黑暗之魂3尤利娅姐妹:高中英语词语辨析(四)

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no longer, not ... any longer 与 no more, not ... any more

 

1 用作副词表示时间上的“不再”,可用no longer, not…any longer, not…any more:

He knows that he is no longer young. 他知道自己不再年轻。

We don’t live here any more [longer]. / We no longer live here. 我们不住在这里了。

no longer 通常位于句中的实意动词之前,动词be、助动词和情态动词之后,有时也可位于句末或句首(用于句首时,其后用倒装语序):

He no longer loves her. / He loves her no longer. / No longer does he love her. 他再也不爱她了。

【注】原来no more 也可表示时间上的“不再”(但要与非延续性动词连用,且位于句末),但在现代英语中,no more 一般不这样用。

 

2 以下各例中的more 和longer 分别为much 和long的比较级,此时两者不可混淆:

There is no more bread. 没有面包了。

The boy doesn’t want any more. 这孩子不想再要了。

This rope is no longer than that one. 这根绳子与那根绳子一样不长。

 

wait for与expect

 

两者均含有“等”之意,但是有区别:wait for (等候)通常指在一个地方呆着,不采取任何行动,一直等到某事发生,它主要强调时间的流逝且含有耽误之意,有时暗示某人来得太晚或某事发生得太迟等;而 expect(期待,预料)则指某事(可指好或不好的事)很可能会发生或到来,不强调时间的迟早,只说明一种心情。比较:

他在校门口等他母亲。

误:He was expecting his mother at the school gate.

正:He was waiting for his mother at the school gate.

我们在等乔治的来信。

误:We are waiting for a letter from George.

正:We are expecting [looking forward to] a letter from Goerge.

那么我 10 点整等你。

误:Then I’ll wait for you at exactly ten o’clock.

正:Then I’ll expect you at exactly ten o’clock.

 

besides, except, but

 

1. 基本区别

三者均可表示“除了”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有…”;而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有…”:

Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他。

You can park anywhere except [but] here. 只有这里不能停车。

但是,在否定句中,besides 也表示“除…外不再有… ”,与but, except 同义:

No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。

 

2. 关于 but except

两者都可表示“除…外不再有…”,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分:

All are here but one. 除一个人外大家都到了。

All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。

另外,在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:

① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等

② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等

③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等

④ all, none 等

⑤ who, what, where 等

Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。

I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。

No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。

但是 except 却没有以上限制:

正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。

误:The window is never opened but in summer.

 

3. 关于 except except for

except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意:

All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。

His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。

若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首,另外but也不能用于句首):

Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。

 

among 与 between

 

一般说来,among 用于三者或三者以上的“在…中间”,f其宾语通常是一个表示笼统数量或具有复数(或集合)意义的名词或代词;而between 主要指两者之间,其宾语往往是表示两者的名词或代词,或者是由 and 连接的两个人或物:

They hid themselves among the trees. 他们躲在树林中。

There was a fight between the two boys. 这两个孩子打过一次架。

I’m usually free between Tuesday and Thursday. 我通常在星期二与星期四之间有空。

【注】在下列情况,between 可用于三者:

1 当两个以上的人或物用 and 连接时:

between A, B and C 在 A、B、C 之间

2 涉及事物之间或各国之间的关系时:

the difference between the three of them 他们三者之间

the relations between various countries 各国之间的关系

3 表示“由于…合作的结果”时:

Between them they landed the fish. 他们协力把鱼拖上了岸。

4 在 divide, share 等表示“分享”之类的动词之后,若接一个表示三者或三者以上的复数名词时,用 among 和 between 均可:

He divided his money among [between] his five sons. 他把钱分给了5个儿子。

 

across, along, through

 

1 along 表示“沿着”,通常用于狭长的东西:

I saw him running along the road. 我看见他沿着这条路跑。

We walked along the river. 我们沿河散步。

 

2 across 和 through 都可表示“横过”或“穿过”,前者主要表示从某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;而后者则表示从某个空间“穿过”,涉及“体”的概念。如:

He walked across the road carefully. 他小心地走过马路。

He walked through the forest alone. 他独自一人走过森林。

有时 across 表示“横过”也可在“体”内进行,但此时它仍与through 有差别:前者表示从某个“体”的一端到另一端,而后者表示穿过两端。如:

He walked across the hall. 他从大厅的一端走到另一端。

He walked through the hall. 他穿过大厅。

 

about与on

 

两者都可表示“关于”,区别是:about 指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事,其谈论的内容也较为普通;而 on 则指比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事,其论述的内容较正式或较严肃。比较:

He wrote on mathematics. 他撰写数学著作。

He wrote about the school. 他报道有关这所学校的情况。

It is a book on birds. 那是一本论及鸟类的书。(可能是一本学术著作)

It is a book about birds. 那是一本关于鸟类的书。(可能是一本供小孩看的故事书)

 

very, much 与 very much

 

1. very 的用法

very主要修饰形容词或副词:

The dictionary is very useful. 这本词典很有用。

He drove very fast. 他的车开得很快。

注:修饰副词 too(太),要用 much。如:

It is much too expensive. 这太贵了。

 

2. much 的用法

much主要修饰动词,而且除非其前有very, too, so 等修饰语,它只用于否定句和疑问句:

She doesn't like him much. 她不太喜欢他。

Does she much like him? / Does she like him much? 她很喜欢他吗?

She likes him very much. 他很喜欢他。

注意:

1不带修饰语的much有时也可能在肯定句修饰动词,但这只限于 regret, admire, prefer, appreciate 等少数动词,且此时的 much 应置于句中,而不是句末:

We much appreciate your invitation. 我们非常感激你的邀请。

2 much 除修饰动词外,还可修饰比较级和最高级以及介词短语等:

He is much better today. 他今天好多了。

This is much the most difficult. 这是最最困难的。

Much to my surprise, he was a thief. 使我大为吃惊的是,他是个贼。

注:very 有时也可修饰最高级 (注意在句中的位置)。如:

This is the very lowest price. 这是最低最低的价格。

3 修饰过去分词,通常用 much,不用 very。但修饰已经转化成形容词的过去分词,或形容词性质较强的过去分词 (如过去分词作定语时),则可用 very。如:

I was much surprised at the news. 听到这个消息我非常吃惊。

Her face wore a very surprised expression_r. 她脸上露出很吃惊的表情。

 

3. very much 的用法

very much是 much 的强调说法,从理论上说,可用 much 的地方,原则上也可 very much。

 

cost, spend, take

 

三者均可表示“花费”,区别如下:

1. 从所用主语来看

cost 的主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语 it),不能是人;spend 的主语只能是人,不能是事或物;take 的主语可以是事或物(包括形式主语 it)也可以是人。如:

The computer cost (me) $2 000. 这部电脑花了(我) 2 000 美元。

It costs (me) $1 000 a year to run a car. 使用一辆车每年要花(我)1 000美元。

I have spent all day looking for you. 我花了 1 整天找你。

It took me an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了 1 个小时。

The letter took me an hour (to write). (译文同上)

I took an hour to write the letter. (译文同上)

注:若 cost 不是表示“花费”,而是表示客观上地或被动地“耗费”,则也可用人作主语。如:

Smokers cost the government a lot of money every year. 抽烟的人每年要耗费政府不少钱。

 

2. 从所接宾语来看

cost 的宾语通常是钱,take 的宾语通常是时间,而 spend 的宾语则可以是时间或钱。如:

How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花了多少钱?

It took her two hours to walk to the station. 走路去车站花了她两小时。

He spends much time (money) on books. 他花了很多时间读(钱买)书。

注:cost 有时也用于时间,但通常只用于笼统时间(一般不用于具体明确的时间)。如:

Making experiments like this costs much time and labour. 做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。

按传统语法,take 的宾语通常是时间,但在现代英语中,用钱作其宾语的现象已很普遍。如:

It takes a lot of money to buy a house. 买一座房子要花一大笔钱。

 

3. 从句型结构来看

1 三者的通常句型为:

sth costs (sb) money 某物花某人多少钱

it costs (sb) money to do sth 做某事花某人多少钱

sb spends time (money) on sth 某人在某一方面花多少钱

sb spends time (money) in [on] doing sth 某人在做某事方面花多少钱

it takes sb time (money) to do sth = it takes time (money) for sb to do sth 做某事花某人多少时间或钱

sth takes sb time (money) to do 某事花某人多少时间或钱去做

sb takes time (moeny) to do 某人花多少时间或钱去做某事

2 用于以上意义时,cost 不能用于被动语态,take 通常不用于被动语态,而 spend 则可以用于被动语态。如:

误:Thirty dollars was cost by the coat.

误:Two hours was taken to do the work.

正:Two hours was spent on the work. 做这工作花了两个小时。

 

4. 在比喻用法中

1 cost 指付出代价(劳力、麻烦、精力、生命等)。如:

Careless driving will cost you your life. 粗心开车会要你的命。

Just ring him up. It’ll cost you nothing. 给他打个电话,这不费什么事。

2 spend 表示“消耗”、“用完”。如:

I’ll spend no more breath on him. 我不会再和他费唇舌。

He spent great efforts to help me. 他费了很大的劲儿来帮我。

3 take 表示需要人力(精力、劳力等)。如:

It takes patience. 做这工作需要耐心。

It takes two to make a quarrel. 一个巴掌拍不响。

It took three men to lift the box. 抬这个箱子要 3 个人

 

clothes, clothing, dress

 

1. clothes 和 clothing 都可用作“衣服”的统称,但在用法上有差别:

(1) clothes 是一个没有单数形式的复数名词, 其前不可加不定冠词,也不可加数词,但可用 some, these, those, many, few 等词修饰。如:

正:those clothes / few clothes / many clothes

误:a clothes / two clothes / three clothes

(2) clothing 是不可数名词。如:

They wear very little clothing. 他们衣服穿得很少。

(3) 比较而言:clothes 的含义比较具体,而 clothing 的含义则比较抽象。从语体上看,clothing 比 clothes 更正式。比较:

I changed my clothes. 我换了衣服。

He is washing his clothes. 他在洗衣服。

Our clothing protects us against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。

We are well provided with food and clothing. 我们吃得好,穿得好。

若不考虑其细微区别,两者常可换用(注:一个是复数,一个不可数)。如:

He spent a lot of money on clothes [clothing]. 他花了许多钱买衣服。

(4) 要表示衣服的数量,可用类似以下的表达:

误:a suit of clothing     正:a suit of clothes 一套衣服

误:an ariticle of clothes   正:an article of clothing 一件衣服

2. dress 表示“衣服”,有两种用法:

(1) 用作可数名词,主要指妇女穿的连衣裙或上下连身的女装,也可指小孩穿的衣服,但不指男人穿的衣服。如:

She makes all her own dresses. 她的连衣裙都是自己做的。

She was wearing a beautiful dress. 她当时穿着一身漂亮的衣服。

(2) 用作不可数名词,表示“衣服”的总称(不论男女)。如:

He doesn’t care much about dress. 他不太注意衣着。

注:在现代英语中,dress 用作不可数名词的用法已不常见。它主要用来指某些特殊种类的衣服(如礼服等)。如:

evening dress 晚礼服    full dress 大礼服

national dress 民族服装   fancy dress 化装服装

 

beat与defeat

 

1. 两者用作动词都可表示“打败”、“战胜”、“击败”等,常可互换,只是 defeat 比 beat 更正式,其后的宾语通常是比赛或战斗的对手。如:

They beat [defeated] the enemy. 他们打败了敌人。

He beat [defeated] me at swimming. 他游泳胜过了我。

We beat [defeated] their team by ten points. 我们以10分的优势胜了他们队。

比较:win 表示“赢”,与“打败”同义,但其后所接宾语不同。win 通常接表示比赛或战斗方面的名词作宾语。如:

正:He beat [defeated] me at chess. 他下棋赢了我。

正:He won the game (the race). 他赢了比赛。

误:He won me at chess. / He beat [defeated] the game.

2. 两者也可用作名词,但含义不同:

(1) 名词 beat 通常表示“打击(声)”。如:

We heard the beat of a drum. 我们听到了打鼓的声音。

Can you hear the beat of my heart? 你能听到我心脏跳动的声音吗?

(2) 名词 defeat 通常表示“失败”、“战胜”等( 视含义的具体与抽象,可用作可数或不可数名词)。如:

Our basketball team suffered another defeat. 我们的篮球队再次败北。

What he said meant admitting defeat. 他说的话就意味着承认失败。

 

alive, living, live

 

三者均可表示“活着的”,区别如下:

1. alive 主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语,但不用作前置定语),可用于人或动物。如:

He must be still alive. 他一定还活着。

He’s the happiest man alive. 他世上最幸福的人。

注:若 alive 本身有修饰语,则也可用作前置定语。如:

He is a really alive student. 他的确是一个十分活跃的学生。

2. living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如:

Are your grandparents still living? 你的祖父母还健在吗?

Both plants and animals are living things. 动物和植物都是生物。

alive 和 living 表示“活着的”,两者含义很接近,只要句法适合,有时可互换。如:

谁是当代最伟大的诗人?

正:Who is the greatest living poet?

正:Who is the greatest poet alive?

若需严格区分,两者仍有差别:living 通常是客观描述某人“尚在人间”或“健在”,而 alive 则主要指生与死的“界限”。如:

He was still alive when I reached the hospital. 当我赶到医院时他还活着。

3. live 通常只用作定语(前置),可用于动物或植物,但一般不用于人。如:

He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。

Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着。

 

because与 because of

 

1. because 是连词,其后接句子;because of 是复合介词,其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。如:

I didn’t buy it because it was too expensive. 我没有买是因为它太贵了。

He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。

He lost his job because of his age. 由于年龄关系他失去了工作。

We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿,我们对此只字未提。

He knew she was crying because of what he had said. 他知道她哭是因为他说的话。

注:because of 之后可接 what 从句,但不能接 that 从句或没有引导词的句子。如:

他因病未来。

误:He didn’t come because of he was ill.

误:He didn’t come because of that he was ill.

正:He didn’t come because he was ill.

正:He didn’t come because of his illness.

比较以下同义句:

他离开了这家公司,是因为老板在会上讲的话。

正:He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting.

正:He left the company because of the thing that the boss said at the meeting.

我不能因为有个家就停止斗争。

正:I can’t stop fighting because I have a family.

正:I can’t stop fighting because of having a family.

2. because 所引导的从句除用作原因状语外,还可用作表语。如:

It is because he loves you. 那是因为他爱你。

而复合介词 because of 所引导的介词短语通常用作状语而不用作表语。如:

他因雨缺席。

误:His absence was because of the rain.

正:His absence was due to the rain.

正:He was absent because of the rain.

但是有时若主语是代词(不是名词),也可以用 because of 引出的短语作表语。如:

It is just because of money. 那只是因为钱的原因。

That was because of his sickness. 那是因为他生病的原因。