:初中英语疑难例析300例 (162---178)
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初中英语疑难例析300例 (162---178)
日积月累
162.涉及主语一致的倒装
例 In the letter ____ these words,“I love you”.
A.was B.were C.saw D.found
此题应选B。选项A,C,D 都有可能被误选。
对于此题,考生首先要弄清它是一个倒装句,其正常词序为:
These words“I love you”were in the letter.
为了结构紧凑和平衡,才使用此倒装句式。又如:
轮船上有2000 余人。
正:On the ship were more than 2000 people.
正:More than 2000 people were on the ship.
值得注意的是,以上这类倒装句,还涉及主谓一致问题:
墙后是一些高树。
正:Behind the wall are some tall trees.
误:Behind the wall is some tall trees.
老师四周围着一些年轻的学生。
正:Around the teacher were some young students.
误:Around the teacher was some young students.
这两座山之间有一个小村庄。
正:Between the two hills was a small village.
误:Between the two hills were a small village.
这类句子,有的考生之所出错,是因为他们把句首的介词短语看作主语,从而把谓语与介词短语中的名词保持一致。关于这个问题,有个比较简单的方法可以判定:即在英语中介词短语通常不能作主语,假若一个句子的主语位置是一个介词短语,考生应考虑是否是一个倒装句。
163.你能理解这个if not,not 吗
例 If the weather is fine,we will go.If ____ , ____ .
A.not,not B.no,no
C.not,no D.no,not
此题应选A。这是一个省略句,若补充完整应该是:
If the weather is fine,we will go.If the weather is NOT fine,we will NOT go.
如果天气好,我们就去,若天气不好,我们就不去。
该句的特点是:后句与前句的用词和句式完全相同,只是前句为肯定,后句为否定,为了简洁起见,将后句与前句相同部分省略,只保留否定词not。类似的例子(只保留否定词not)如:
1.—Can you repair it yourself?你自己会修吗?
—I am afraid not.恐怕不行。
(=I am afraid I can't repair it myself.)
2.—Did you know anything about it?这事你以前知道吗?
—Not until you told me.你告诉我才知道。
(=I didn't know anything about it until you told me.)
3.—Will it rain today?今天会下雨吗?
—I hope not.希望不会。
(=I hope it will not rain today.) 164.由连词if 构成的省略 例 The book is well written and well printed.There are few, if ____ ,mistakes in it. A.any B.some C.other D.another 此题应选A。这是一个省略句,句中的if any=if there are any(如果有任何错误的话)。 下面是一些由连词if 构成的省略实例: 1.There is very little water,if any.即使有水也不多了。 (if any=if there is any water) 2.Fill in the blanks with a,an,the,if necessary.在必要的地方填上a,an,the。 (if necessary=if it is necessary) 3.Are you busy this afternoon?If not,I wish you would go with me. 你今天下午忙吗?要是不忙,我想请你同我一起去。 (if not=if you are not busy) 4.If possible,I should like to have two copies of it. 可能的话我希望有两本。(if possible=if it is possible) 5.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful. 要是管理不善,灌溉还可能会有害。(if not well managed=if it's not well managed) 6.If convenient to you I will come to see you this evening. 要是你方便的话,我今晚来看你。(if convenient to you=if it is convenient to you) 165.如何理解这个if not better than 例 Jim plays football as well as,if ____ than,Mike. A.no better B.not better C.no good D.not good 此题应选B。容易误选A。这是一个省略句,其中的if not better than =if he doesn't play football better than。全句意为:吉姆踢足球如果不是比迈克踢得更好,至少也是一样好。 请做以下类似试题: 1.Her pronunciation is as good as,if ____ than,her teacher's. A.no better B.not better C.no good D.not good 2.This bridge is as strong as,if ____ than,that one. A.no stronger B.not stronger C.no strong D.not strong 3.In that business,he earned as much as,if ____ than, $4.0000. A.no more B. not more C.no much D.not much 4.He has been to Guilin as many as,if ____ than,ten times. A.no more B. not more C.no much D. not much 答案:1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 166.如何理解这个the poor... poorer 例 In some western countnes,the rich are becoming richer,and ____ . A.the poor the poor B.poor poor C.the poor poorer D.poorer the poor 此题应选C。这是一个省略句,若补充完整应为:In some western countries,the rich are becoming richer,and the poor are becoming poorer.在有些西方国家,富人变得更富,而穷人则变得更穷。 前后两句谓语相同,后句承前省略。类似的有: 1.I am a teacher and my sister a nurse. 我是老师,我姐姐是护士。 (my sister a nurse=my sister is a nurse) 2.John won the first race and Mick the second. 约翰赢了第一场比赛,米克赢了第二场比赛。 (and Mick the second=and Mick won the second race) 3.In the accident the son was wounded,but the mother killed.在事故中,儿子受伤,母亲丧命。 (but the mother killed=but the mother was killed) 有时若后句的主语和宾语等与前句相同,则可一起省去: 4.He did it and quite successfully too at the beginning. 他这样做了,而且一开始就很成功。 (=He did it and he did it quite successfully too at the beginning.) 167.由某些状语从句引出的省略
例 He is a man of few words.He never speaks unless ____ .
A.speaking B.spoken
C.speaking to D.spoken to
此题应选D。这是省略句,补完整为:
He is a man of few words.He never speaks unless he is spoken to.
他是一个沉默寡言的人,除非别人同他说话,否则他从不说话。
在英语中,一些表示时间、地点、条件、方式、让步等的从句,若其主语与主句主语一致,且从句谓语包含动词be,那么可将从句的主语和动词be 省略:
You must study hard while(you are)young,or you will regret when
(you are)old.
趁年轻时要努力学习,不然到老了你会后悔的。
I won't go unless(I am) invited.我不会去,除非请我。
He worked very hard though(he was)still rather poor in health.
尽管身体还不好,但他仍努力工作。
He will work hard wherever(he is)sent by the Party.
无论党把他派往哪里,他都会努力工作。
While(I was)waiting I was reading some old magazines.
等的时候我在看一些旧杂志。
If(it is)carefully done,the experiment will be successful.
如果做得仔细,这个实验会成功。
Look out for cars when(you are)crossing the streets.
过马路时要注意汽车。
168.这个to 能省略吗
例 —Would you like to see the film with me?
—Yes,I'd very much like ____ .
A.to B.to see C.× D.see
此题应选A。该句为省略句,补完整为:
I'd very much like to see the film with you.我很想同你去看电影。
有时为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词,可以用不定式符号(to)来代替不定式结构,但在许多情况下这个不定式符号(to)不能省略:
I don't dance much now,but I used to.
我现在不常跳舞,但我过去常常跳。
He hasn't done the washing,but he's going to.
他还没有洗衣服,但他就要去洗了。
Why didn't you come last night? You were told to.
你昨晚为什么不来,告诉过你要来的吧。
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to.
这个男孩想要到街上去骑自行车,但他母亲叫他不要去。
A:Is he going to learn to drive?他打算学开车吗?
B:He'd be silly not to,wouldn't he?
他要是不学开车,那他就有点傻,是不是?
I think he should get a job,but you can't force him to.
我想他应该找个工作,但你不能逼他找。
不过有时也可将代替不定式的不定式符号(to)省略:
—Ought he to start now?他现在必须出发吗?
—Yes,he ought( to).是的,他必须出发。
169.是反意问句还是省略句
例 Many people have become rich by working hard, ____ you?
A.are B.have C.aren't D.haven't
此题应选B。容易误选C,D,误认为这是反意疑问句。其实这是一个省略句,补全为:
Many people have become rich by working hard;have you become rich by working hard too?
许多人通过勤劳致了富,你也通过勤劳致富了吗?
又如:
Many young people like the book.Do you?
许多年轻人喜欢这本书,你喜欢吗?
He will leave for Japan next week.Will you?
他下星期要去日本,你去吗?
We all want to attend the meeting;do you?
我们都想参加这次会议,你想参加吗?
以下各句情况也有些类似:
1.—I met Mr Smith last Sunday?
上个星期天我遇到史密斯先生了。
—Oh,did you?哦,是吗?
2.—He has come back already?他已经回来了?
—Oh,has he?哦,是吗?
3.—Soon he will marry jane.他不久将同简结婚。
—Oh,will he?哦,是吗?
170.这是强调句吗
例 It's about half a century ____ _the People's Republic of China was liberated.
A.when B.that C.since D.after
此题应选C。容易误选B。有的考生一见到句首的It's,再一看选项中的that,就马上联想到It is?that 这样的强调句型,并认为被强调的成分是时间状语about half a century,从而毫不犹豫地选了B(that)。
考生可以这样来分析:假若这是强调句,那么此句还原为非强调句就应该是:
The People's Republic of china was liberated over half a century.很显然,此句中的over half a century 是一段时间,然而它修饰的谓语动词(was)liberated 却是一个终止性动词,按此意思则是说:“解放中华人民共和国”这一动作一直持续了近半个世纪,这显然是荒唐的。
此题应选C,这里用的是It is +一段时间 +since 这一句型。该题句意为“自中华人民共和国解放以来,时间已过去近半个世纪”。此句的主句谓语也可以用现在完成时态(has been),但在口语中一般多用一般现在时代替。类似的例子有:
It's about ten years since he left here.他离开这儿已有10年了。
It's three years since I last saw him.我已有3 年没有见到他了。
It has been a long time since I studied English.我很久没有学英语了。
171.because of 之后不能接从句吗
例 The man was punished ____ what he had done.
A.as B.since C.because D.because of
此题应选D。容易误选C,因为按习惯思维:because 之后接从句,而because of 之后接名词或代词。其实,because 作为从属连词,用以引导原因状语从句,其后应是一个不含有引导词的句子,而不能是what 引导的从句。另一方面,本题中的what he had done=the thing(s)that he had done。也就是说,这个what从句从本质上看它相当于一个名词,所以要选because of。
请看以下类似的例子:
She cried because of what you said.她哭是因为你说的话。
He left angrily because of what you said at the meeting.
他生气地离去,是因为你在会上说的话。
He was sentenced to death because of what he had stolen from the bank.
他被判处死刑,是因为他从银行所偷的东西。
注意:若用because,则其后的从句不应有引导词:
Mr Smith couldn't come because he was ill.史密斯先生因病不能来。
(比较:He couldn't come because of his illness.)
The sports meet was put off because the weather was bad.
运动会因天气不好而推迟。
(比较:The sports meet was put off because of the bad weather.)
例 If a book is in English, ____ may mean slow progress for you.
A.that B.which C.as D.and it
此题应选A。容易误选B。许多考生一看到空格前的逗号,就想当然地认为这是非限制性定语从句,从而误选了B。
考生可以想一想,假若此题选B(which),which 用以引导一个非限制性定语从句,而其前又是一个以if 引导的条件状语从句,那么请问:此句的主句在哪里?
通过以上分析我们可以知道,既然本句前面有一个条件状语从句,那么后面一句就应该是主句。本题选that,即为主句主语,全句意为:
如果一本书是用英语写的,那就意味着你要读得慢些。
注意:当从句位于主句之前时,千万不要在主句前误加并列连词或误认为是某种从句。
请做以下单选题:
1.When he was tired, ____ he had a rest.
A.and B.but C.so D.×
2.Because he got up too late, ____ he missed the train.
A.so B.but C.and D.×
3.Though he is poor, ____ he is happy.
A.and B.so C.but D.×
4.As is known to us all, ____ China was liberated in 1949.
A.and B.but C.which D.×
答案:1.D 2.D 3.D 4.D
173.这个情态动词后要接动词原形吗
例 He tried his best and did what he could ____ us.
A.help B.to help C.helping D.helped
此题应选B。容易误选A。简单地认为:在情态动词后永远要用动词原形。
其实这是一个省略句,若把句子补完整应为:
He tried his best and did what he could do to help us.
他竭尽全力,做了他所能做的一切来帮助我们。
从上句可以看出:句中的不定式(to help us)是用作目的状语的,而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。
请比较以下几句:
1.He ran as fast as he could ____ the early bus.
A.to catch B.catch
C.catching D.caught
2.He ran as fast as he could ____ to catch the early bus.
A.to hope B.hope
C.hoping D.hoped
3.He spent every minute he could ___spoken English.
A.practise B.to practise
C.practising D.practised
第1 题应选A。其中的不定式短语to catch the early bus 用作目的状语。
第2 题应选C。其中的现在分词短语hoping to catch the early bus用作伴随状语。
第3 题应选C。其中的动名词短语practising spoken English 与spent 有关(spend[in]doing sth)。
174.这个介词后的动词要用-ing 形式吗
例 The only way that he thought of ____ enough money was to sell
his car.
A.get B.getting C.to get D.got
此题应选C。容易误选B。误认为选getting 用作介词of 的宾语。
假若选B,那么that he thought of getting enough money 显然是一个修饰the only way 的定语从句,由于该定语从句前使用了关系代词(that),按照定语从句的规则,关系代词that 一定要在定语从句用作主语或宾语。但是事实上,这个定语从句并不缺少主语(因为已有主语he),也不缺宾语(因为已有宾语getting enough money),可见句子矛盾。
此题应选C。句子分析:that he thought of 是修饰the only way的定语从句,而其后的不定式短语to get enough money 也是修饰the only way 的定语。全句意为:他所想到的能弄到足够钱的唯一办法是把他的汽车卖掉。
以下各题均不能按常规思维理解,请你做一做:
1.Every minute should be made full use of ____ our lessons.
A.to study B.study C.studying D.studied
2.I don't know whether the letter we are looking forward to
____ .
A.came B.has come C.come D.coming
3.It's the very work that I must finish ____ her.
A.to help B.help C.helping D.helped
答案:1.A 2.B 3.A
175.这两个all all 能连用吗
例 He told us ____ he had seen in the accident.
A.all all B.both both
C.that that D.which which
此题应选A。容易误选C。误认为第一个that 用作宾语从句的引导词,第二个that 在宾语从句中用作seen 的宾语。
大家知道:引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等)的that 在句中是不能充当任何句子成分的。所以若选C,将第二个that 看作是宾语从句中谓语动词seen 的宾语,这是不成立的。
正确的分析是:此题应选A,第一个all 用作us 的同位语,第二个all 用作动词told 的直接宾语,其后的that h e had seen in the accident 是用以修饰第二个all 的定语从句,全句意为:他告诉我们所有的人他在事故所看到的所有情况。有时命题者故意将几个比较特殊的句子结构,通过某种特殊手段混在一起,主要考察考生对句子结构的综合理解能力。请做以下试题(注意分析句子结构):
1.Would you tell me what subject you were good ____ school?
A.at at B.in in C.for for D.with with
2.The books we ____ nothing to do with this subject.
A.have have B.do do C.read read D.need need
3.Whoever has a strong ____ not leave his work halfway done.
A.shall shall B.will will C . can can D.may may
答案:1.A 2.A 3.B
176.这里要填形式主语it 吗
例 ____ is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.
A.He B.She C.It D.What
此题应选D。容易误选C,误认为这里要填形式主语(it)。
其实本题要选D(what),句首的What is hard 是主语从句,全句意为:难的是一辈子做好事,而不做坏事。
试比较(和本题比较:It is hard 后没有is):
It's hard to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.
要一辈子做好事不做坏事是困难的。
请做以下类似试题:
1.a. ____ is difficult to persuade her.
b. ____ is difficult is to persuade her.
A.It,It B.What,What
C.It,What D.What,It
2.a. ____ is useful to drink more milk.
b. ____ is useful is to drink more milk.
A.It,It B.What,What
C.It,What D.What,It
3.a. ____ is interesting to watch children play games.
b. ____ is interesting is to watch children play games.
A.It,It B.What,What
C.It, What D.What,It
4.a. ____ is dangerous to play with fire.
b. ____ is dangerous is to play with fire.
A.It,It B.What,What
C.It,What D.What,It
答案:1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C
177.这个问题你会回答吗
例 —What made you so worried?
— ____ .
A.Because I lost my wallet B.As I lost my wallet
C.Losing my wallet D.Lost my wallet
此题应选C。容易误选A。
分析:由于问句中的疑问词what 在句中用作主语,所以其相应的答语也应是能用作主语的成分。答案A,B 错误,因为它们是原因状语;答案D 错误,因为过去分词不用作主语。选项C 正确,因为动名词可用作主语。答句其实是一个省略句,补完整为:Losing my wallet made me so worried.
在回答特殊疑问句时,要特别注意其疑问词的含义以及它在句中的句法功能;反过来,要是根据答语选择疑问词,也要注意其对应关系:
1.— ____ does he come to see you?—Once a week.
A.How long B.How often
C.How soon D.How much
2.—How long has he lived here?
— ____ he was a child.
A.After B.Before C.Since D.When
3.— ____ is the capital of China?—Beijing is.
A.Where B.What C.Which D.How
答案:1.B 2.C 3.B
178.是such as 还是such that
例 He's such a good teacher ____ we all love and respect.
A.that B.as C.who D.so
此题应选B。容易误选A。主是是受句子意思的影响以及受such…that 这一固定句式的影响。假若选A,构成的是such?that 句式,that 引导的是结果状语从句,且按照语法规定,该结构中的that 不充当句子成分,所以从句中的谓语动词love and respect 缺宾语,因此选A 不成立。
正确分析:此题选B,构成such?as 结构(意为“像这样的”),as 用以引导定语从句(as 为关系代词),且as 在定语从句中充当成分(宾语)。比较:
a.He's such a good teacher that we all love and respect him.
他是那样一位好老师,我们大家都热爱和尊敬他。
b.He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.
他是一位我们大家都热爱和尊敬的好老师。
比较并选择:
1.a.It is such an interesting book ____ we all want to read twice.
b.It is such an interesting book ____ we all want to read it twice.
A.as,as B.that,that
C.as,that D.that,as
2.I have never heard such stories ____ he tells.
A.as B.that
C.which D.what
答案:1.C 2.A