高清翡翠台直播软件:如何从记忆假象受益

     英格兰兰彻斯特大学的发展心理学家马克• L•  霍韦说：“记忆假象往往受到不公正的评价。” 的确，回忆起不真实的事件或者没有发生过的事情，可能会导致严重后果，比如对无辜的人实施犯罪。“但是记忆假象并不是通常记忆的显示。它也有一定的积极作用。”

     这一问题的争论，是《当代心理科学指导》杂志上刊载的一篇引人注目的文章一起的。文章说，记忆幻觉是人类进化中对环境适应的结果，它对心理健康和一些问题的解决是有益处的。

     显然，准确的记忆，就像食肉动物一样对食物所放的位置，其外表形状的记忆，异性伴侣的气味等，对人类生存是至关重要的。霍韦引用了进化心理学家的话，人对生存所需要记忆的相关性越大，那么他的记忆就越容易表象出来。

     但是记忆是人在接受某些信息并把它们和记忆中已存在的东西综合起来，对过去的经历选择或忘记的复杂过程。霍韦说，它难免会导致错误。通常我们往往会产生虚假记忆，即我们头脑中自己制造出来的假象。这些记忆中的幻觉和真实的事情相比，具有更强的黏着力。在某些情况下，我们会幻想自己的先人又复活了。“一个动物到它最喜欢觅食地点，看到有个食肉动物一在那里的迹象， 但不是食肉动物本身，可能是上次（下次）在那里站岗。想到有个食肉动物实际在那里，它可能就会格外小心。”如果那个家伙出现，他就要额外采取自我保护措施。

     记忆幻觉和通常的幻想一样，会是很是有益的。夸大了的自我意识可能导致自信，这种自信会促你使成功。同样你回忆起的童年时代比实际的童年时代更美好，有助于你在成年时代建立良好的人际关系。这种“慰藉效应”，作为甜蜜的安慰剂，不失为一种良药，它可以治愈你的轻微小病，而且没有副作用。记忆假象有时候引发相关结果：霍韦引用了一项对儿童研究的结果。这些儿童想象中的要不穿刺手术并不像实际那样疼痛，那么下一次他做这种手术时就更能忍受授书带来的痛苦。记忆假象还有助于解决一些问题。霍韦和他的同事做了一项实验。在这个实验中，他们给了儿童们一个单词单子：午休、打瞌睡、做梦、枕头、床。那些错误地想到“睡觉”这个词也在单子上的儿童，在做涉及到这个词的复杂合作工作中，比其他没有产生幻觉的儿童要做得好的多。

     霍韦指出，记忆过程和录像不同，“记忆是从经历中获取概念。在觅食地点发生了不妙情况。你没必要从过去的经历中去获取这个信息。”

     霍韦说，这篇文章不是在夸大幻觉的价值，“记忆，真的或假的，都会有积极的或消极的效果。关键是记忆即便是假的，也不会使效果更坏。”

 How We Can Benefit From False Memories

 Medical News Today  Main Category: Psychology / Psychiatry

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Article Date: 07 Oct 2011 - 1:00 

 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/235586.php

 “False memories tend to get a bad rap,"says developmental psychologist Mark L. Howe, of Lancaster University in England. Indeed, remembering events incorrectly or remembering events that didn't happen can have grave consequences, such as the criminal conviction of an innocent person. "But false memories are a natural outcropping of memory in general. They must have some positive effect, too." 

 That argument - that memory illusions were evolutionarily adaptive and remain useful for psychological well being and problem-solving - is the subject of an intriguing paper in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal published by the Association for Psychological Science.

 But memory is a flexible process of taking in new information and blending it with what is already there, selecting or forgetting portions of experience; it inevitably leads to errors small or large. Not only do we regularly generate false memories, says Howe, but, perhaps because we create them ourselves, those illusions are more tenacious than facts. 

 In some instance, such illusions may have enhanced our ancestors' survival. "The animal that goes to a favorite food-foraging location and sees signs that a predator was there - but not the predator itself - may be on guard the next time. But the creature that falsely remembers the predator was actually there might be even more cautious" - extra protection against getting eaten if the bad guy shows up.

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Obviously, the evolution of accurate memory - for the location o f food, the appearance of a predator, or the smell of a potential mate - was critical to human survival. Howe cites findings in evolutionary psychology that the more relevant a memory is to survival, the more likely it is to be evinced.

 Memory illusions, like illusions generally, can still be salutary. An inflated self-concept may result in greater confidence, which fuels success. Similarly, remembering your childhood as happier than it was may help you have more satisfying intimate relationships in adulthood.  

 The "placebo effect" - believing the sugar pill is real medicine - can cure the ailment without side effects. False memories sometimes have a related outcome: Howe cites a study in which children who came to remember a lumbar puncture as less painful than it was were able to tolerate the procedure with more ease the next time. False memories can also help in problem solving. Howe and colleagues conducted experiments in which they gave children a list of words - nap, doze, dream, pillow, bed. Those who falsely remembered that sleep was also on the list did better on a complex associative task involving that word than those who did not generate the illusion.

 The point o Memory, Howe suggests, does not work like a video recorder. "Memory is designed to extract meaning from experience: At the foraging place, something bad was going on. You don't need the exact information to get the meaning."

 the paper is not to exaggerate the value of illusion, says Howe. "Memories true or false can have a negative or positive effect, depending on the context. The key point is: Just because a memory is false doesn't make it bad."