九乡新闻网闺蜜时代演员表:阿米什人的内心世界
来源：百度文库 编辑：九乡新闻网 时间：2024/04/27 13:40:39
“有一条不容置疑的定律┅┅当我们深深受伤害时，除非我们饶恕，否则我们永远无法康复。”──南非著名小说家艾伦·沛顿（Alan Paton）。在电影《阿米什的恩典》里，一位记者问：只是不明白，你是怎么去原谅一个没有表现出任何忏悔和遗憾的人，我不觉得这是种真正意义上的宽恕。阿米什长者：宽恕来自开放的胸怀，它的产生不需要条件，不然就不是真正的宽恕。阿米什人在美国当代社会中难得的守旧，引发了人类自身走向的话题，让我们共同了解在地球上生活着的一个”另类”——持另一种生活理念的人。-Psytopic.com
一个阿米什人这样解释我们之间的不同：”你们是物质主义者，你们’要’，只是因为你们’想要’；我们是实用主义者，假如是必需品，哪怕它是新的，我们也会采用。”
假如技术也是一种商品，那么，他们接受技术的观念和他们的购买观一致：他们买必需品，不买奢侈品，不是因为没钱买不起，而是为了精神上的自律而拒绝购买。他们（阿米什人）放弃了我们所拥有的、已经没有能力再放弃的一切，我们却放弃了他们所拥有的、他们不愿意放弃的一切。于是，我们和阿米什之间，渐渐有了不同的喜怒哀乐。
让我们放弃已有的生活理念和生活方式是十分困难或不可能的，但我们至少可以从阿米什人对生活的态度、对信仰的执着，对诱惑的定力，对自然的敬畏中学到什么。
阿米什人是一群快乐幸福的农民。他们是生活在北美的”再洗礼教派”的成员。
阿米什人的生活方式很特别，拒绝使用我们习以为常、必不可少的生活用品、电器设备；他们拒绝用电。他们似乎还生活在18世纪。
他们从不使用汽车，马车是他们的交通工具。当黑色的四轮马车慢悠悠地行走在公路上时，后面跟着长长的机动车队，会有种时光错乱的感觉。
阿米什人的服饰也颇具特色。成年男子的服装以黑色为主，黑衣黑帽白衬衣。未婚的男子必须每天刮脸，不许留胡须，而结婚的男人必须留长胡须。
女性衣着样式统一，不同的只是颜色略有变化，结婚与未婚的女性在服饰上有所区别。女性终生佩戴统一颜色的帽子，不许佩戴任何首饰。
阿米什人遍布美国各地，主要集中在宾夕法尼亚州、俄亥俄州、印第安那州，还有加拿大安大略省的那些富庶辽阔的平原上。在美国大约有 35 万阿米什人，在加拿大安大略省约有 1,500 人，他们的人口还在不断地增加。
他们不集聚而居，所有的阿米什人都和普通美国人混住在一起。高大的谷仓和停在后院的黑色小马车是识别阿米什人住宅的最好标志。
他们家门口的柏油马路直达高速公路。嘈杂，多变而生气勃勃的现代生活近在咫尺。但三百年来，他们默默继续着自己安详、简朴的生活。坚守”索取有度” ，坚守着因信仰而致的平淡、谦卑的生活态度。
阿米什人勤劳、富有。他们用传统农业技术经营的家庭小农庄是全美单位产量最高的农庄，而且没有化学污染、土壤退化等现代农业的通病。美国政府的优惠政策也促使他们富有。但阿米什人对”富有”另有解释：”能够用自己的双手达到丰衣足食，能够维护健康、扶幼养老。”
阿米什人与土地和谐相处。他们坚信：当人们的工作与大自然、土地、天气和谐，当动植物得到保护时，上帝才会满意，因此他们也被称为”大地的子民”。他们将大部分的土地用来进行耕种，但并不把耕种当作财富，而视为替上帝做事。
阿米什人相信在劳动中可以学会遵守纪律、认真工作等做事的基本准则。更重要的是在诸多的自然因素下他们认识到人的局限；要敬畏大自然；要珍惜和爱护自然环境。
阿米什人来自瑞士和德国南部，是”再洗礼派”的一个分支。 十六世纪欧洲宗教改革，在瑞士苏黎世产生了一个人数不多的激进派——”再洗礼派”。 1730年迁移到北美定居。
“再洗礼派”反对为没有判断能力的婴儿洗礼，他们认为成年后再接受一次洗礼，才是人们对信仰的真正选择。他们认为宗教信仰要在日常生活中实践，不能说一套做一套。他们认真地寻求圣经中各种教义的原委，不折不扣地践行着。
再洗礼派没有严密的组织和教规，依靠的是内心的信仰，因此他们对信仰都十分执著。时至今日，阿米什人仍没有固定教堂，所有宗教活动轮流在各家庭中进行。祈祷没有时间地点限制，可以随时随地进行。
今天，生活在北美的阿米什人建立了许多自治社区，每个社区有一名主教、两名传教士、一名执事人以及一名德高望重的族长，任何阿米什人的行为都必须遵守 ORDNUNG 规范。阿米什人相信社区的力量，他们十分热心社区事务，关心邻居生活。他们相信社区的协作比政府更可靠。
阿米什的宗教信仰维护着家庭的温暖。在有着祖辈和父母温暖的家中，童年是快乐的。阿米什的男女青年一起在田间劳动，动手盖自己的房子。蔬菜来自家里的菜园，阿米什主妇在收获季节，以传统方式保存多余蔬菜。阿米什家庭最重要的生活原则之一是：包括孩子在内的每一个人都要承担一份家庭责任。
对于教育，阿米什人有自己的见解：人性需要感悟，太多的教育对人的成长无益。他们沿袭着”ONE ROOM SCHOOL”的教学模式，即一至八年级的学生被安排在一间教室上课，大约30 名学生。只学习德文版的《圣经》、英语和简单的算术。
教室黑板上写着：”不管你比别人学得好或坏，重要的是你尽了自己最大的努力。”他们启发孩子们发挥自己最大的潜能，在这一点上，阿米什人比我们有智慧。目前全美共有 1,200 家这样的学校，在校学生总数 23,000 人。
十四岁毕业后，男生随父亲务农，女生则同母亲一起操持家务，制作女红。阿米什人这样做有悖于美国教育法，为此，阿米什人与政府进行了旷日持久的较量，最终政府作出了让步。
阿米什人到了18岁正式受洗。青年人要作出选择：去或留。选择离开的人将放弃阿米什人的权利与义务，但他可以保持与家庭和父母的关系，即使今后与外族通婚，也可以回家看望父母。离开父母的阿米什青年通过打工获取在大学深造的学费。
阿米什人依法纳税。他们和政府达成协议，不享受美国的老年福利金，不交税收中用于社会养老的社会安全基金。他们以传统方式颐养天年，从没出现老无所养的问题。他们也不承担美国公民的一项义务 ：法庭陪审员。因为在他们的宗教信仰里，只有上帝有权判定人们的罪孽或清白。
在美国的法律中还有一些与阿米什人信仰相冲突、他们不能妥协的条文，如征兵法。阿米什人是绝对的和平主义者，宗教信仰使他们坚持不动刀枪。他们反对任何一种战争，不论其交战国是谁，也不论其战争原因如何。
经过几十年的努力，法律作出了让步。他们的绝对和平主义的宗教立场被确认：阿米什人可以在自己教会管理的农庄里，从事两年没有报酬的农业工作，以替代兵役。
三百年来，社会的宽容也是阿米什得以延续的重要原因，沃伦大法官的判词成为经典：”我们不可忘记，在中世纪，西方世界文明的很多重要价值是由那些在巨大困苦下远离世俗影响的宗教团体保存下来的。没有任何理由假设今天的多数就是’正确’的，而阿米什和类似他们的人就是’错误’的。一种与众不同甚至于异僻的生活方式如果没有干涉别人的权利或利益，就不能仅仅因为它不同于他人就遭受谴责。”
几百年来，阿米什人的生活也发生了变化。但是他们接受变化是”有度”的。每走一小步，他们都会很认真讨论，考察这一步是不是”必须”迈出。而我们则被自己创造出来的技术推着走，马不停蹄。
在现代化潮流的冲击下，焦虑抑郁成为通病，犯罪率在上升，传统家庭在瓦解，我们失去了精神的支撑点，随波逐流。而阿米什人则在我们身边平静地生活、缓慢地发展。他们恪守：谦卑、诚实、勤劳、不奢侈，说到做到。 他们保存了在大自然中生存的技术细节，他们与自然和谐相处，成为自然生态中合理的一环。
阿米什人让我们看到：不同程度的、有节制的富足社会，不仅是人类通过反思后可能产生的观念，也是可能实践的生活。我们所缺乏的是阿米什人内心的定力——信仰和信仰在日常生活中的执行。阿米什人的观念不仅不落后，甚至相当超前。阿米什人让我们明白：生活的智慧不只是少数人的天赋，它也可以是一种坚韧的文化传承。 
The inner world of the Amish
"There is an undeniable law of ┅ ┅ when we deeply hurt, unless we forgive, or we never recover." ─ ─ South African novelist Yi Lunpei Dayton (Alan Paton). In the movie, "Amish Grace" where a reporter asked: just do not understand, how do you forgive a did not show any remorse and regret, I do not think this is the kind of real forgiveness. Amish elders: forgiveness from the open mind, it does not require the production conditions, or is not real forgiveness. Amish in the United States a rare conservative in contemporary society, causing human beings to the topic, let us work together to understand life on Earth with an "alternative" - had a different philosophy of life of people. -Psytopic.com
An Amish explained the difference between us: "You are materialistic, you 'should', just because you 'want'; we are pragmatists, if is a necessity, even if it is new, we will adopt. "
If the technology is a commodity, then they accept the concept of technology and their concept of buying the same: they buy necessities, do not buy luxury goods, not because money can not afford, but for spiritual self-discipline and refused to buy. They (the Amish) have to give up what we have been unable to give up everything again, we have to give up what they have, they do not want to give up everything. So, between us and the Amish, gradually have different emotions.
Let us give up the idea of living and way of life has been very difficult or impossible, but we can at least from the Amish attitude toward life, dedication to the faith of the temptation, learn respect for nature anything.
Happiness is a group of Amish farmers. They are living in North America "re-baptism sect" members.
Amish way of life is very special, refused to use we take for granted, essential household items, electrical equipment; they refused to electricity. They seem to live in the 18th century.
They never use the car, the carriage is their transport. When the black carriage slowly walking on the road, the vehicle followed by a long team time will be kind of confused feelings.
Amish dress is also distinctive. Adult males are mainly black clothing, black hat black white shirt. Unmarried men must shave every day, not allowed a beard, and married men have to stay long beard.
Women dress style uniform, differing only slightly change the color, married and unmarried women differ in the dress. Women wear the uniform color of the hat for life, not allowed to wear any jewelry.
Amish across the United States, mainly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario, Canada, the vast plains are rich. In the U.S. there are about 350,000 Amish in Ontario, Canada, about 1,500 people, and their population is still increasing.
They do not gather neighbors, all of the Amish people live together and mixed with ordinary Americans. Tall barn and stopped in the backyard of the small black Amish carriage is to identify the best home mark.
Asphalt road in front of their home directly to the highway. Noisy, varied and vibrant modern life close at hand. But three years, they quietly went on with his quiet, simple life. Adhere to "obtain a degree," adhere to the due faith caused the plain, humble attitude towards life.
Amish industrious, rich. They use traditional agricultural technologies to the small family farm is a business unit of the nation's most productive farms, and no chemical pollution, soil degradation, a common problem of modern agriculture. U.S. government's preferential policies have prompted them rich. But the Amish people "rich" Another explained: "to achieve affluence with his own hands, to maintain health, pension Boys."?
Amish people live in harmony with the land. They believe that: When people work with nature, land, weather, harmony, and when the plants and animals are protected, God be satisfied, so they called the "land of the people." They will most of the land used for farming, but not to cultivate as wealth, but as a work for God.
Amish believe that work can learn discipline, hard working and other things the basic criteria. More importantly, many of the natural factors in their recognition of man's limitations; the fear of nature; to cherish and respect the natural environment. ?
Amish from Switzerland and southern Germany, is the "Anabaptist" of a branch. Sixteenth-century Reformation in Europe, in Zurich, Switzerland produced a small number of radicals - "Anabaptist." 1730 moved to the North American settlement.
"Anabaptist" is not judged against the ability of infant baptism, they think that after receiving a baptism of adults, is the real choice that people of faith. They think that religious practice in daily life, can not say one thing and doing another. They seriously all the teachings of the Bible for the whole story, practicing with the letter.
Anabaptist organization and teaching without strict rules, relying on the heart of faith, so they are very persistent faith. Today, the Amish people who still have not fixed the church, all religious activities carried out alternately in each family. Prayer is not the time and place restrictions, anytime, anywhere.
Today, the Amish living in North America established a number of autonomous communities, each community has a bishop, two preachers, a deacon as well as the patriarch of a respected, any act of Amish must comply ORDNUNG specification. Amish people believe that the strength of the community, they are very enthusiastic about community affairs, concern for neighbors living. They believe that community collaboration is more reliable than the government. ?
Amish religious beliefs to maintain the warmth of the family. With grandparents and parents in the warmth of home, childhood was happy. Amish young men and women working together in the field, hands-on building his own house. Vegetables from home gardens, Amish housewife in the harvest season, the traditional way to save extra vegetables. Amish family life, the most important principle is this: everyone including children, must bear a family responsibility.
For education, the Amish have their own ideas: human needs sentiment, too much education on the growth of human good. They followed the "ONE ROOM SCHOOL" teaching model, that is one to eight grade students are placed in a school classroom, about 30 students. Only learn the German version of the "Bible" in English and simple arithmetic. ?
Written on the classroom blackboard: "Whether you learn better or worse than others, it is important that you done your best efforts." They inspire children to play to their maximum potential, at this point, the Amish than we wisdom. Currently the nation's total of 1,200 such schools, 23,000 students in total. ?
After graduating from the age of fourteen, with his father farm boys and girls the housework with their mothers, making female red. Amish do so contrary to the U.S. Education Act, for which the Amish and the Government conducted a protracted battle, and ultimately the government made a concession. ?
18-year-old Amish man to officially baptized. Young people to make a choice: to stay or go. Choose to leave the Amish people will give up the rights and obligations, but he can maintain the relationship with the family and parents, even if in the future to marry outside, you can go home to visit parents. Amish youth leave their parents at the university studies by working for tuition.
Amish pay taxes according to law. They and the government agreed not to enjoy the benefits the U.S. elderly, do not pay taxes for social old-age social security fund. Their traditional way of enjoying their later years, had never been raised the old no problems. They do not assume an obligation of U.S. citizens: Court jury. Because in their religious beliefs, only God have the right to determine the people's sins, or innocence. ?
The laws of the United States there are some conflicts with the Amish belief that they can not compromise provisions, such as the conscription law. Amish absolute pacifist, religious beliefs so that they adhere to the fixed bayonet. They oppose any kind of war, regardless of their belligerent who is also the reason, regardless of their war.
After decades of efforts, the law made concessions. Their absolute pacifist position was recognized religions: Church of Amish people can manage their own farm, engaged in agricultural work without pay for two years as an alternative to military service.
Three hundred years, society's tolerance is also an important reason for the continuation of the Amish, the ruling Justice Warren became a classic: "Let us not forget that in the Middle Ages, many important Western civilization and values are under by those suffering from the huge secular effects of religious preserved. there is no reason to suppose that the majority of today is the 'right', while the Amish and others like them are 'wrong' is. a distinctive way of life even if different secluded not interfere with the rights of others or interests, not just because it is different from others on the condemned. "
For centuries, the Amish people's lives have changed. But they accept change is a "degree". Each small step, they are very serious discussion, study this step is a "must" step. And we were pushed by their own technology created, non-stop.
Under the impact of the modern trend, a common problem of anxiety and depression, crime on the rise, the collapse of the traditional family, we lost the spirit of the anchor, drift. The Amish people are living peacefully in our midst, slow development. They abide by: humble, honest, hardworking, not a luxury, says it will do. They live in the nature preserve the technical details, they are in harmony with nature, a natural ecosystem in the reasonable part.
Amish Let us see: different levels, moderate affluent societies, not only after human potential through the concept of reflection is also likely to practice life. What we lack is the Amish inner guidance - faith and belief in the implementation of daily life. Amish not only lag behind the idea, and even quite advanced. Amish have taught us: the wisdom of life is not just a few of the gift, it can be a tough cultural heritage. ?