麒麟 桔子树txt微盘:Cloud computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cloud computing refers to the provision of computational resources on demand via acomputer network,such as applications, databases, file services, email, etc. In thetraditional model of computing, both data and software are fullycontained on the user's computer; in cloud computing, the user'scomputer may contain almost no software or data (perhaps a minimaloperating system andweb browseronly), serving as little more than a display terminal for processesoccurring on a network of computers far away. A common shorthand for aprovided cloud computing service (or even an aggregation of all existingcloud services) is "The Cloud".
The most common analogy to explain cloud computing is that of publicutilities such as electricity, gas, and water. Just as centralized andstandardized utilities free individuals from the difficulties ofgenerating electricity or pumping water, cloud computing frees usersfrom certain hardware and software installation and maintenance tasksthrough the use of simpler hardware that accesses a vast network ofcomputing resources (processors, hard drives, etc.). The sharing ofresources reduces the cost to individuals.
The phrase “cloud computing” originated from the cloud symbol that isusually used by flow charts and diagrams to symbolize the internet. Theprinciple behind the cloud is that any computer connected to theinternet is connected to the same pool of computing power, applications,and files. Users can store and access personal files such as music,pictures, videos, and bookmarks or play games or use productivityapplications on aremote serverrather than physically carrying around a storage medium such as a DVDor thumb drive. Almost all users of the internet may be using a form ofcloud computing though few realize it. Those who useweb-based email such asGmail,Hotmail,Yahoo, a Company owned email, or even an e-mail client program such asOutlook,Evolution,Mozilla Thunderbird orEntouragethat connects to a cloud email server. Hence, utilizing desktopapplications to connect to your cloud email, is still considered a cloudapplication.
Contents
[hide]
1 How it works
2 Technical description
3 Overview3.1 Comparisons
3.2 Characteristics
3.3 Architecture
4 History
5 Key characteristics
6 Layers6.1 Client
6.2 Application
6.3 Platform
6.4 Infrastructure
6.5 Server
7 Deployment models7.1 Public cloud
7.2 Community cloud
7.3 Hybrid cloud and hybrid IT delivery
7.4 Combined cloud
7.5 Private cloud
8 Cloud engineering
9 Cloud storage
10 The Intercloud
11 Issues11.1 Privacy
11.2 Compliance
11.3 Legal
11.4 Open source
11.5 Open standards
11.6 Security
11.7 Availability and performance
11.8 Sustainability and siting
12 Research
13 Criticism of the term
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
[edit] How it works

This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia'squality standards, as it is not describing how a cloud works.You can help. Thediscussion page may contain suggestions. (April 2011)
In a simplified analogy, cloud computing works much in the same wayas public utilities work for the common people. Instead of eachhousehold or business providing for their own utilities - building andmaintaining their own electrical generators, natural gas, water, andwaste plants - they contract out to a public utility company thatprovides for their needs. This route is easier as resources are sharedbetween many different users, dividing the large cost of maintaining autility plant or other service over a wide user base, and because itallows a company with expertise to manage something that for any averageperson would be a difficult undertaking.
Cloud computing works in the same way; users of "the cloud" can sharecomputer functions by connecting, via the Internet or directconnection, to a specialized data center that holds all the data andprograms necessary for their needs. The user becomes responsible onlyfor a simple computer that can connect to the internet (or localizednetwork) and access the central data center. The user will open abrowser and connect to a host of web servers that run user interfacesoftware which collect commands from the user and interprets them intocommands on the servers. The servers handle the computing, then eitherstore or retrieve information from thedatabaseservers or file servers and display an updated page to the user.Through "cloud computing", data across multiple servers is synchronisedaround the world allowing for collaborative work on one file or project,from multiple users around the world.
[edit] Technical description
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a concise and specific definition:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demandnetwork access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orservice provider interaction.[1]
Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, andstorage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physicallocation and configuration of the system that delivers the services.Parallels to this concept can be drawn with theelectricity grid,where end-users consume power without needing to understand thecomponent devices or infrastructure required to provide the service.
Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model forIT services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamicallyscalable and oftenvirtualized resources[2][3] It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remotecomputing sites provided by the Internet.[4] This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through aweb browser as if they were programs installed locally on their own computers.[5]
Typical cloud computing providers deliver commonbusiness applications online that are accessed from another Web service or software like aWeb browser, while thesoftware anddata are stored onservers.
Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services deliveredthrough common centers and built-on servers. Clouds often appear assingle points of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercialofferings are generally expected to meetquality of service (QoS) requirements of customers, and typically includeservice level agreements (SLAs).[6]
[edit] Overview
[edit] Comparisons
Cloud computing shares characteristics with:
Autonomic computing — "computer systems capable ofself-management."[7]
Client–server model – client–server computing refers broadly to anydistributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients).[8]
Grid computing — "a form ofdistributed computing andparallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of acluster of networked,loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks."
Mainframe computer — powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such ascensus, industry and consumer statistics,enterprise resource planning, and financialtransaction processing.[9]
Utility computing — the "packaging ofcomputing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditionalpublic utility, such aselectricity."[10]
Peer-to-peer – distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model).
Service-oriented computing – Cloud computing provides services related to computing while, in a reciprocal manner, service-oriented computing consists of the computing techniques that operate onsoftware-as-a-service.[11]
[edit] Characteristics
The key characteristic of cloud computing is that the computing is"in the cloud"; that is, the processing (and the related data) is not ina specified, known or static place(s). This is in contrast to a modelin which the processing takes place in one or more specific servers thatare known. All the other concepts mentioned are supplementary orcomplementary to this concept.
[edit] Architecture

Cloud computing sample architecture
Cloud architecture,[12] thesystems architecture of thesoftware systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other overapplication programming interfaces, usuallyweb services and3-tier architecture. This resembles theUnix philosophyof having multiple programs each doing one thing well and workingtogether over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and theresulting systems are more manageable than theirmonolithic counterparts.
The two most significant components of cloud computing architectureare known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the partseen by the client, i.e. the computer user. This includes the client’snetwork (or computer) and the applications used to access the cloud via auser interface such as a web browser. The back end of the cloudcomputing architecture is the ‘cloud’ itself, comprising variouscomputers, servers and data storage devices.
[edit] History
The term "cloud" is used as ametaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the past to represent the telephone network,[13] and later to depict the Internet incomputer network diagrams as anabstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.[14]
Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption ofvirtualization,service-oriented architecture,autonomic andutility computing.Details are abstracted from end-users, who no longer have need forexpertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in thecloud" that supports them.[15]
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to the 1960s, whenJohn McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as apublic utility."Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elasticprovision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply),the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public,private, government and community forms, were thoroughly explored inDouglas Parkhill's 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility.
The actual term "cloud" borrows fromtelephonyin that telecommunications companies, who until the 1990s primarilyoffered dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offeringVirtual Private Network(VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lowercost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, theywere able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively.The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between thatwhich was the responsibility of the provider, and that which was theresponsibility of the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary tocover servers as well as the network infrastructure.[16] The first scholarly use of the term “cloud computing” was in a 1997 lecture by Ramnath Chellappa.[17]
After thedot-com bubble,Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing theirdata centers, which, like mostcomputer networks,were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time, just toleave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloudarchitecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvementswhereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new featuresfaster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new product developmenteffort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and launchedAmazon Web Service (AWS) on autility computing basis in 2006.[18][19] The first exposure of the term Cloud Computing to public media is byGoogle CEOEric Schmidt at SES San Jose 2006.[20] It was reported in 2011 that Amazon has thousands of corporate customers, from large ones likePfizer andNetflix to start-ups, Amongst them also include many corporations that live on Amazon's web services, includingFoursquare, a location-basedsocial networking site;Quora, a question-and-answer service;Reddit, a site for news-sharing andBigDoor, a maker of game tools for Web publishers.[21]
In 2007,Google,IBM and a number of universities embarked on a large-scale cloud computing research project.[22] In early 2008,Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008,OpenNebula,enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, becamethe first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds,and for the federation of clouds.[23]In the same year, efforts were focused on providing QoS guarantees (asrequired by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-basedinfrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS EuropeanCommission-funded project.[24]By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shapethe relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use ITservices and those who sell them"[25]and observed that "[o]rganisations are switching from company-ownedhardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so thatthe "projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramaticgrowth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in otherareas."[26]
[edit] Key characteristics
Agility improves with users' ability to rapidly and inexpensively re-provision technological infrastructure resources.[27]
Application Programming Interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. Cloud computing systems typically useREST-based APIs.
Cost is claimed to be greatly reduced and in a public cloud delivery modelcapital expenditure is converted tooperational expenditure.[28] This ostensibly lowersbarriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on autility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).[29]
Device and location independence[30] enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.[29]
Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for: Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels)
Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized.[18]
Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well designed cloud computing suitable forbusiness continuity anddisaster recovery.[31]
Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand")provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.
Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed usingweb services as the system interface.[29]
Security could improve due to centralization of data,[32] increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels.[33] Security is often as good as or better than under traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.[34] However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems which are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to securityaudit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer. They are easier to support and to improve, as the changes reach the clients instantly.
[edit] Layers
Once an Internet Protocol connection is established among severalcomputers, it is possible to share services within any one of thefollowing layers.

[edit] Client
See also:Category:Cloud clients
A cloud client consists ofcomputer hardware and/orcomputer softwarethat relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or that isspecifically designed for delivery of cloud services and that, in eithercase, is essentially useless without it. Examples include somecomputers, phones and other devices,operating systems andbrowsers.[35][36][37][38][39]
[edit] Application
See also:Category:Cloud applications
Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliversoftwareas a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and runthe application on the customer's own computers and simplifyingmaintenance and support. People tend to use the terms "SaaS" and "cloud"interchangeably, when in fact they are two different things.[citation needed] Key characteristics include:[40][clarification needed]
Network-based access to, and management of, commercially available (i.e., not custom) software
Activities that are managed from central locations rather than at each customer's site, enabling customers to access applications remotely via the Web
Application delivery that typically is closer to a one-to-many model (single instance, multi-tenant architecture) than to a one-to-one model, including architecture, pricing, partnering, and management characteristics
Centralized feature updating, which obviates the need for downloadable patches and upgrades
[edit] Platform
See also:Category:Cloud platforms
Cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" deliver acomputing platform and/orsolution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud applications.[41]It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost andcomplexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and softwarelayers.[42][43]
[edit] Infrastructure
See also:Category:Cloud infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure services, also known as "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)", deliverscomputerinfrastructure – typically aplatform virtualizationenvironment – as a service. Rather than purchasing servers, software,data-center space or network equipment, clients instead buy thoseresources as a fully outsourced service. Suppliers typically bill suchservices on autility computingbasis and amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) willtypically reflect the level of activity. IaaS evolved fromvirtual private server offerings.[44]
Cloud infrastructure often takes the form of atier 3 data center with manytier 4 attributes, assembled from hundreds ofvirtual machines.
[edit] Server
The servers layer consists ofcomputer hardware and/orcomputer softwareproducts that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloudservices, including multi-core processors, cloud-specific operatingsystems and combined offerings.[35][45][46][47]
[edit] Deployment models

Cloud computing types
[edit] Public cloud
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in thetraditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamicallyprovisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, viaweb applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who bills on a fine-grainedutility computing basis.[29]
[edit] Community cloud
A community cloud may be established where several organizations havesimilar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to realizesome of the benefits of cloud computing. The costs are spread over fewerusers than a public cloud (but more than a single tenant). This optionmay offer a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy compliance.In addition it can be economically attractive as the resources (storage,workstations) utilized and shared in the community are alreadyexploited and have reached their return of investment. Examples ofcommunity clouds includeGoogle's "Gov Cloud".[48]
[edit] Hybrid cloud and hybrid IT delivery
The main responsibility of the IT department is to deliver servicesto the business. With the proliferation of cloud computing (both privateand public) and the fact that IT departments must also deliver servicesvia traditional, in-house methods, the newest catch-phrase has become“hybrid cloud computing.”[49] Hybrid cloud is also called hybrid delivery by the major vendors includingHP,IBM,Oracle andVMwarewho offer technology to manage the complexity in managing theperformance, security and privacy concerns that results from the mixeddelivery methods of IT services.[50]
A hybrid storage cloud uses a combination of public and privatestorage clouds. Hybrid storage clouds are often useful for archiving andbackup functions, allowing local data to be replicated to a publiccloud.[51]
Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud isusing Hybrid Web Hosting, where the hosting infrastructure is a mixbetween cloud hosting andmanaged dedicated servers– this is most commonly achieved as part of a web cluster in which someof the nodes are running on real physical hardware and some are runningon cloud server instances.[citation needed]
[edit] Combined cloud
Two clouds that have been joined together are more correctly called a"combined cloud". A combined cloud environment consisting of multipleinternal and/or external providers[52] "will be typical for most enterprises".[53] By integrating multiple cloud services users may be able to ease the transition to public cloud services while avoiding issues such asPCI compliance.[54]
[edit] Private cloud
Douglas Parkhill first described the concept of a "private computer utility" in his 1966 book The Challenge of the Computer Utility.The idea was based upon direct comparison with other industries (e.g.the electricity industry) and the extensive use of hybrid supply modelsto balance and mitigate risks.
"Private cloud" and "internal cloud" have been described asneologisms,but the concepts themselves pre-date the term cloud by 40 years. Evenwithin modern utility industries, hybrid models still exist despite theformation of reasonably well-functioning markets and the ability tocombine multiple providers.
Some vendors have used the terms to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These (typicallyvirtualizationautomation)products offer the ability to host applications or virtual machines in acompany's own set of hosts. These provide the benefits of utilitycomputing – shared hardware costs, the ability to recover from failure,and the ability to scale up or down depending upon demand.
Private clouds have attracted criticism because users "still have tobuy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from lower up-frontcapital costs and less hands-on management,[53] essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".[55][56] Enterprise IT organizations use their own private cloud(s) for mission critical and other operational systems toprotect critical infrastructures.[57]Therefore, for all intents and purposes, "private clouds" are not animplementation of cloud computing at all, but are in fact animplementation of a technology subset: the basic concept ofvirtualized computing.
[edit] Cloud engineering
Main article:Cloud engineering
Cloud engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined,quantifiable, and interdisciplinary approach to the ideation,conceptualization, development, operation, and maintenance of cloudcomputing, as well as the study and applied research of the approach,i.e., the application of engineering to cloud. It is a maturing andevolving discipline to facilitate the adoption, strategization,operationalization, industrialization, standardization, productization,commoditization, and governance of cloud solutions, leading towards acloud ecosystem[further explanation needed]. Cloud engineering is also known as cloud service engineering.
[edit] Cloud storage
Main article:Cloud storage
See also:Cloud storage gateway
Cloud storage is a model of networkedcomputer data storagewhere data is stored on multiple virtual servers, generally hosted bythird parties, rather than being hosted on dedicated servers.Hostingcompanies operate large data centers; and people who require their datato be hosted buy or lease storage capacity from them and use it fortheir storage needs. Thedata center operators, in the background,virtualizethe resources according to the requirements of the customer and exposethem as virtual servers, which the customers can themselves manage.Physically, the resource may span across multiple servers.
[edit] The Intercloud
Main article:Intercloud
TheIntercloud[58] is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds"[59][60] and an extension of theInternet "network of networks" on which it is based.[61] The term was first used in the context of cloud computing in 2007 whenKevin Kellystated that "eventually we'll have the intercloud, the cloud of clouds.This Intercloud will have the dimensions of one machine comprising allservers and attendantcloudbooks on the planet.".[59] It became popular in 2009[62] and has also been used to describe the datacenter of the future.[63]
The Intercloud scenario is based on the key concept that each singlecloud does not have infinite physical resources. If a cloud saturatesthe computational and storage resources of its virtualizationinfrastructure, it could not be able to satisfy further requests forservice allocations sent from its clients. The Intercloud scenario aimsto address such situation, and in theory, each cloud can use thecomputational and storage resources of the virtualizationinfrastructures of other clouds. Such form of pay-for-use may introducenew business opportunities among cloud providers if they manage to gobeyond theoretical framework. Nevertheless, the Intercloud raises manymore challenges than solutions concerning cloud federation, security,interoperability, quality of service, vendor's lock-ins, trust, legalissues, monitoring and billing.[citation needed]
The concept of a competitive utility computing market which combinedmany computer utilities together was originally described by DouglasParkhill in his 1966 book, the "Challenge of the Computer Utility". Thisconcept has been subsequently used many times over the last 40 yearsand is identical to the Intercloud.
[edit] Issues
[edit] Privacy
The cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for thegreater ease in which the companies hosting the cloud services control,and thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communicationand data stored between the user and the host company. Instances suchas thesecret NSA program, working withAT&T, andVerizon,which recorded over 10 million phone calls between American citizens,causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers itgives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity.[64] While there have been efforts (such asUS-EU Safe Harbor) to "harmonize" the legal environment, providers such asAmazon still cater to major markets (typically the United States and theEuropean Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones."[65]
[edit] Compliance
In order to obtain compliance with regulations includingFISMA,HIPAA andSOX in the United States, theData Protection Directive in theEU and the credit card industry'sPCI DSS, users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes which are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits. This is howGoogle is able to "manage and meet additional government policy requirements beyond FISMA"[66][67] andRackspace Cloud are able to claimPCI compliance.[68]Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providers establishedoutside the EU/EEA have to adhere to the EU regulations on export ofpersonal data.[69]
Many providers also obtainSAS 70 Type II certification (e.g. Amazon,[70] Salesforce.com,[71] Google[72] and Microsoft[73]),but this has been criticised on the grounds that the hand-picked set ofgoals and standards determined by the auditor and the auditee are oftennot disclosed and can vary widely.[74] Providers typically make this information available on request, undernon-disclosure agreement.[75]
[edit] Legal
In March 2007,Dell applied totrademark the term "cloud computing" (U.S. Trademark 77,139,082)in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" the company received inJuly 2008 was canceled in August, resulting in a formal rejection ofthe trademark application less than a week later. Since 2007, the numberof trademark filings covering cloud computing brands, goods andservices has increased at an almost exponential rate. As companiessought to better position themselves for cloud computing branding andmarketing efforts, cloud computing trademark filings increased by 483%between 2008 and 2009. In 2009, 116 cloud computing trademarks werefiled, and trademark analysts predict that over 500 such marks could befiled during 2010.[76]
Other legal cases may shape the use of cloud computing by the publicsector. On October 29, 2010, Google filed a lawsuit against the U.S.Department of Interior, which opened up a bid for software that requiredthat bidders use Microsoft's Business Productivity Online Suite. Googlesued, calling the requirement "unduly restrictive of competition."[77] Scholars have pointed out that, beginning in 2005, the prevalence ofopen standards andopen source may have an impact on the way that public entities choose to select vendors.[78]
[edit] Open source
Open source software has provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations.[79] In November 2007, theFree Software Foundation released theAffero General Public License, a version ofGPLv3 intended to close a perceivedlegal loophole associated withfree software designed to be run over a network.[80]
[edit] Open standards
See also:Category:Cloud standards
Most cloud providers exposeAPIs which are typically well-documented (often under aCreative Commons license[81]) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some vendors have adopted others' APIs[82] and there are a number of open standards under development, including theOGF'sOpen Cloud Computing Interface. TheOpen Cloud Consortium (OCC)[83] is working to develop consensus on early cloud computing standards and practices.
[edit] Security
Main article:Cloud computing security
The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which may be delaying its adoption.[84]Issues barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part tothe private and public sectors unease surrounding the externalmanagement of security based services. It is the very nature of cloudcomputing based services, private or public, that promote externalmanagement of provided services. This delivers great incentive amongstcloud computing service providers in producing a priority in buildingand maintaining strong management of secure services.[85]
Organizations have been formed in order to provide standards for abetter future in cloud computing services. One organization inparticular, the Cloud Security Alliance is a non-profit organizationformed to promote the use of best practices for providing securityassurance within cloud computing.[86]
[edit] Availability and performance
In addition to concerns about security, businesses are also worriedabout acceptable levels of availability and performance of applicationshosted in the cloud.[87]
There are also concerns about a cloud provider shutting down forfinancial or legal reasons, which has happened in a number of cases.[88]
[edit] Sustainability and siting
Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is as of yet no published study to substantiate this assumption.[89]Siting the servers affects the environmental effects of cloudcomputing. In areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewableelectricity is readily available, the environmental effects will be moremoderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland,[90] Sweden and Switzerland,[91] are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.
SmartBay, marine research infrastructure of sensors and computationaltechnology, is being developed using cloud computing, an emergingapproach to shared infrastructure in which large pools of systems arelinked together to provide IT services.[92]
[edit] Research
A number of universities, vendors and government organizations are investing in research around the topic of cloud computing.[93]Academic institutions include University of Melbourne (Australia),Georgia Tech, Yale, Wayne State, Virginia Tech, University ofWisconsin–Madison, Carnegie Mellon, MIT, Indiana University, Universityof Massachusetts, University of Maryland, IIT Bombay, North CarolinaState University, Purdue University, University of California,University of Washington, University of Virginia, University of Utah,University of Minnesota, among others.[94]
Joint government, academic and vendor collaborative research projectsinclude the IBM/Google Academic Cloud Computing Initiative (ACCI). InOctober 2007IBM andGoogleannounced the multi- university project designed to enhance students'technical knowledge to address the challenges of cloud computing.[95] In April 2009, theNational Science Foundation joined the ACCI and awarded approximately million in grants to 14 academic institutions.[96]
In July 2008,HP,Intel Corporation andYahoo! announced the creation of a global, multi-data center, open source test bed, called Open Cirrus,[97] designed to encourage research into all aspects of cloud computing, service and data center management.[98]Open Cirrus partners include the NSF, the University of Illinois(UIUC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the Infocomm DevelopmentAuthority (IDA) of Singapore, the Electronics and TelecommunicationsResearch Institute (ETRI) in Korea, the Malaysian Institute forMicroelectronic Systems(MIMOS), and the Institute for System Programmingat the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPRAS).[99]In Sept. 2010, more researchers joined the HP/Intel/Yahoo Open Cirrusproject for cloud computing research. The new researchers are ChinaMobile Research Institute (CMRI), Spain's Supercomputing Center ofGalicia (CESGA by its Spanish acronym), Georgia Tech's Center forExperimental Research in Computer Systems (CERCS) and China Telecom.[100][101]
In July 2010, HP Labs India announced a new cloud-based technologydesigned to simplify taking content and making it mobile-enabled, evenfrom low-end devices.[102]Called SiteonMobile, the new technology is designed for emergingmarkets where people are more likely to access the internet via mobilephones rather than computers[citation needed]. In November 2010, HP formally opened its Government Cloud Theatre, located at the HP Labs site in Bristol, England.[103]The demonstration facility highlights high-security, highly flexiblecloud computing based on intellectual property developed at HP Labs. Theaim of the facility is to lessen fears about the security of the cloud.HP Labs Bristol is HP’s second-largest central research location andcurrently is responsible for researching cloud computing and security.[104]
The IEEE Technical Committee on Services Computing[105] in IEEE Computer Society sponsors the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD).[106] CLOUD 2010 was held on July 5–10, 2010 in Miami, Florida
On March 23, 2011,Google,Microsoft,HP,Yahoo,Verizon,Deutsche Telecom and 17 other companies formed a nonprofit organization calledOpen Networking Foundation, focused on providing support for a new cloud initiative called Software-Defined Networking.[107]The initiative is meant to speed innovation through simple softwarechanges in telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centersand other networking areas.[108]
[edit] Criticism of the term
Some have come to criticize the term as being either too unspecific or even misleading. CEOLarry Ellison ofOracle Corporationasserts that cloud computing is "everything that we already do",claiming that the company could simply "change the wording on some ofour ads" to deploy their cloud-based services.[109][110][111][112][113]Forrester ResearchVP Frank Gillett questions the very nature of and motivation behind thepush for cloud computing, describing what he calls "cloud washing" inthe industry whereby companies relabel their products as cloud computingresulting in a lot of marketing innovation on top of real innovation.[114][115]GNU'sRichard Stallmaninsists that the industry will only use the model to deliver servicesat ever increasing rates over proprietary systems, otherwise likening itto a "marketing hype campaign".[116]
[edit] See also
Cloud backup
Cloud engineering
Cloud gaming
Data center
Green computing
High-performance computing
List of cloud computing providers
Open Data Center Alliance
Hosted desktop
Cloud Computing Modeling Notation (CCMN)
SOMF Cloud computing modeling capabilities
[edit] References
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^"Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-business". Gartner.com.http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=707508. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
^ Gruman, Galen (2008-04-07)."What cloud computing really means".InfoWorld.http://www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^"Cloud Computing: Clash of the clouds". The Economist. 2009-10-15.http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14637206. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
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