鸡蛋去皱纹:[原创][原创]什么是个人知识管理（PKM

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 What is PKM?
什么是个人知识管理（Personal Knowledge Management）？
Overview of Personal Knowledge Management
By Professor Paul A. Dorsey

个人知识管理概述
作者：多尔西

 译者注：Dorsey的个人知识管理的概念更加侧重知识管理的过程以及过程中应用到得技能（七种主要技能），但Dorsey并没有阐述PKM中的M的内容到底包括哪些内容，即个人知识是如何定义的,都需要管理哪些内容，这一点需要我们去探讨。

The concept of Personal Knowledge Management, as outlined below, was developed by Professor Paul Dorsey and elaborated and made concrete in a web site called PKMNet by Jonathon Goade, a Millikin University graduate (2000) and Scovill Award winner (1999), who completed PKMNet as part of his James Millikin Scholar project.  Jason Frand of the Anderson School of Management at UCLA has used the concept of Personal Knowledge Management to describe a more limited set of information and knowledge management practices that are integrated into the Anderson School MBA Program.  Dorsey has had extensive discussions with Frand as part of his work in developing the PKM concept. 

 如下解释个人知识管理的概念最早由保罗.多尔西教授提出，后经Jonathon Goade通过建立网站PKMNet具体描述。（Jonathon Goade 2000年毕业于Millikin 大学，曾于1999年获得 Scovill 奖学金。Goade 将PKMNet作为是Millikin 大学James奖学金的一个项目来实现的。）加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校安德森管理学院的Jason Frand 教授在讲授信息和知识管理的MBA课程中使用了个人知识管理这个概念（PKM）。此后，Dorsey和Frand在个人知识管理的概念上做了深入的探讨。

Personal Knowledge Management should be viewed as a set a problem-solving skills that have both a logical or conceptual as well as physical or hands-on component.  These are skills that will be required for successful knowledge work in the twenty-first century.  These skills should be interwoven into programs of university general education and into academic major programs; both general purpose (such as MS Office) and more specialized (such as disciplinary) tools can facilitate the practice of Personal Knowledge Management.  Teaching PKM entails teaching both intelligent practices that guide the use of tools as well as intelligent and efficient use of the tools themselves. 

 Dorothy认为，个人知识管理是一系列的在逻辑上、概念上以及实践中解决问题的技能和方法。在当今21世纪，对于成功的知识工作而言这些技能是非常必要的，应当将这些技能的教育融合到大学和学院教育。这些技能包括一般的工具，如微软的Office，也包括特定的可以辅助个人知识管理的工具。知识管理的教学既要包括PKM的实践理念，又要包扩PKM工具的使用。
The seven PKM skills are:  (1) retrieving information; (2) evaluating/assessing information; (3) organizing information; (4) analyzing information; (5) presenting information; (6) securing information; and (7) collaborating around information.  The significance of each of the seven is clarified below:

 Dorsey总结了PKM中必备的7种技能：（1）检索信息；（2）评估信息；（3）组织信息；（4）分析信息；（5）表述信息；（6）保证信息安全；（7）信息协同等。关于每项技能详述如下

 (1) Retrieving information.  Underlying the PKM skill of retrieving information is everything from the low-tech skills of asking questions and listening and following up to the more complex skills of searching for information using Internet search engines, electronic library databases, and relational databases.    Concepts of widening and narrowing one’s search, Boolean logic, and iterative search practices are an important part of the effective exercise of this PKM skill.

1、检索信息
检索信息时，首先要确定个人的信息需求和信息来源，选择合适的信息检索技巧方法。在个人知识管理中，检索信息的技巧既包括技术要求很低的问问题，然后听回答的技巧，也包括充分利用互联网的搜索引擎、电子图书馆的数据库和其他相关数据库查找信息的技巧。为充分掌握检索信息的技巧，个人有必要对搜索的概念、布尔逻辑、搜索的技能等充分的掌握。 

 (2) Evaluating information.  This entails not only being able to the judge the quality of information, but to determine its relevance to some question or problem at hand.  Though this has no necessary computer mechanism for implementation (though Internet search engines have crude relevant raters), the greater availability of information in the current information-rich environments makes this skills of far greater importance.

2、评估信息

这种技巧不仅指个人可以判断信息的质量，而且指个人必须能判断这种信息与自己遇到的问题的相关程度。个人并不必去了解计算机评估信息的机理，评估主要从可信度、准确度、合理性及相关支持等方面来进行。可信度一般根据作者的可信度、质量保证依据、元信息等来判定。准确度可从时间界限、综合全面性、信息面向的对象及其使用目的、合理性等方面来确定。相关支持则是指信息文本的索引目录、参考文献等。

(3) Organizing information.  This entails using various tools to draw connections between items of information. In the manual environment, we use file folders, drawers, and other mechanism for organizing information; in more high-tech environments, we use electronic folders, relational databases, and web pages.  Effective organizational principles must underlie effective implementation of information organization regardless of the environment.

3、组织信息

组织信息，需要过滤无用和相关度不大的信息资源，有效地存储信息，建立信息之间的联系，方便以后的查找和使用。有效组织信息的原则是：无论环境怎样，组织起来的信息应该便于有效的利用。这种技巧会牵涉到用不同的工具把各种信息组织起来。在手工操作的环境中，我们会用文件夹、抽屉和其他的比较原始的方法来组织信息。在现代的高科技环境中，我们用电子文档、数据库和网页，或者用专门的知识管理软件来组织信息。

(4) Analyzing Information.  This entails the challenge of “tweaking” meaning out of data.  Integral to analyzing information is the development and application of models, often quantitative, to “educe” relationships out of the data.  Tools such as electronic spreadsheets and statistical software provide the means to analyze information, but the human element is central in framing the models that are embodied in that software.

4、分析信息

分析信息就必须牵涉到如何对数据进行分析并从中得出有用的结论。常用的分析信息的方法是建立和应用模型，通过大量的数据分析从而得出信息间的关系。电子表格、统计软件、数据挖掘软件等提供了分析信息的方法，但在建立各种分析软件的模型的工作中，人还是最重要的。 

 (5) Presenting Information.  The key aspect of presenting information is the centrality of audience.  Presenting information—whether through PowerPoint presentation, web site, or text—builds on principles of chunking information to enable audiences to understand, remember, and connect.  Web styles and monographs on designing web site usability provide concrete content for this PKM skill.

5、表达信息

表达信息的关键是以听众为中心。 无论通过PPT、网站、还是文本文档表达信息，都要以让听众理解、记住和联系为目标。网站风格和关于网站可用性的专项论文为知识的更好表达提供了借鉴。
 (6) Securing Information.  While securing information is a different kind of PKM skill than the other six, it is no less important.  Securing information entails developing and implementing practices that assure the confidentiality, quality, and actual existence of information.  Practices of password management, backup, archiving, and use of encryption are important elements of this effectively practiced PKM skill.

6、保证信息的安全

虽然保证信息安全的技巧与个人知识管理中其它的六种技巧有所不同，但这并不表明保证信息的安全就不重要。保证信息的安全涉及到开发与应用各种保证信息的秘密、质量和安全存储的方法和技巧。常用到的密码管理、备份、档案管理都是保证信息安全常用的方法。 

 (7) Collaborating Around Information.  Increasingly information technology tools called groupware are being provided to support collaborative work.  To use that technology effectively requires not just understanding how to use those tools, but understanding underlying principles of effective collaborative work.  Principle of e-mail etiquette are an illustration of important knowledge underlying the effective exercise of this PKM skill.

7、信息协同
信息技术的发展为组织和部门的协同工作提供了强有力的支持。如通过小组或团队的形式组织学生进行学习，教师与学生、学生与学生在讨论与交流的基础上对一些要解决的问题进行协同工作，交流和共享彼此的观点和知识。有效的利用这种技术不仅要求会使用这种工具，而且要求充分的理解协同工作的各种原则及其内在内容。 

 (Taken from Goade’s work) “It should be noted, however, that these are problem solving skills and not problem definition skills.  The PKM information skills take for granted that either 1) the problem to be solved is already defined or (2) the person doing the problem solving has knowledge enough of the problem to adequately define it. 

 根据Goade的研究，“需要注意，以上七种技能只是解决问题而不是定义问题的技巧”。所以这些信息处理的技巧应用的前提是：（1）要解决的问题已经被明确的定义，或者（2）解决问题者已经足够了解问题本身并能够定义它。

 “Once a problem is defined, each one of these skills can be seen as a step taken toward the solution of the problem.  Although the skills have a natural linear flow from one to the next, these PKM skills do not necessarily have to be used in any particular order.  Also, the PKM skills may be used in an iterative fashion (e.g., after the evaluation step you may find the need to retrieve more information).  For the most part, the “solution of a problem” can be seen as an informed decision or series of informed decisions that remedy the problem.” 

 一旦问题确定下来，以上的七种技巧将被应用到解决问题的过程当中。虽然这些技巧存在一定的先后关系，但这种顺序关系在解决问题中并非必须。而且，这些步骤可能需要不断地重复（迭代）应用，如评估完信息后，你可能需要去检索更多的信息。通常，解决问题的过程是一系列的修正问题本身的决策过程。