风流成性寂寞难眠472:二手烟：避开空气中的危险

Exposure to the toxins in secondhand smoke can cause asthma, cancer and other serious problems. Know what you're breathing — and consider practical steps for clearing the air.

空气中的二手烟对被动吸烟者危害是巨大的，可能会导致哮喘，癌症或者其他的疾病。首先要弄懂二手烟，再采取有效的措施来净化空气。 

By Mayo Clinic staff

You don't smoke because you understand the dangers — but what about secondhand smoke? Secondhand smoke causes or contributes to various health problems, from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Understand what's in secondhand smoke, and consider ways to protect yourself and those you love from secondhand smoke.

你不吸烟正因为你知道吸烟的危害——但你知道二手烟吗？二手烟是很多健康问题的源头，导致心血管疾病乃至癌症。首先知道二手烟的成分，然后找出方法来保护自己和身边的人，以防二手烟的侵害。 

What's in secondhand smoke?

Secondhand smoke — also known as environmental tobacco smoke — includes the smoke that a smoker exhales (mainstream smoke) and the smoke that comes directly from the burning tobacco product (sidestream smoke). Secondhand smoke contains thousands of toxic chemicals, including:

二手烟，也称为环境烟草烟，既包括吸烟者吐出的主流烟雾，也包括从纸烟、雪茄或烟斗中直接冒出的侧流烟。二手烟中包含几千种有毒化学物质，主要包括： 

Benzene

Carbon monoxide

Chromium

Cyanide

Formaldehyde

Lead

Nickel

Polonium

The dangerous particles in secondhand smoke can linger in the air for hours. Breathing secondhand smoke for a short time can irritate your lungs and reduce the amount of oxygen in your blood. Prolonged or repeated exposure to secondhand smoke is all the more dangerous. And it isn't just the smoke that's a concern. The residue that clings to a smoker's hair and clothing, as well as cushions, carpeting and other goods — sometimes referred to as thirdhand smoke — also can pose risks, especially for children.

二手烟里的有害成分可以在空气中存在几个小时。短时间里吸收二手烟会刺激你的肺部，并减少血液中的氧气量。持续更久时间或者反复吸入二手烟会更危险。而且不只是烟雾的问题了。吸烟者身上烟的残留物，会存留在衣服，头发，还有靠枕，地毯上等等，这些东西会造成三手烟——同样会造成危害，特别对小孩而言。

How risky is secondhand smoke?

二手烟到底有多危险？ 

Secondhand smoke causes or contributes to serious health problems, including:

Lung disease. Asthma, bronchitis and other chronic lung ailments can be triggered or aggravated by exposure to secondhand smoke.

肺病。二手烟会引发或加重哮喘，支气管炎及其他慢性肺病。  

Heart disease. Secondhand smoke increases the risk of heart attack and other heart problems. Secondhand smoke also damages blood vessels, interferes with circulation and increases the risk of blood clots.

心脏病。二手烟会增加心脏病发作和其他心脏疾病的风险。二手烟还会伤害血管，妨碍血液循环并增加血块的危险性。1

Cancer. Secondhand smoke is a known risk factor for lung cancer. Some research also suggests a link between secondhand smoke and various other types of cancer.

癌症。众所周知，肺病是肺病的危险因子。同时有研究显示二手烟可以导致多种癌症或与这些疾病有关。 1

Secondhand smoke poses additional risks for children, who are especially vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke. Problems include:

二手烟对于小孩来说存在着更多的风险，他们最易受到二手烟的威胁。问题包括：

Low birth weight. Exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight.

低出生体重。怀孕期间受二手烟影响会增加低出生体重的几率。 

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Secondhand smoke increases the risk of SIDS — whether exposure occurs during pregnancy or after birth.

婴儿瘁死综合症。无论是在怀孕期间或是出生后遭受二手烟影响，都会增加婴儿瘁死综合症的发生几率。  

Infections. Children who live with smokers are more likely to develop middle ear infections (otitis media) and lower respiratory tract infections.

传染病。与吸烟者生活在一起的儿童容易患中耳炎和下呼吸道感染。

Secondhand smoke also causes chronic coughing, phlegm and wheezing, as well as eye and nose irritation.

二手烟同时还会造成慢性咳嗽，痰多和哮喘，以及对眼睛及呼吸系统的刺激。

How can secondhand smoke be avoided?

该如何避免吸入二手烟？

With planning, you can reduce or eliminate exposure to secondhand smoke. Start with these simple steps:

你可以根据计划减少或消除与二手烟的接触。就从下面简单的步骤开始吧： 

Don't allow smoking in your home. If family members or guests want to smoke, ask them to step outside. Don't rely on an air conditioner, ventilation system or an open window to clear the air.

禁止在家吸烟。如果有家人或来宾需要吸烟，可以请他们到门外吸。不要依赖空调，排气系统或打开窗户来清洁空气。

Don't allow smoking in your vehicle. If a passenger must smoke on the road, stop at a rest stop for a smoke break outside the car.

禁止私家车内吸烟。如果途中乘客需要吸烟，可以停车休息，让其到车外吸。 

Insist that smoking restrictions be enforced in your workplace. Even powerful ventilation fans don't effectively remove secondhand smoke from the air.

务必让吸烟限制条例在你的工作场所有效执行。看似功效强大的通风设备并不能有效清除二手烟。 

Choose smoke-free care facilities. If you take your children to a child care provider, choose one with a no-smoking policy. The same goes for aging loved ones. If they live in a long term care facility, make sure it's smoke-free.

选择禁止吸烟的护理机构。如果你带孩子到托儿所，请选择有禁止吸烟政策的。同样的，对年老的家人也一样。如果他们需要长时间呆在护理机构中，请确保是无烟的生活环境。1

Patronize businesses with no-smoking policies. Many restaurants and other establishments are entirely smoke-free. Reinforce these no-smoking policies by telling the management that you appreciate the healthy air.

Keep your distance from smokers. If you must share space with people who are smoking, sit as far away from them as possible. 

实在没有办法避免有人抽烟的场合，就要坐在空气流通的地方，尽量让自己呼吸到新鲜的空气。

If you have a partner or other loved one who smokes, offer support and encouragement to stop smoking. The entire family will reap the benefits.

如果你的身边有家人，朋友吸烟，请支持和鼓励他们戒烟。整个家庭都会因此受益。