香菜鱼片汤:虚拟语气的几种特殊情况

虚拟语气的几种特殊情况

介词或介词短语在非真实条件句中的运用：

without, but for, in the absence of, under, but that等通常用在非真实条件句中，要用虚拟语气。
1. without
      I would have failed in the examination without your help. (without=if it had not been for，表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。)
2. but for 要不是
But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned. (but for=if it had not been for, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。)
3. in the absence of 缺乏……时，当……不在时
     In the absence of the keeper, the warehouse would have been burned down. (in the absence of the keeper=if the keeper had been absent, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。)
　4. under
   We might have done better in our research under more favorable conditions. (under= if we had worked under, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件句，本句用的是虚拟语气。)
  5. but that 若非
  But that your guidance, we should/would fail. (but that=if it were not for, 表示同现在相反的非真实条件，本句用的是虚拟语气。)
   总之，可以替代if并构成含蓄条件句的介词和介词短语还有很多，我们在学习过程中，要注意观察和辨析，掌握好介词和介词短语在含蓄条件句里的真实条件句和非真实条件句中的运用。

虚拟语气 - 含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式

所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句，其主要用法及表现形式可归纳如下：
1. 将条件隐含在不定式短语中
I would write to her, but I don’t know her address. 我会给她写信的，就是不知道她的地址。(=If I knew her address, I would write to her. But…)
To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。(=If you had studied harder, you…)
2. 将条件隐含在分词短语中
Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。(=If he had been born in better times, he would…)
Failing this time, what would you do？ 假若这次失败，那你怎么办？(=If you failed this time, what would…)

Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified. 要一个人单独在黑暗中行走，玛丽会感到十分害怕。(If Mary walked alone in the dark, she…)
3. 将条件隐含在介词短语中
But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(=If it hadn’t been for your help, we…)
In different circumstances, I would have said yes. 在不同的情况下，我就会同意了。(=If circumstances had been different, I would…)
4. 将条件隐含在名词短语中
Any person who had behaved in that way would have been dismissed. 任何人这样做了都会被开除。(=If any person should behave in that way…, he would…)
A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。(If you had come a few hours earlier, you…)
5. 将条件隐含在某些连词中
I didn’t know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn’t have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。(or else=if I had known he was a cheat))
I’m really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. 我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。(otherwise=if I were not so busy)
6. 将条件隐含在定语从句中
Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(=If anyone had seen that painting…)
7. 将条件隐含在一定的上下文中
You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(=If you wanted to, you might…)
Don’t bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。(=…If you read all these papers, It would take too long)

虚拟语气 - 四类省略的虚拟条件句型

一、省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即将从句中的were, should, had 等提到句首：
Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
【注】① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t而置于句首。

② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：
Had I time, I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)
二、省略条件句的主语和其后的动词be
若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：
If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)
三、省略“it+be”
If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。(=If it was necessary, I would…)
四、省略整个条件从句

这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：

I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。(=…If I saw her personally, it would be better.)