香港连续剧下载:人民币将在十年后替代美元

来源:百度文库 编辑:九乡新闻网 时间:2024/04/26 18:03:05

--英国《经济学家》载文谈人民币取代美元的辩论

《经济学家》是一份伦敦经济学家报纸有限公司出版的杂志。它在全球发行,也有中文版。杂志上所发文章大都不署名,但是其写作风格很有特色,以事实说话,观点鲜明。最近读到《经济学家》杂志上展开的关于“是否人民币要代替美元”的讨论文章连篇累牍。作者各抒己见,从分析世界经济形势阐述了人民币是否要代替美元,什么时候,如何代替美元的问题。现把比较有影响的几个人物的文章综合翻译出来起来,读过之后也许 “可窥世界经济形势之一斑”。

约翰•奥沙利文,英国经济学家,《经济学家》编辑,从2007年起他作为杂志的记者从事报道欧元区的经济、财政和货币方面的新闻。在此之前,他曾在伦敦商学院专门研究经济学。

阿尔温德•苏布拉马尼亚姆,彼得森国际经济研究所和全球发展研究中心的高级职员。他1988--1992年曾参加关税贸易总协定乌拉圭回合谈判,2008-2010年在哈佛大学讲学。

斯蒂芬•詹(即:任永利),摩根士丹利首席经济师,在此之前他曾是摩根士丹利国际货币研究部主任。

在人民币会不会成为国际贸易的中介货币,能不能被用作世界储备货币的辩论中,阿尔温德•苏布拉马尼亚姆持肯定观点,任永利持否定观点,而约翰•奥沙利文则持温和态度。

阿尔温德•苏布拉马尼亚姆在2011年9月25日说:“在与亚洲的贸易越来越集中于中国的时候,就使人们开始感觉用人民币进行贸易具有重大意义。因为人民币已经具备了很好的价值储存功能,所以它很快就会成为交换的中介。一旦这种情况出现,用人民币作为储存货币将具有实际意义。

持否定观点的任永利说:说中国希望人民币成为统领世界的货币,目前尚不明显,因它日益增长的巨大外汇储备和稳定性为与这一目标尚不匹配。美元失去统领地位带来的忧虑首先是来自于亚洲过于庞大的外汇储备。我倒要退一步想一想,建议把这一问题的讨论扩展开一点:不是去讨论“什么时候”人民币能竞争过美元,我建议在讨论“什么时候”之前,先要讨论一下“为什么”和“怎么样”。

阿尔温德 苏布拉尼亚姆提出了一长串来自中国的挑战,从金融市场自由的复杂细节到吓人的政治和经济的挑战。我十分不同意这些看法。诚然,苏布拉尼亚姆着眼更多的,似乎不是支持他的论点的理由。中国作为庞大的经济大国所必须有的、足够的环境和被认定在企业投入中有很高的声誉,在最具说服力的这两个方面,我看他都没有讲清楚。

持温和观点的是约翰 奥沙利文非常客观地重复了这两人的辩论。他说:阿尔温德•苏布拉马尼亚和任永利都明白发行储备货币是怎么回事。它需要经济张力和巨大的、流动的金融市场的支撑,需要国际投资者的信任。或者说正如这个话题首倡者巴里•艾肯格林所说,一种储备货币需要规模,流通性,稳定性和安全性。而我们争论的分歧是要多长时间,也就是说中国何时才能达到这个标准。

苏布拉马尼亚姆在他的反驳中引用了任永利否定人民币将很快成为储备货币的4个要点。第一是GDP的数额并不完全是一种货币成为储备货币的先导。诚然苏布拉马尼亚先生是这样说的,但是他衡量经济的尺度是宽泛的,包括它在世界贸易中有一个大的份额,是国际上认为极守信用者。英国自19世纪70年代以后一直是世界最强大的经济,直到20世纪20年代美国才在以上三个方面取代了英国。苏布拉马尼亚说,中国在这三个尺度上衡量,很快就要超过美国。它也很快就要成为国际贸易的“执牛耳者”。

苏布拉马尼亚姆同意任永利先生的第二个观点,一种储备货币的发行者需要有 “软环境”---流通的市场,良好的经济驱动,政治的稳定性等等。苏布拉马尼亚姆先生说,中国正是在这样做的。他还同意美元是现行的贸易商品和货物的价格衡量货币。但是中国的出口或许意味着它会很快进入美元的这个领地,特别是在和亚洲客户的贸易中。一旦达到一个转折点,美元可能就要下台。任永利先生的第四个观点是哪里可以找到辩论的“这块肉”,(那当然是这场辩论引起的荒唐争论了。)人民币要替代美元,中国就得把所有事情做得尽善尽美,美国就得把事情搞得一团糟。苏巴拉马尼亚先生还说,中国经常发生大的动乱。但是中国和美国相比,“软着陆”的政策是一个保证。美国似乎踏上了一条财政崩溃的不归之路。

 

The yuan will be the world's main reserve currency 

within ten years.

ARVIND SUBRAMANIAN 

As trade within Asia becomes increasingly centred on China, it will start to make sense to denominate that trade in yuan. And since the yuan is already a good store of value, it will soon also become a medium of exchange. Once these conditions are in place, it will make sense to use the yuan as a reserve currency.

STEPHEN JEN

Why China would want to have a world-dominating currency is unclear, and such an objective is inconsistent with its huge and still growing foreign-reserve holdings. The angst about the dollar losing its hegemony is partly due to Asia's foreign reserves being too large in the first place.

In his opening statement, Arvind Subramanian presented a long list of challenges China faces, from the complex technicalities of financial-market liberalisation to daunting political and economic challenges. I could not agree more with these concerns. Indeed, Mr Subramanian seems to have more concerns than reasons supporting his conclusion. To me, neither of the main arguments he makes—the economic bulk of China being a necessary and sufficient condition, and China's presumed pursuit of national prestige at the expense of its industries—is that persuasive.

JOHN O'SULLIVAN 

Both Arvind Subramanian and Stephen Jen know what it takes to be the issuer of a reserve currency. It needs economic muscle, big and liquid financial markets and the trust of international investors. Or as our guest contributor, Barry Eichengreen, puts it, a reserve currency needs scale, liquidity, stability and security. Where our debaters disagree is on how quickly, if at all, China can meet these criteria.

In his rebuttal, Mr Subramanian takes on four of Mr Jen's objections to the yuan becoming a reserve currency quickly. The first is that size of GDP is not much of a guide to reserve-currency success. True, says Mr Subramanian. But his measure of economic heft is broader and includes having a big share of world trade and being a large international creditor. It was not until the 1920s that America overtook Britain on all three counts (it had been the world's largest economy since the 1870s). China will soon top America on these three gauges, says Mr Subramanian. It should also soon become top dog in foreign exchange, too.

He agrees with Mr Jen's second challenge, that a reserve currency issuer requires "soft infrastructure"—liquid markets, a sound economic engine, political stability, and so on. China is working on that, says Mr Subramanian. He also agrees that the dollar has the huge advantage of incumbency in terms of the pricing of traded goods and commodities. But he thinks China's exporting might means it can quickly make inroads to the dollar's territory, especially with its customers in Asia. And once a tipping point is reached, the dollar might fall quickly.