍起乍落的名望声誉随即送与他人，如此这般转来转去，无休无止。

2.汉译英：

    中华民族文化历史悠久，起源很早，内容极为丰富，是东方文明的主要组成部分，早在上古时期就已是人类文化的一个独立典型。在物质文化方面，中国的“四大发明”曾经改变世界历史的进程。在精神文明方面，“以人为本”的人格价值思想和“和为贵”的和平与发展的思想，对世界文化解决个人与社会、人与自然、道德与生命的根本关系作出了杰出的贡献。

As an important component of Oriental civilization, the Chinese culture is rich and well-established with a long history, distinguished from ancient times by its characteristics in human culture. With respect to its material culture, China’s “four inventions,” namely, gunpowder, printing, the compass and papermaking, have influenced the process of world history.

With respect to ethical culture, the ideas of “people come first” (for human dignity) and “harmony prevails over all”//“conciliation is invaluable” (for peace and development) have made great contributions to the world’s culture, dealing well with the fundamental relationships between individuals and society, man and nature, and morality and life.

 been easy. These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced, with plenty of money for a topflight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America---a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.

谋求再次当选理应轻而易举。这都是些跟随里根多年身经百战的政坛宿将，与共和党的渊源更为深远，他们比国内任何一个人都深谙总统政治。竞选的背景也十分有利，大有文章可做的好消息比比皆是：美国正值太平盛世，作为竞选关键因素的国内经济，在长期衰退后正强劲反弹。还有，竞选经费也十分充裕，足够雇用一流的竞选班子和支付全国巡回演说与电视宣传的一切费用。而更为重要的是，他们的候选人是里根，一位名声显赫而又长于交际的现任总统，自约翰·F·肯尼迪以来，还没有哪一位美国总统能像里根一样，为美国描绘出那样广阔的国家前景：美国将重振军事雄风，倡导个人首创精神以及精简联邦政府。

例2. (Kurt Frosheiser watched the invasion of Iraq on TV, looking, according to his sister, more serious than she had ever seen him. He had an option to get out of serving, but he left home on April 16th for basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky.) In June, the family drove down to see him on Family Day, and Chris(注：Frosheiser’s father) was stunned by the transformation: His son stood at perfect attention on Pershing Field for forty-five minutes in his dress uniform. It was the same in August, when they attended graduation: Private Frosheiser, marching, singing with his classmates, “Pick up your wounded, pick up your dead.” Chris found the words chilling, but the music, the sharpness of the formation, the bearing of his son, filled him with pride.     

六月，全家在“家庭节”那天驾车去看他，克莱司被他儿子的转变完全惊呆了：他儿子一身戎装，肃然而立，在操场上一站就是45分钟。而八月出席他儿子的毕业典礼时，情景依旧：列兵Frosheiser，正与同班同学列队行进，阔步高歌：(抬走伤员，搬开尸体)。尽管这歌词令克莱司不寒而栗，但那军乐，那整齐划一的方阵，以及他儿子的军人姿态，却让他自豪不已。

例3. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.

参考译文：科学真理中唯一不争的事实就是——至今我对此仍深信不疑——我们对大自然还极其无知。确实，我认为这是过去几百年来生物学的重大发现。倘若十八世纪启蒙大师中的佼佼者们被告知，当今世界人们依旧对自然界和未来所知甚少、充满困惑，他们一定会惊愕不已。但正是这种对无知猛然直面、深刻全面的认识，才是20世纪科学对人类知识的最大贡献。

例4. The most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business and of the world, who argue from what they see and know, instead of spinning cobwet distinctions of what things ought to be.Women have often more of what is called good sense than men. They have fewer pretensions; are less implicated in theories, and judge of objects more from their immediate and involuntary impression on the mind, and, therefore, more truly and naturally. They cannot reason wrong, for they do not reason at all. They do not think or speak by rule, and they have in general more eloquence and wit as well as sense, on that account. By their wit, sense, and eloquence together, they generally contrive to govern their husbands. Their style, when they write to their friends, is better than that of most authors. Uneducated people have most exuberance of invention.

商人和见过世面的人是我们在社会上见到的最通达事理的人。他们讨论问题时从自己的所见所闻出发，而不纠缠于事物的是非曲直。和男人相比，女人通常有更好的所谓直觉。她们很少自命不凡；她们也不大深究理论，她们判断事物更多地是从头脑中下意识的第一印象出发，因此她们的判断也就更真实和自然。她们不可能有推理错误，因为她们根本就不推理。她们思考或讲话时也不遵循什么规则；正因为如此，她们一般更善辩，更机智，直觉更好。集机智、善辩与出色的直觉于一身，她们通常都有办法支配自己的丈夫。在给朋友的书信中，她们的文笔会令大多数作家自愧不如。没读过多少书的人往往点子最多。

例1．Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower. You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird’s wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute. From most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.

凡眼见于俏脸、鲜花，无人不觉赏心悦目。然而，要参透数学、物理或棋弈之美，欣赏树之有形、鸟之翼趣，乃至对长笛奏出的悠悠颤音心领神会，则必经专门训练方可体味。在人类大部历史上，这种训练就是学会如何观察，历来由长者教之于幼者。

例2．（直到下半天，寻来寻去寻到山坳里），大家都说，糟了，怕是遭了狼了！

(1)When seeing this, everybody there realized that something bad must have happened----- he was killed by a wolf! 

例3. “…”, began Clyde, who did not quite like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to present himself as agreeable as possible.

……。尽管他不太喜欢眼前这个领班，但还是决定让自己尽量迎合一下对方。

这一译文才比较符合主人公的身份，虽然字面不及译(1)精准，却更合清理，这就是语境的制约作用。

例4. 孔子很早就说：“四十而不惑”。意思是到了四十，就是肥肉一块吊到你嘴边，你饥肠辘辘馋涎欲滴，也不应该伸脖子去贪嘴了。

Confucius said: “40 is the age when one can be safe from temptations.” According to him, when one is forty or over, he should be able to resist the temptation of a piece of juice meat dangling before him even if he is very hungry with his mouth watering. （居祖纯，2000：96）

例5. 我想，其实谁都有一个小小的花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也需要开发。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关心自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。

试译：In fact everybody, I think, has his own small garden, namely, the inner- world in our minds. A man’s intellect needs developing, so does his inner-world. The difference between a man and an animal, apart from many other cases known to all, probably lies in the fact that a man owns an inner-world. The heart is just a vital organ in a man’s body while his inner-world is a landscape developed gradually by the constant work of the outer-world on his mind. Everybody cares so much for his own heart health, as well as his loved ones’, that he will be all the day in a state of anxiety / worry a lot if there is a minor trouble in the heart. Nevertheless, not everyone cares about what happens/the condition in his or his loved ones’ inner-worlds.

例1．On one of those sober（严肃）and rather melancholy（忧郁）days, in the later part of Autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling（漫步）about Westminster Abbey. There was something congenial（适意的）to the season in the mournful（悲哀）magnificence of the old pile; and, as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of former ages.  （Washington Irving, Westminster Abbey）

时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影，几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁将云暮，终日昏暗，我就在这么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了几个钟头。古寺巍巍，森森然似有鬼气，和阴沉沉的季候正好调和；我跨进大门，觉得自己已经置身远古，相忘于古人的鬼影之中了。            —— “西敏大寺” ，夏济安译，1976，p. 54

例2. What brought me to the woods was the longing to be with words in an undistracted place. “Woods” and “words” were almost identical.

    我来到这片林地是出于一种渴望，渴望于树林中寻一清净之地潜心读书，“树”“书”相偕相成，乃天作之合。

例3．“各人自扫门前雪，休管他人瓦上霜”，是使世界达到和平的最佳途径。一家如此，则一家和乐。一国如此，则一国安全。全世界如此，则天下太平。

A. “Just sweep away the snow in front of your own house, and never mind the frost on other people’s roof”, as the Chinese proverb says, may be the best way to bring about a happy and peaceful world. So long as we limit our activity within our own sphere, strictly refraining from trespassing upon others’, we can surely win peace in the family, in the country as well as in the world.

B. In order to secure a happy and peaceful world, we must first of all, limit our activity within our own spheres, strictly refraining from trespassing upon others’. Suppose that this role is observed in all families, countries of the world, surely there will be no trouble in them all.

C. One of the best ways to make the world peaceful and happy is for every individual to keep within his own province, refraining from encroaching upon others’. If a family follows this way, that family will be free from worry; if a nation follows this way, that nation will be at ease; and if the entire world follows this way, it will find itself in perfect peace.       

（钱歌川，翻译的技巧：432，561）

例4．这里三千座奇峰拔地而起，形态各异，有的似玉柱神鞭，立地顶天；有的象铜墙铁壁，巍然屹立；有的如晃板垒卵，摇摇欲坠；有的若盆景古董，玲珑剔透……神奇而又真实，迷离而又实在，不是艺术创造胜似艺术创造，令人叹为观止。

3000 crags rise in various shapes—pillars, columns, walls, shaky egg stacks and potted landscapes… -— conjuring up unforgettably fantastic images.

例5. 今天，在这里展出的20多件作品,仅仅是表达作者闲暇时的点滴笔墨情怀，她以恬静而朴素的艺术语言,描述着一种寄情自然的生存状态。走进画廊：仿佛融入了故乡那如歌的童话里...... 那畅快淋漓的水墨画笔，书写着作者淳朴自然的甜美心境；那色彩斑斓的乡间小景，有儿时童趣的回忆和梦的追逐；那清韵滴翠的绿荫里，有少女春的耕耘和秋的期盼......, 观其笔墨：包含神韵和墨色的相融与松灵动变，使其作品有如“春草沾露”般的清新润泽；读其画面：不失传统而又奔放洒脱的艺术形式，有如“春树挂丹”般的风雅明丽......

试译：More than 20 of her paintings are exhibited here, all reflecting her painting emotion and style. Featured in simplicity and freshness, they are infused with her love for nature and homeland, her enthusiasm for life, her memory of her childhood, her dream when as a young girl, etc.. Her stokes are facile and graceful, bold yet tender, with a carefree style. The charm of nature and life finds vivid through her painting brushes.

试译2：Diligence, Devotion, Dedication (and) Enterprise.

例1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious(丑恶)----in this respect I’ve slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up---in other words, whichever is easiest.

 (2)孤独是一块极好的试金石，利于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。我的吃相实在不雅，这方面一下就倒退了几百年，实在是一点规矩也没有。只要觉得合适，我可用手抓着吃，直接拿着罐头吃，或是站着吃：反正怎么省事就怎么吃。

例2.What brought me to the woods was romanticism. I wanted to feel elemental sublimity, the full force of the stars and rain and wind.

 (2) 我来到这片林地是出于一种浪漫情结，想亲身感受天地之精华，体验星辰与风雨的自然真力。(生动、自然，语气到位)

例3．When I’m having trouble with a story and think about giving up or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mother did. What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead.

 (2) 每当我因文章难写想打退堂鼓，或是自叹命不如人、老天不公时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像母亲当年那样，一个字一个字吃力地打着。这时，我想起的不是母亲的失败，而是她的勇气，那种一往无前的勇气。

例4．It (Beauty) restores our faith in the generosity of nature. By giving us a taste of the kinship between our own small minds and the great Mind of the cosmos, beauty reassures us that we’re exactly and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe.

   C. 美恢复了人类对大自然慷慨富有的信念，唤起了渺小人类与浩瀚宇宙心灵间的亲缘感应。美使我们深信，如此妙绝天成的人类，原本就是为这煌煌星球、泱泱宇宙应运而生的。

        （适度引申，17届“韩素音翻译大赛”参考译文）

例5．Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.

 (2) 我们既已认真开始了探索，那么，就已窥见冰山一角，看到问题数量之庞大、答案寻求之遥远。假若你完全无知，这还不太难办，难就难在要具体了解无知的现状——哪些是最糟糕的，那些是夹在其中又不太糟糕的——而这一切，却没有通道尽头灯光的正确指引，甚至连可信赖的通道都没有。

例2. I am not bound to win, but I am bound to be true. I am not bound to succeed but I am bound to live up to what light I have. I must stand with anybody that stands right, stand with him while he is right and part with him when he goes wrong.    ——林肯竞选总统演讲辞

(1) 我不一定会胜利，但定会真诚行事。我不一定成功，但会保持一贯的信念。我会与任何正直持平的人并肩而立。他对的时候，我会给予支持；他错的时候，我肯定会离他而去。

                                      （官方译文）

(2) 我未必稳操胜算，却始终以诚处世。我未必马到功成，却不忘心中真理。我当与天下正直之士并肩而立，知其是而拥护之，知其非而离弃之。（董桥译）

例3．Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been sift out(筛落) the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.

 (2)书的实质在于世代永存，是迄今人类长期努力得来的最持久产品。庙宇会坍塌，雕像会腐蚀，但书籍却能永存。伟大的思想不会因岁月的流失而消泯，前人的思想历久长新，其所言所思至今仍跃然纸上、声声入耳。悠悠岁月只会去尽糟粕，真正的好书经得起历史的淘汰和荡涤。

例4. 人是很有趣的。往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点，这一点象是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷盘的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿筵席，缺点就找出来了。

 (2) Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dinning in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed.

例5. 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上，这里最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。

 (2) Known in ancient history of China as the “mother” of the nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese people. As called the “cradle” of the nation, it is also the region for Chinese civilization to start from. In ancient times, it was a vast land abundant with exuberant plants, where the Chinese ancestors worked and lived. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, it became the first settled agricultural region and the first class society developed in Chinese history, where the diligent and brave Chinese people gave a lot of breath-taking performances in history and created a variety of colorful arts and cultures. Today many cultural ashes and historic relics still remain in this region.

例2. 要提高全社会生态文明意识，动员全体人民更加积极投身于资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设。

We will enhance public awareness of the importance of a culture of conservation and encourage the entire nation to participate in building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.

例3. She had wanted to visit Europe and see cathedrals and parsonages. She had wanted to breathe the ripe air of history.

 (2) 她曾想去欧洲参观，亲眼看看那些大教堂和牧师住所，呼吸那承载着厚重历史的空气。

例5. Scientific and technological advance are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constitutions of matter, and the miracle of life.

(2) 科技进步使我们现在能探明宇宙的边陲、弄清物质的最基本成分，领悟生命的奇妙。

课堂练习

Classwork 1, 翻译划线部分:  (2006年八级考试汉译英试题)

    中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小，因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多，况中国古代素来以不滞于物、不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正平和、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

讨论稿2.  The Chinese nation has never believed in human supremacy. And the nation finds full expression in the philosophy, literature and art that human coexist with other species in nature with a proportionally proper rather than an absolutely dominant position. Therefore we generally suffer less depression than Westerners, as the degree of the suffering varies with that of our desire and ambition. People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, and hence less desire. Moreover, the main Chinese ancient philosophy of life is always to be free from  the encumbrance(阻碍) or enslavement of the outside world.

                                      (邵志洪译)  [行文用字较正式]

Class-work 2：

(1)英译汉（翻译划线部分）：

I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head. Now I am thirty-two….

    Life, I believe, asks a continuous series adjustments to reality. The more readily a person is able to make these adjustments, the more meaningful his own private world becomes. The adjustment is never easy. I was bewildered and afraid. But I was lucky. My parents and teachers saw something in me---a potential to live, you might call it---which I didn’t see, and they made me want to fight it out with blindness.

The hardest lesson I had to learn was to believe me in myself. That was basic. If I hadn’t been able to do that, I would have collapsed and become a chair rocker on the front porch for the rest of my life. When I say belief in my life I am not talking about simply the kind of self-confidence that helps me down an unfamiliar staircase alone. That is part of it. But I mean something bigger than that: an assurance that I am, despite imperfection, a real, positive person, that somewhere in the sweeping(包罗万象的), intricate(错综复杂的) pattern of people there is a special place where I can make myself fit.

译文2: 我认为，生活要求人们不断地自我调整以适应现实。人越能及时调整自我，其个人世界亦越有意义。调整决非易事。对此我曾茫然、害怕过，但又十分幸运。因为，对潜藏于心底的某种东西——或曰人的生活可塑性，在我尚未察觉时，父母和老师们就发现了它，并用它来激励我自发地与失明顽强抗争。

我务必学会相信自己，尽管最难学，却是我的基本课程。倘若连这点都做不到，恐怕我早就一败涂地，只能在门廊的摇椅上了此残生了。相信自己，并非仅指帮我走下不熟的楼道时那份小小的自信，那只是它一部分。我是指更大的自信：我虽身有残疾，却是一个堂堂正正、积极向上的人，坚信在这大千世界、芸芸众生之中，自有我安生立命的一席之地。      [语气与口吻！]

(2)汉译英（翻译划线部分）

    一年后他们就结婚了。有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我每天上班第一件事就是帮她擦桌子，然后为她泡上一杯她喜欢的绿茶。她的胃不好，我经常备些胃药放在她桌上。一开始她不知道，时间长了就知道了”。

忍不住叫人想起“浪漫”一词。写情书是一种浪漫，送99朵玫瑰是一种浪漫。我不知道，擦桌子泡茶送药是否也是一种浪漫。浪漫是没有定式的，或许那些实实在在的呵护和关爱才是真正的浪漫，它是生命之火所点燃的最绚烂的花朵。

His words remind me of the word “romantic”. Writing love letters is an outpouring of romantic feelings, so is offering a big bunch of 99 red roses. The expression of love follows no definite pattern. I wonder if wiping the desk and preparing tea and medicine for a person of one’s heart is not one of the ways. Maybe true love lies in giving heart-felt care and whole-hearted protection. That and that alone is the reddest rose nurtured by the spring of life. (居祖纯译)

Class work 3.(07年英语八级考试试题)汉译英[翻译划线部分]：

运动员比任何人更深刻地认识到时光易逝机会难得。他会珍惜并利用每一分钟、抓住任何一个机会。他付出许多，也得到许多，不仅为自己也为祖国赢得荣誉。

参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。它表现于弱者敢于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取得更好的成绩，胜而又胜，优而更优。这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进，他会尽其所能、永不松懈、永不罢休。有人说竞技者终究会是失败者，即使是最佳运动员也会被更强者淘汰。然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败结局所沮丧，仍然力争最佳发挥。实在到了自知技穷之时，他会愉快地退下来，让位给年轻的优胜者，并对自己在奥林匹克运动中争取更好成绩尽了一份力而心满意足，他会自豪地说，他的青春没有虚度。

    None other than an athlete feels so keenly about the rarity of opportunity and fleeting of time. He cherishes every minute, makes full use of it and tries to grasp any chance coming his way. He gets as much as he gives, winning honors not only for himself but also for his country.

    To participate and to win----this is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to defy the strong, and the strong striving for ever better performances. To be ever better---the ideal always lures a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up.

It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated---even the best is bound to be surpassed by some one still stronger. This is the rule of the sports. However, undaunted by the inevitable failure, he is always striving to do the best he can. When the time comes that he knows he can’t do more, he will step down happily to give place to the younger winner, and feel content with his bit (he’s) done for the “ever better” performance in the Olympic games. He will say proudly that he has never live(或pass) his youth in vain / idle his youth away.

Class work 4

1) Translate the underlined part of the following text into English:

 暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合在一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。

也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏

也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他们不知在何处歇息。只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的。如果走近了，你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及那丰富而单纯的表情。

 (1)参考答案：Just beside this splendid picture, a flock of sheep grazing with bent heads by the riverside. Hardly any of them cares look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight. Perhaps they are using the last moment for another chew before going home. This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River. The shepherd, who is nowhere to be seen, is having a rest in an unknown place, leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom. Here the water grass is so luxuriant and tender that the sheep have battened on them. If you approach them, you will see their snow-white teeth as well as their rich innocent expressions.

Class-work 4:

 1) 英译汉：

    Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of processing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that is marked aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy. But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The demand of the public holds the artist hostage to his or her own success, fame. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc, the audience may turn away and look to confer fleeting fickle(无常的) fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on.    

参考答案：凡成名者，大多有一技之长，或能歌，或善舞，或长于绘画，或精于写作(对偶！)，都因各自演艺中形成的强烈个性和鲜明风格而名声鹊起。然而，正是这得来的名望，使他们常年固守着自己的本色不敢越雷池半步(习语 )，因为这是公众的要求和喜爱。可随着时间的推移，歌星若年复一年唱着同样的歌，画家若一成不变画着同样的画，演员若一如既往重复着同一角色(平行结构)，恐怕连他自己都会厌烦。但为了保全已有的成就和名望，他只能一味顺从这种需要而沦为公众的人质。若要改换笔调，转变舞风，创新唱法(增译)，观众就会舍他而去，将那来去不定、乍起乍落的名望声誉随即送与他人，如此这般转来转去，无休无止。

2.汉译英：

    中华民族文化历史悠久，起源很早，内容极为丰富，是东方文明的主要组成部分，早在上古时期就已是人类文化的一个独立典型。在物质文化方面，中国的“四大发明”曾经改变世界历史的进程。在精神文明方面，“以人为本”的人格价值思想和“和为贵”的和平与发展的思想，对世界文化解决个人与社会、人与自然、道德与生命的根本关系作出了杰出的贡献。

As an important component of Oriental civilization, the Chinese culture is rich and well-established with a long history, distinguished from ancient times by its characteristics in human culture. With respect to its material culture, China’s “four inventions,” namely, gunpowder, printing, the compass and papermaking, have influenced the process of world history.

With respect to ethical culture, the ideas of “people come first” (for human dignity) and “harmony prevails over all”//“conciliation is invaluable” (for peace and development) have made great contributions to the world’s culture, dealing well with the fundamental relationships between individuals and society, man and nature, and morality and life.