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高考语法 —— 主谓一致

高考热点
    主谓一致是中学重要的语法项目，也是学习难点之一。主谓一致主要是指谓语动词必须和作主语的名词或人称代词在人称和数上保持一致。近年的高考试题中淡化对纯语法知识的考查，因而很少有单独考查主谓一致的语法项目。高考命题常常把其放入时态、语态、从句、倒装句等一并考查。

主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致遵循三个原则：语法一致原则；意义一致原则；就近一致原则。
核心解读

一、语法一致原则

1.the + 姓氏作主语，谓语用复数。

2. all, more, most, some, any, none, half, (a) part, the rest, two thirds, ten percent + of = n.作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：

All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。

All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。

Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。

3. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of，two pairs of等量词修饰时，谓语动词视pair而定。如：

My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

4. both, many, several, few作主语时，谓语用复数
　　Few are here this morning.
5. 如果主语是由“the whole, many a + 单数名词” 或“more than one + 单数名词”构成，随后 

的谓语动词遵循“语法一致”原则，也就是说：尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。例：
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at the hero’s death.

全国陷入对英雄死亡的悲痛之中。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm．
More than one student has (have) seen the film。不止一个学生看过这部影片。
注意：在“more + 复数名词 + than one'’结构之后，谓语词一般用复数形式。例如：
      More members than one are against your plan．

6. 不可数名词作主语， 如machinery（机器[总称]）, equipment, furniture, merchandise（商品/货物）等, 谓语动词用单数形式。 例：
 The merchandise has arrived undamaged.

    注意：不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数
       Three million tons of coal were exported that year.

7. 短语、不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例：
A Knowledge of English is necessary in foreign trade. 英语知识在外贸中很有必要。
Reading often means learning. 读书常意味是学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
注意：两个或者两个以上的主语从句、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）做主语，表示

两个或两个以上的概念时或意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。例：
Swimming in the summer and skating in the winter are my greatest pleasure.

8. 复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：
The United States is the richest country in the world. 美国是世界上最富裕的国家。
“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜谭》）is an interesting book.

9.  名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况指诊所、工场、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。例如：
My Uncle's is not far from here．
The doctor's is on the side of the street．
常见的省略名词有：the baker's，the barber's，the carpenter's，the Zhang's，etc,
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。例：
Richardson's have a lot of leather goods to sell．

10. 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：

      Those who want to go please sign their names here.

      Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.

      He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.

    注意：one of + n.pl.+ 定语从句，从句谓语与复数名词一致；the only 等+ one of + n.pl + 定语从句，从句谓语与one保持一致：

          David is one of those people who have trouble making up their minds.

          He is the only one of the boys who has passed the exam.

11.  强调句中，永远使用is/was:    It’s I who am going to Japan.

二.意义一致原则
　     主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，  

这样的一致关系就是意义一致。也就是说，有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。

1.     单数形式，复数意义：

police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth等集体名词一般都用作复数。如：

The police are looking for the lost child.

2.     复数形式，单数意义：

（1）以复数形式表示单数概念的词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：news, works（作品）,    

Gymnastics（体操运动）, bowls（保龄球）, athletics（体育运动）, woods… 例：
The news is exciting. 这消息令人激动。
Bowls is popular with the old. 保龄球受老年人所青睐。
注意：① 复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，作单数意义时，谓

语用单数；反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means(方法), works(工厂), species(种类), Chinese，Japanese等。例：

                 （上海春招）Every possible means ____ to prevent the air population, but the sky is still not clear.

A. are being used    B. have been used   

C. has been used     D. had been used
[答案]  C

[点拨] 本题同时考查主谓一致与事态。Means 这个词的单、复数形式是一样的。因为它被every修饰，所以表示的是单数意义，谓语动词用单数。从“the sky is still not clear.”句可知，“use”这个动作发生在过去，强调的是对现在的影响，所以用现在完成时。

② 当它们前面有a，such a，this，that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数。但“means", “no means", “the means" 等词前没有以上修饰词时，可作单数，也可用作复数。
特别注意：work作“工作”解时是不可数名词，作“著作/作品”解时是可数名词，有单复数之分。

（2）某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics, mathematics, mechanics（力学）, politics , statistics, economics, linguistics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 例：
Physics is a fundamental subject in science.
Mathematics is an interesting subject.
注意：但如果这类名词前有物主代词修饰时，谓语动词单、复数均可。 例：
      His politics is/ are weak.

（3）群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 例：

The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.

The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.

3.     有些集合名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government，crowd, committee, population 等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：

      My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。

      My family are fond of music. 我家人都喜欢音乐。

      The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。

The class were jumping for joy. 全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。

The population of China is larger than that of Japan.

One third of the population here are workers.

4. 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：

Three years is not a long time.

Ten dollars is what he needs.

Five hundred miles is a long distance.

5. the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：

The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。

The wounded are being taken good care of here now.

现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。

6. 由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：

Lucy and Lily are twins.

She and I are classmates.

Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：
law and order          法制               soap and water    肥皂水
a cup and saucer         茶杯碟子         fork and knife        刀叉
the needle and thread  针线               trial and error       反复尝试，不断摸索
horse and carriage       马车              time and tide         岁月
bread and butter         奶油面包         the ebb and flow    盛衰，潮涨潮落

7. 不定代词one(of), each(of), none of, no one; any-, every-, some-, no-与one, body, thing, where等构成的复合代词， either (of), neither(of), another, much, every, no, the other等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例：
Something is wrong with the light. 这个灯坏了。
Nothing has been done to prevent the river being polluted.没有采取措施来阻止这河流受污染。
Neither of my sisters likes sports. 我的姐妹中没人喜欢运动。
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner. 许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。

Each takes a cup of tea.

Either is correct.

Neither of them likes this picture.

注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.

② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.

8.⑴ the number / variety of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number / variety of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。

The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.

       A number of students have gone for an outing.

  ⑵ a little，much，a great deal of，a large amount of +  u  作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例：
A large amount of(A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time．
A great deal of trouble lies before us．

⑶ the quantity of + n.pl.或  u   / the amount of +  u  构成的短语，作主语时，谓语动词用单数，例：
The amount of money is great.
The quantity of heat in the office has not been increased．
The quantity of books in the library is amazing．
注意：(large) quantities /amounts of修饰可数复数名词或不可数名词其短语作主语时，谓 

语动词一般用复数。例：

With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ____  earth year. （山东高考）
A. is washing away        B. is being washed away 
C. are washing away      D. are being washed away
[答案]   C
[点拨] a large quantity of修饰可数或不可数名词，整个短语做主语时，谓语动词用单数；(large/huge ) quantities of 修饰可数名词，整个短语做主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。

⑷ a committee of （大量的）/a panel of （一组）/ a (the) board of + n.pl. 作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。 例：
A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter.
A panel of experts has considered the situation.
The board of managers is responsible for the firm

 ⑸ “a portion of,  a series of,  a pile of + n” 或由“a kind / sort / type of, this kind / sort / type of + n”作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。 例：
A pile of apple logs was set beside the hearth.
A portion of （一部分）reports is deceiving（蒙骗人）.
This kind of cars is rather expensive.
This type of women is dangerous.

    注意： n.pl. + of this kind 作主语，谓语用复数，如：

 Apples of this kind are very good.

9. 并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：

The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.

这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。

Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。

The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.

那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。（两个人）

10. 主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：

      His sister, no less than you, is wrong.

      The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.

      Every picture except these two has been sold.

      Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.

      Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.

      Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.

11. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：

Which is your bag?          Which are your bags?

All (指物) is going well.      All（指人） have gone to Beijing.

12. 以what 引起的主语从句, the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语，谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。

What he said has been recorded . 他说的话已被录音了

What I bought were three English books.

What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

三．就近一致原则
　    谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。也就是说，谓语动词的人称和数常常与  

最近作主语的词语保持一致。

1. or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：

Either you or I am going to the movies.

Not only you but also he is wrong.

2. 在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。east, west, south, north， Such 的倒装句，谓语采用意义一致得原则：
East of the city is (lies) a lake.    (are / lie  two lakes)

Such is what he said.           → Such are his words.

Here comes the bus.

Here is Mr Brown and his children.  

There comes the bus.

On the wall were two famous paintings.

注意：there, here, in 等词后，主语是代词时，不倒装。如 In he came.

例  Behind the leader _____ our team warming blue suits.
     A. have     B. walk     C. is followed     D. appears
    [答案]   B
    [点拨] 介词短语在句首，句子用完全倒装。而谓语动词与最近的主语our team一致。
            our team为主语，若have做谓语，则have没有宾语，所以不符合。

注意：

① and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。

No teacher and no student is absent today. 今天没有老师和学生缺席。

Many a student is busy with their lessons. 许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。

② 表示数量的one and a half + n.pl.作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式（也可用复数）

One and a half bananas is left on the table.
注意：half of，(a) part of修饰可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数；修饰可数

名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。