黑客马拉松大赛:五轴加工的RTCP技术[原创+整理

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五轴加工的RTCP技术【原创+整理】 
    
一点儿背景

      十数年前,一汽为模具加工招标五轴机床,据说当时去了不少国际大牌厂商,招标现场有外商提出他们的产品好,有RTCP功能,在坐的国内厂商和业内专家一时语塞,几乎无人知晓RTCP为何方神圣,最后还是国内最早从事数控研究的某高校知名教授现场指点迷津,才为国内业界挽回局面。但一直到十几年之后的“十一五”数控重大专项出台前后,RTCP概念才开始得到国内数控业界和学界的广泛关注。
      差不多两年,一业内企业在媒体上高调宣称其具有自主知识产权的高端数控系统具有RTCP和极高段数的前瞻功能,问及RTCP和前瞻的精髓是什么时,也就噤声不语了,不知是不愿说,还是没法说。
      今年年底“十一五”数控重大专项的高端数控系统的五家中标企业:华中、广数、高精(蓝天)、航天、光洋都将进行项目验收,届时RTCP将不可避免地称为验收的焦点之一,八仙过海,各显神通,验收原则上不会不过,但实效如何,国产的RTCP能否稳健走向市场,并为用户创造价值,大家仍需拭目以待。 
 
个人对RTCP的理解

      一台数控机床有五个联动轴并不能就此简单地称之为五轴机床,同样,一套数控系统能控五个轴,也不能就此声称为五轴数控系统,判断一台数控机床是不是五轴机床,一套数控系统是不是真正的五轴系统,首先必须看其是否具备RTCP功能,Fidia的RTCP是“Rotational Tool Center Point”的缩写,字面意思是“旋转刀具中心”,业内往往会稍加转义为“围绕刀具中心转”,也有一些人直译为“旋转刀具中心编程”,其实这只是RTCP的结果。PA的RTCP则是“Real-time Tool Center Point rotation”前几个单词的缩写。海德汉则将类似的所谓升级技术称为TCPM,即“Tool Centre Point Management”的缩写,刀具中心点管理。还有的厂家则称类似技术为TCPC,即“Tool Center Point Control”的缩写,刀具中心点控制。
      从Fidia的RTCP的字面含义看,假设以手动方式定点执行RTCP功能,刀具中心点和刀具与工件表面的实际接触点将维持不变,此时刀具中心点落在刀具与工件表面实际接触点处的法线上,而刀柄将围绕刀具中心点旋转,对于球头刀而言,刀具中心点就是数控代码的目标轨迹点。为了达到让刀柄在执行RTCP功能时能够单纯地围绕目标轨迹点(即刀具中心点)旋转的目的,就必须实时补偿由于刀柄转动所造成的刀具中心点各直线坐标的偏移,这样才能够在保持刀具中心点以及刀具和工件表面实际实际接触点不变的情况,改变刀柄与刀具和工件表面实际接触点处的法线之间的夹角,起到发挥球头刀的最佳切削效率,并有效避让干涉等作用。因而RTCP似乎更多的是站在刀具中心点(即数控代码的目标轨迹点)上,处理旋转坐标的变化。
      不具备RTCP的五轴机床和数控系统必须依靠CAM编程和后处理,事先规划好刀路,同样一个零件,机床换了,或者刀具换了,就必须重新进行CAM编程和后处理,因而只能被称作假五轴,国内很多五轴数控机床和系统都属于这类假五轴。当然了,人家硬撑着把自己称作是五轴联动也无可厚非,但此(假)五轴并非彼(真)五轴! 
      
Fidia C20数控系统宣传样本关于RTCP的描述

(以下文字面由本人参照英文样本翻译,不够贴切之处请不吝指正) 
 
      RTCP功能可以直接在机床上针对双摆铣头和双转台管理刀具的空间长度补偿。
      这样一来,五轴刀路的编程就可以不必在数控代码生成之前就考虑该如何在刀路中体现数控机床的刀具或者工作台的轴心及其偏差。 
 
      RTCP具有一下特点:
      1.针对刀具的实际切削点执行进给控制;
      2.针对五个轴的前瞻控制;
      3.可处理垂直、倾斜和存在偏心的铣头;
      4.“虚拟主轴”:将某个轴定向到刀具轴线上执行钻削和回退操作;
      5.针对五轴的坐标旋转和(或)坐标变换;
      6.参考坐标系(G194)的旋转:应用于加工程序以及那些来自JOG或手轮的运动; 

       RTCP功能也可以用于三轴加工程序:在保持刀具与工件的实际接触点不变的前提下,以手动方式改变铣头或工作台的姿态角。
 
      RTCP和HMS
      RTCP功能和HMS铣头标定系统相结合是五轴铣削领域独一无二的成果技术,非常有助于提高刀尖运动精度。 
  
      HMS(节选)
      HMS铣头量测系统用于量测和校验双摆铣头和双转台的连续运动和定位数据,配备有连接到数控系统的三只传感器和专门的测量管理软件。软件实时处理输入数据,并功能校验和修正几何误差、位置精度,以及铣头和转台的RTCP参数。
HMS是一款高精度量仪,可替代采用标准刻度盘的传统校验方法。其优点包括:
      1.极大地降低校验时间(仅半个小时而不是一整天)
      2.量测铣头和转台的全部位置(而不仅仅是正交位置)
      3.量测RTCP参数
      4.自动在数控系统中插入修正值 
   
摘自“金属加工世界”《五坐标高速铣削加工与编程的关键技术》

文中“四、五坐标高速铣削后处理程序开发”之“1.五轴机床旋转刀具中心编程RTCP(Rotation Tool Centre Point)”一小节内容如下: 
   

        五坐标机床及其加工编程,常用RTCP功能对机床的运动精度和数控编程进行简化,下面对RTCP(Rotation Tool Centre Point 旋转刀具中心)编程进行简要说明。
      非RTCP模式编程:为了编程五坐标的曲面加工,必须知道刀具中心与旋转主轴头中心的距离:这个距离我们称为转轴中心(pivot)。根据转轴中心和坐标转动值计算出X、Y、Z 的直线补偿,以保证刀具中心处于所期望的位置。运行一个这样得出的程序必须要求机床的转轴中心长度正好等于在书写程序时所考虑的数值。任何修改都要求重新书写程序。对于FIDIA C20数控系统G96 激活RTCP,G97 禁止RTCP
      RTCP模式编程:选件RTCP 的运行原理是当存在此选项时,控制系统会保持刀具中心始终在被编程的XYZ位置上。为了保持住这个位置,转动坐标的每一个运动都会被XYZ 坐标的一个直线位移所补偿。因此,对于其它传统的数控系统而言,一个或多个转动坐标的运动会引起刀具中心的位移;而对于FIDIA 数控系统(当RTCP 选件起作用时),是坐标旋转中心的位移,保持刀具中心始终处于同一个位置上。在这种情况下,可以直接编程刀具中心的轨迹,而不需考虑转轴中心,这个转轴中心是独立于编程的,是在执行程序前由显示终端输入的,与程序无关。通过计算机编程或通过PLP 选件被记录的三坐标程序,可以通过RTCP 逻辑,以五坐标方式被执行。对于这种特殊的应用方法,必须要求使用球形刀具。这些转动坐标的运动,可以通过JOG 方式或通过手轮来完成,所以在某些加工条件下,允许所使用的刀具,其长度值小于用于三坐标加工的刀具。 
   
国外关于RTCP的实际应用价值的两则讨论和观点

以下文字由本人亲自翻译(不够贴切之处请不吝指正):
  
【1】很多数控系统具备一种叫做“刀具中心管理”的实用功能,该功能可以被称作 RTCP, TCPC或者TCPM,具体称呼往往因数控系统的制造商而异,无论是哪个牌子的数控系统,该功能都会起到一些大致相同的作用,“刀具中心管理”最关键的功能就是允许数控系统在五轴加工模式下按照装夹偏差在线调整数控代码的执行,因而可以把同一个后处理代码应用于整批零件。
      好处是操作工不必把工件精确地和转台的轴心线对齐,工件安装后用探头进行测量,将轴心偏差存入数控系统的指定寄存器并在加工过程中随数控代码一起应用。该功能可以降低铣床因工件装卡造成的空闲时间,使机床有更多的时间用于金属切削。与购置第二套托盘和工作台,在加工第一个托盘上的工件时,同期装卡后续工件的方法相比,该方法更为经济。
      更有甚者,“刀具中心管理”功能还允许降低同一系列零件的装夹精度,既不必精确实现与机床的定位关系,也不必精确实现与同批次的其它零件的相对定位关系。这样一来,我们不仅能够减少装夹工件的劳动量和机床空闲时间,而且该控制功能还可以降低夹具成本和准备时间,甚至可以免除工

[最佳回复] 2010-09-19 09:49:08 0楼 波恩 原帖中几段翻译内容所对应原文如下:

【Fidia C10-C20】

RTCP
Applied to bi-rotary heads and roto-tilting tables, the RTCP function manages tool length compensation in space, directly from the machine tool.
A 5-axis tool path can therefore be programmed without having to consider the pivot that will be inserted in the NC tool table before the program is executed.

RTCP characteristics:
■ controlled feed at the tool tip
■ look ahead on 5 axes
■ management of orthogonal, angular and eccentric heads
■ “virtual quill”: manages an axis oriented in the tool direction for executing drilling and release movements
■ rotation and/or translation on 5 axes
■ rotation of the reference system (G194): applied to programmed movements and to those executed by jog or by means of the handwheel

The RTCP function can also be used for 3-axis programs: by orientating the head or table manually, the tool tip is maintained in contact with the part.

RTCP and HMS
Combining the RTCP function with the HMS head calibration system is a winning and unique formula in 5-axis milling technology, with clear benefits for accuracy of movement at the tool tip.

HMS
The HMS system is a device designed for measuring and checking continuous and indexed bi-rotary heads and roto-tilting tables. Equipped with 3 sensors connected to the CNC, the HMS system is managed by a specific measurement software. By processing incoming data in real time, the software is able to check and correct geometric error, positioning accuracy and the RTCP parameters for the heads and tables.

HMS is a high-precision instrument and provides an alternative to the traditional checking method using dial gauges. It has many advantages:
■ a drastic reduction in checking time (half an hour rather than an entire day)
■ measurement of all head and/or table positions (not just orthogonal positions)
■ measurement of RTCP parameters
■ automatic insertion of correction values in the CNC.

【1】http://www.moldmakingtechnology.com/articles/010704.html

Most CNC controls have a utility function called tool center point management. Depending on the control manufacturer, this function may be named RTCP, TCPC or TCPM. The utility performs many functions with similar behavior no matter the controller. The key function performed by tool center point management systems is to allow the CNC control to accept fixture offsets and adjust NC data—on the fly—while working in five-axis mode; thereby, allowing one set of post-processed data to work for an entire batch of parts.

The benefit is that an operator need not align a workpiece precisely to the rotary table centerline. A part can be mounted and probed, and the offsets from center can be loaded into the control registers and processed with the NC data during operation. This function can reduce idle time on a milling machine while mounting a part and have the machine tool focus on chip removal. This is a more economical approach than purchasing a secondary pallet and table to allow part mounting while the part on the first pallet is being machined.

Taken one step further, the tool center point management allows a series of parts to be mounted without being precisely located on the machine or without being precisely mounted relative to the remainder of the production lot. So not only can we reduce the labor for mounting parts and the machine idle time, this control function can reduce the cost and preparation time for mounting fixtures and otherwise non-critical mounting surfaces on the workpiece.

【2】http://www.cnczone.com/forums/showthread.php?t=82998

Generically speaking they are the same. But the actual performance of these functions is not in a manual, but inside the software/firmware of the control manufacturers. And they don‘t seem to tell you exactly how they accomplish the mathematics for tool center point control.

There are a few different functions that may be included in the "tool center point" technology concepts.

1. Kinematic transformations (multi-axis) are performed inside the CNC control. A benefit of this is that the CAM software postprocessor need not perform this math. The second benefit is that pivot offsets are held within the machine control register tables. The big benefit of this function is that one NC program can be applied to different machines in your shop that may have different pivot offsets. In the old days (not so long ago), you would have to include the pivot offsets in the CAM postprocessor, and then need different NC code to run the same part on machineA and machineB (same maker and kinematics).

Together with this, feedrate is controlled at the tool tip using math inside the control. This latter point is in contrast to historical "inverse time" modes where the CAM software had to calculate a time (feedrate) for each block.

2. Tool center point management often includes fixture offsets. A part is placed on the machine tool. The local is determined by on-board probes. The position offsets are added to the above-mentioned pivot offsets.

The benefit again is that serial parts can be put on the same machine, located by probe, and one set of NC instructions can cut all parts. The end-user need not spend extra hours "tapping" in a part so that it is located on center within an acceptably small tolerance.