重庆面馆小菜单图片:英语语言学笔记(3)
英语语言学笔记(3)
2007-6-28 05:47 清华大学外语系 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】三、 MORPHOLOGY 形态学 请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进行学习。
语素:语言最小的意义单位
语素的类型
复合词的类型
复合词的特征
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.
形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则, 有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。
Morpheme:the smallest meaningful unit of language.
语素:语言最小的意义单位。
Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent)
自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。
Bound Morpheme: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.
粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词
Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) root (2)Affix(词缀)
1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes):
affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional
2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix
An adjective suffix(形容词后缀) that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective.
free=free root(自由词根)
Morpheme(词素)
Bound root prefix
bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and stem(词根和词干)
1) Root 2) Stem
The differences between root and stem:
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.
Individualistic Undesirables
Individualist (stem) undesirable (stem)
Individual (stem) desirable (stem)
dividual (stem) desire (root, stem)
divide(root, stem)
Affixation词缀法(Derivation派生法):adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.
Prefixation前缀@:It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1)'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.
2)''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.
3)'表示贬义'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.
4)'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.
5)'表示方向、态度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.
6)locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.
7)'表示时间、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.
8)'表示数量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.
9)'混杂'miscellaneous prefixes:auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-
Suffixation后缀@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes
Compounding复合法 (also called composition)
Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems
Formation of compounds
Noun + noun(名词+名词) —— handbook, sunshine
Adjective + noun(形容词+名词)——highway, deadline
Adjective + noun + -ed(形容词+名词+ed)——white-haired, red-eyed
Verb + noun(动词+名词)——driveway, breakwater(挡水板)
Adverb + noun(副词+名词)——downtown, overburden
Noun + verb(名词+动词)——toothpick, snowfall
Verb + adverb(动词+副词)——follow-up, kick-off
Noun + adjective(名词+形容词)——world-famous, lifelong
-ing form + noun(ing+名词)——baking power, dining-room
other forms(其他)——go-between, father-in-law
Features of compounds复合词的特征
1.Orthographically书写特征
(Compounds are written in three ways: solid(airmail) hyphenated(air-conditioning) open(air force, air raid)
2.Syntactically句法特征(复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性)
3.Semantically语义特征(复合词的意义具有习语性质,许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和)
4.Phonetically语音特征(复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上)