陕西酒厂有哪些:高中辨析(二十四)

来源:百度文库 编辑:九乡新闻网 时间:2024/05/06 04:06:57

go on doing,go on to do,go on with

这三个词组都表示“继续”的意思,但用法和含义上有差异。go on doing指做某一事情因故暂停,尚未做完,再“继续”做下去。它还可表示“一直做某事”。如:Although it was late, she went on working.虽然很晚了,她还继续工作着。After a short break, he went on reading the text.暂停了一会儿后,他又接着读课文。You shouldn't go on living in this way!你总不能一直就这么生活下去。

go on to do则表示某一件事已做完,再“接着”去做另一件事。如:He went on to talk about the world situation.他接着又谈了谈世界形势。Father said mother had gone to the hospital, and went on to say that grandmother was coming to take care of us.父亲说母亲已经住院去了,接着又说祖母将来照料我们。

go on with 是一个动副介型短语动词,其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。如:May I go on with my work now?我现在可以继续做我的工作了吗?Please go on with your story.请继续讲你的故事。

gold与golden

gold为“金的,金制的”,表示是真金的质地;golden 为“金的,金色的”,指金黄色的外表。golden还常用于引申意义,含有贵重,重要,幸运等意思。试比较:a gold watch 金表 -- a golden watch 金色的表再如:gold coin (金币), gold bar (金条), gold mine (金矿), gold chain (金链条), golden hair (金发), golden sunlight (金色的阳光), golden age (黄金时代), golden years (金色的年华), golden saying(金玉良言)。

go to school, go to the school

这两个词组只有冠词之差,但意义迥然不同。go to school是习语,表示“上学(求学)”的意思;go to the school是指到一所特指的学校去,不一定是去求学,可能是因为有什么事情需去办等等。如:Is he old enough to go to school?他够入学年龄了吗?I'll go to the school to talk with the master.我将去学校与校长谈谈。 

go to sea与go to the sea

go to sea属习语,它表示“去当水手,出航”的意思。

go to the sea 则表示“去某一特定的海边”的意思。试比较:The boy was tired of looking for a job near his home and eventually decided to go to sea.这孩子不愿在他家附近工作,最后便决定当水手。Owing to a high wind, the ship could not go to sea.由于大风,船不能启航。They usually go to the sea in midsummer.他们通常在仲夏时到海滨去。 

good at与good with

good at 指“擅长于,善于某一科目、某种业余消遣或某种活动”,其后接名词或动名词。如:He is good at maths.他擅长数学。We are not only good at destroying the old world. We are also good at building the new one.我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界,我们还善于建设一个新世界。

good with 通常指“善于使用,处理某物或对待某人”,其后通常接表示工具,人体器官或人的名词。如:He was good with his hands and heads.他心灵手巧。He is good with these tools.他善于使用这些工具。She understands children, so she is good with them.她了解孩子们,所以与他们相处得很好。 

good for与for good

good for是一个形容词短语,可以表示下列三种意义:1.价值为...;有支付...能力的2.有效的;对......有利3.有必需的精力,意愿例如:It is a coupon good for 100 pounds.那是一张价值一百英磅的息票。He is good for a thousand dollar contribution.他能捐献一千美元。This battery is good for three months.这种电池大约可用三个月。The return half of the ticket is good for three months.回程票有效期为三个月。This dictionary is good for your English study.这本辞典对你的英语学习有益。This kind of medical herb is good for T.B.这种草药对结核病有疗效。He is good for several years' more service.他还有精力再服务几年。

for good是一个介词短语,for是介词,good是名词;在句中充当时间状语,表示“永久地,一劳永逸地”的意思。如:He says that he is leaving the country for good.他说他此次出国将不再回来了。He hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.他希望这次修好后,漏处不再漏了。 

gone,lost,missing

gone表示“丢了,没了”,含有一去不复返的意味,在句中可作表语和补语,但不能做定语。如:My fever is gone, but I still have a cough.我的烧已经退了,但还有些咳嗽。She looked down at her dress and found her necklace gone.她低头看了一下自己的衣服,发现项链不见了。

lost 表示“丢失”,含有失去后难以回归的意味,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:The parents found the lost child at last.父母亲终于找到了自己丢失的孩子。His elder brother was lost at sea.他的哥哥在海里失踪了。

missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人或某物不在原处,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:My Japanese-Chinese dictionary is missing.我的日汉词典不见了。The police are trying their best to find the missing school-girl.警方正在尽力寻找这个失踪的女生。 

grateful to与grateful for

grateful to指“对……表示感激”,其中的介词to表示对象,宾语通常是人或组织团体,to 也可用towards代替。

grateful for指“为……表示感激“,其中的介词for表示原因,宾语通常是某一件事。如:I shall be deeply grateful to our Workers' Union as long as I live. 我一辈子都深深感谢我们的工会。I'll be very grateful to you if you will give me an early answer. 如果您能早点给我答复,我将非常感激您。We're grateful for all that you've done to us.对你所做的一切,我们表示万分感谢。介词to和for可同时与grateful连用,to短语应置于for短语之前。如:I'm very grateful to you for having taken so much trouble.对您的不辞麻烦我们表示非常感激。They were particularly grateful to us for our timely help.他们对我们所给予的及时的帮助表示了特别的感谢。

hair,a hair,hairs

hair指人或动物的“头发,毛发”。hair可指人或动物的全部“头发,毛发”,强调整体。作此解时,它是不可数名词。充当主语,用单数形式。如: What lovely hair the girl has!那女孩的头发真美! My mother's black hair was going gray.我妈妈的黑发正在变白。

a hair是指“一根头发或毛发”,此时的hair是可数名词的单数形式。如: I found a long golden hair on the tablecloth.我在桌布上发现一根金发。 The little boy has got a white hair on his head.这个小男孩的头上有一根白发。

hairs指“多根头发或毛发”,它是可数名词的复数形式,其前可有数词或表示数量的a few, several, many等词修饰。如: The cat has left its hairs all over my clothes.那只猫粘得我衣服上都是猫毛。 My aunt has a few gray hairs.我的婶婶已有几根白发。 

hand on与on hand

hand on是一动副型短语动词,一般用作及物动词,表示“传下去;转交”等意思。例如:Everyone in class should read this, so when you have finished, please hand it on.班上每个人都应把这看一下,所以你看完后,请往下传。That family trait is handed on from father to son.那种家风是父子相传的。Would you hand on this telegram to your friend?你把这份电报转交给你的朋友好吗?

on hand是一习语,在句中作表语或状语,意为“现有在手头的;准备好了的”和“在近处,在手边;临近”等,含有即将来临的意味。例如:I am sorry I have no cash on hand.对不起,我手头没有现金。Always have your dictionary on hand when you study.学习时要随时把词典放在手边。 Soon school will end and vacation will be on hand.学期即将结束,假期就要来临。 

happen与take place

这两者都表示“发生”。

happen为“发生,(偶然)发生”,较多地用来指某个事件的突然发生,强调其偶然性,主语往往是事件,事故等一类的词汇。它也可后接动词不定式,及用于It happens that...结构,表示“碰巧”的意义。如: The road accident happened under my eyes.我亲眼目睹了这场交通事故。 I never know what's going to happen next.我永远不知道将会发生什么。 My cousin happened not to be at home.我的表兄碰巧不在家。 How does it happen that you know her?你怎么会碰巧认识她的?

take place为“发生,举行”,常指有计划安排的事情的发生与进行,不含偶然的意味。如: When does the popular concert take place? 这场流行音乐会几时开始? The talk is planned to take place in the Great Hall of the People on December 9. 这次会谈将定于十二月九日在人民大会堂举行。 The conversation with the principal of our school took place several hours ago. 这个由我校校长参加的会议是在几个小时前举行的。 Great changes have taken place in our country since 1980. 自1980年以来,我们的国家发生了翻天覆地的变化。

在不强调偶然性与计划性的场合,两者有时可以通用。如: What has happened / taken place?发生了什么? The May Fourth Movement happened / took place in 1919.五四运动发生在1919年。 

hanged与hung

动词hang的过去式和过去分词分别有两种形式,即hanged, hanged和hung, hung,但由于它们的意义不同,所以易引起混淆。hanged是动词hang作“绞杀,吊死”讲时的过去式或过去分词。例如:The judge sentenced the criminal to be hanged.法官判处罪犯绞刑。She hanged herself.她上吊死了。

hung是动词hang作 "悬、挂"的意思时的过去时或过去分词。例如:The hall is hung with red flags.大厅里挂着红旗。I hung the picture yesterday.我昨天把画挂了起来。 

happen与happen to

happen是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,其过去分词也不能用作形容词。它常指某事情,事故,故事等“发生”,主语往往为表示事物的名词或代词。此外,happen后亦可接动词不定式和that从句,表示“恰好,碰巧”的意思。后接动词不定式时,主语必须是表示人的名词或代词;其后若接that从句,常用it作形式主语,that从句作真正主语的结构形式,即It happens that... 。例如:Many changes have happened in our country since liberation.解放以来,我国发生了很多变化。We happened to be only two miles short of the plant.当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。It happened that she was there.恰好她在那儿。

happen to是一习语,意为“临到,发生于”,其中to是介词,后接表示人或事物的名词或代词,主语通常是anything, something, what等。例如:If anything happens to him, let me know.如果他发生意外,就通知我。What happened to the machine?机器出了什么毛病? 

harm,hurt,injure,wound

这一组动词均表示“伤害,损害”。

harm表示引起对身体,物质或精神上的严重损害,常指伤害人的肉体,损坏东西以及损害健康,品 质,事业等。如: Hard drinking will harm your stomach.过量饮酒会伤胃。 I don't believe those fairy tales will harm our students. 我认为那些神话故事不会对我们的学生有害处。 There was a fire in the street, but the theatre wasn't harmed at all. 街上起火了,但是那家戏院完好无损。

hurt常指思想感情方面的伤害,含有引起极大苦恼之意。当指肉体上的伤害时,强调疼痛的剧烈程度。hurt的过去分词只能作表语,不能作定语,而本组内的其他动词则无此限制。如:  It hurts me when you talk like that.你那样同我说话,我很心痛。 My head still hurts.我的头仍然很疼。 She was hurt to think of her not being invited to the party. 一想到没被邀请去参加那个聚会,她就感到受到了伤害。

injure着重指人的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的损害,常与harm通用,但更强调伤势的严重。它也可指对人精神的伤害。如: You will injure yourself by smoking too much.过度抽烟对你的身体有害。 The boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球时,他弄伤了自己的肩部。 She was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的骄傲受到了伤害,所以她冲到了漆黑的大街上.

wound专指外力对身体造成的伤害,尤其指战争和灾害中的受伤,一般指外伤,不指内伤。它也可指感情,荣誉方面的创伤。如: The bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子弹击伤了这个战士的头部。 Fifty PLA men were wounded in the sea battle.在这场海战中,五十位人民解放军受了伤。 What you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of Maggie. 你说的话伤透了麦琪的感情。 

hard与hardly

这两个词词义相近,不少人常常将hardly误作hard的副词。其实hard本身也可用作副词,并且它们的用法和意义完全不同。

hard既可作形容词,意为“勤奋的;困难的”等;亦可作副词,表示“拼命地,努力地”的意思。例如:This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时,工作努力。

hardly只用作副词,意思是“几乎不,简直不”,它与seldom, scarcely等词一样,本身含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,该句采用倒装语序。例如:I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。What he said was hardly true.他说的话不会是真的。Hardly can I endure this weather.我简直受不了这天气。

have a word with与have words with

have a word with表示“和……谈谈,说几句话”的意思。这种谈话往往是不够充分详尽的,或者说是很随便的。例如:I'll have a word with you this afternoon.今天下午我要和你说几句。I had a chance to have a word with him when we met accidentally at the drugstore.上次我们在药店偶然相遇的时候,我有机会和他交谈了一下。

have words with用于贬义,表示“和……发生口角,与...争吵”的意思,相当于quarrel with 。例如:They had words with their neighbours over some trifles.他们因一些琐事与邻居发生口角。They've had words with each other, I hear.听说,他们发生过口角。 

have sth. done,have sb. do,have sb. doing

have sth. done主要有两种用法和意义:1. 表示“使(让,要,叫)某事被做”,强调主语意志,过去分词done所表示的动作由他人完成。2. 以主语为重点,意味着对主语不利的事,常有“遭受”的含意。此时,done所表示的动作执行者不明。在使用中,done由其他实义动作执行者代替。例如:I have my photograph taken.我(让人)照了个相。I had my watch repaired yesterday.我昨天(让人)把我的表修了。He had his arm broken.他的胳膊折断了。He had his house burnt down in the fire.他的房子在大火中烧光了。

have sb. do 和have sb. doing都用来表示“让(使)某人做某事”的意思,动词do和doing的动作均由sb.执行。这两个词组不同的是前者的do表示一般意义,而后者的doing则强调一直做某个动作。在使用中,do和doing可由其他实义动词代换。例如:I had him take my photograph.我让他给我照相。He had Joe clean his shoes.他要乔给他擦鞋。Try to have her speaking!设法让她继续说话。 

have to与must

have to 和must 都可用来表示义务,有时可通用。前者比较强调客观需要,后者则着重说明主观看法,表示个人的意志。试比较: You shall have to work hard if they want you to get it done this week. 如果他们要你这周完成这项工作的话,你就得努力工作。(表示外界条件的客观需要。) I must go there to help the poor. 我必须去帮助那些穷人们。(表示说话人自己的看法。)在某些不需要强调这两种差别的场合,两者可以互相换用。如: I am afraid we have to / must leave now.我们恐怕必须得走了。

must还能表示一种揣测,作“一定,必定是”解,have to则无此意义。如: This must be the book you want. 这一定是你要的书。 He must have spent a long time writing this report. 他一定花了不少时间写这份报告。

near与nearly

near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:It is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。Dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。I was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命,真悬。There are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。

near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:Don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远,就在附近呆着。The Spring Festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。

注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:Our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)Our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头) 

necessary与necessity

necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:These are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。The shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。Air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。Good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。Food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。

necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:There is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。He feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。 

near to与next to

near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:It's getting near to our Spring Festival. 春节快要到了。The chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。As we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。The girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。The two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个电影院靠得很近。I don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。

next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:I knew next to nothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。Next to dancing, I like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。New York is the largest city next to London. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。 

no more...than与not more...than

no more...than等于not...any more than,意为“同...一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。I am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。

no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:There are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。

not more... than等于less...than或not so...as,表示“不及,不如;不比...更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:It goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。

not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)"的意思。例如:I read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。The reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。 

no one else与no other one

这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:There is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。No other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。

值得注意的是, else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:What else did she say?    她还说了什么?It must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。You should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。Not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。

other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:I am studying Maxism-Leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。

注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:I don't want any books else.(= I don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。 

no use与of no use

这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说This book is use.只能说:This book is of use或者:This book is useful.再例如:This book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。Complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。

of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:This reference material is of no use to us. (= This reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。This medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。

注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别:

Reading without remembering is no use.

Reading without remembering is of no use.

It is no use reading without remembering.

It is of no use reading without remembering.

There is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。