长城影视有哪些电视剧:Aircraft Carrier: 100 Years

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Aircraft Carrier: 100 Years

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Langley Aircraft Carrier at Sea CIRCA 1900: 14 Planes Carried by the Langley Aircraft Carrier at Sea


The Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids in 1914.

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Ely's First Flight. CIRCA 1910: This photograph is the first flight ever launched from the deck of a ship. It happened on November 14th, 1910 and the little plane flew off the deck of the USS Birmingham with a modified plank runway built ontop of the superstructure. This marked the start of marine aviation


The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air, fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of such an airplane from the deck of a US Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings in 1911. Seaplane tender support ships came next; in September 1914, the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful naval-launched air raids. It lowered four Maurice Farman seaplanes into the water using its crane, which were taking off to bombard German forces and could be retrieved back from surface afterwards.

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HMS Ark Royal. circa 1915: The first British aircraft carrier, HMS 'Ark Royal', with an aeroplane on board.


The development of flat top vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became "the world's first carrier capable of launching and landing naval aircraft". Carrier evolution was well underway in the mid-1920s, resulting in ships such as HMS Hermes and Hōshō. Most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 affected aircraft carrier plans. The US and UK were permitted up to 135,000 tons of carriers each while specific exemptions on the upper tonnage of individual ships permitted conversion of capital ship hulls to carriers such as the Lexington-class aircraft carriers.


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Sopwiths On Deck. Sopwith 2F1 Camels on the deck of HMS Furious. Seven of these aircraft were flown off the carrier in July 1918 to bomb two Zeppelins in their sheds at Tondern.


During the 1920s, several navies started ordering and building aircraft carriers that were specifically designed as such. This allowed the design to be specialized to their future role, and resulted in superior ships. During the Second World War, these ships would become the backbone of the carrier forces of the US, British, and Japanese navies, known as fleet carriers.


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USS Langley. The US Navy's first aircraft carrier, the USS Langley, with eight warplanes on deck, during a show of naval strength off Baltimore.

World War II saw the first large-scale use and further refinement of the aircraft carrier, spawning several types. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were built only during World War II. Although some were purpose-built, most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Light aircraft carriers, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier concept. Although the light carriers usually carried the same size air groups as escort carriers, they had the advantage of higher speed as they had been converted from cruisers under construction.


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Biplane taking off from an aircraft carrier. 1930s...CIRCA 1930: Biplane taking off from an aircraft carrier. 1930s years.


Wartime emergencies also saw the creation or conversion of unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, like SS Michael E, were cargo-carrying merchant ships which could launch but not retrieve fighter aircraft from a catapult. These vessels were an emergency measure during World War II as were Merchant aircraft carriers (MACs), such as MV Empire MacAlpine, another emergency measure which saw cargo-carrying merchant ships equipped with flight decks.


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Shipping/ Military The American aircraft carrier U.S.S.Langley. 1931. Shipping/ Military, The American aircraft carrier U,S,S,Langley, 1931


Battle carriers were created by the Imperial Japanese Navy to partially compensate for the loss of carrier strength at Midway.[citation needed] Two of them were made from Ise-class battleships during late 1943. The aft turrets were removed and replaced with a hangar, deck and catapult. The heavy cruiser Mogami concurrently received a similar conversion. This "half and half" design was an unsuccessful compromise, being neither one thing nor the other.

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circa 1935: Aeroplanes preparing for take off from the flight deck of HMS Royal.


Submarine aircraft carriers, such as the French Surcouf and the Japanese I-400 class submarine, which was capable of carrying three Aichi M6A Seiran aircraft, were first built in the 1920s, but were generally unsuccessful at war.

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War and Conflict. World War Two. pic: circa 1940. The British aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable carrying a squadron of Fairey Albacore bomber planes during the war.War and Conflict, World War Two, pic: circa 1940, The British aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable carrying a squadron of Fairey Albacore bomber planes during the war



The Tripoli, a US Navy Iwo Jima-class helicopter carrier


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Signals On Deck. An airman signals planes as they land on the deck of an unidentified American aircraft carrier, ca. 1943.

Modern navies that operate such ships treat aircraft carriers as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously played by the battleship. The change, part of the growth of air power as a significant factor in warfare, took place during World War II. This change was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, the latest aircraft carriers, typically displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Most are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home.

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Grumman TBF-1 Avenger Torpedo Bomber. A Grumman TBF-1 Avenger Torpedo Bomber sits on the elevator of an unidentified United States Navy aircraft carrier, 1943. Its wings are folded up and the plane appear to be BU 00564.


Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers", many have a secondary capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

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Landing On A Carrier. View of an American warplane as it comes in for a landing on the deck of an aircraft carrier during World War II, 1944.


Lacking the firepower of other warships, carriers by themselves are considered vulnerable to attack by other ships, aircraft, submarines, or missiles. Therefore, aircraft carriers are generally accompanied by a number of other ships, to provide protection for the relatively unwieldy carrier, to carry supplies, and to provide additional offensive capabilities. This is often termed a battle group or carrier group, sometimes a carrier battle group.

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An officer guides a Crusader aircraft at launch on USS Ranger's deck, Pacific Ocean. An officer guides a Crusader aircraft at launch on USS Ranger's deck, Pacific Ocean


Before World War II international naval treaties of 1922, 1930 and 1936 limited the size of capital ships including carriers. Aircraft carrier designs since World War II have been effectively unlimited by any consideration save budgetary, and the ships have increased in size to handle the larger aircraft. The large, modern Nimitz class of United States Navy carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years.

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Silhouetted mechanics ready Skywarrior jets for night operations, Aboard USS Midway, Pacific Ocean - Silhouetted mechanics ready Skywarrior jets for night operations, Aboard USS Midway, Pacific Ocean


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Computers Revolutionizes The Aviation Industry: AT SEA - FEBRUARY 27: An F/A-18 Hornet takes off from the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln February 27, 2003 in the Persian Gulf. With the Wright Brothers' historic flight celebrating its centennial in 2003, the world is now poised on the threshold of a new age in aviation, one where super-sonic jets refuel in flight, unmanned aerial vehicles track objects with astonishing accuracy, and airliners are maneuvered at times with minimal human participation. The computer age is about to revolutionize aviation and the United States is unquestionably ahead of the curve in this revolution.


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Plane taking off from the American aircraft carrier 'Constellation' in the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam.

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Aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhowe: Aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) at sea.

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Fighter aircraft, en masse, on flight de: Fighter aircraft, en masse, on flight deck of carrier USS John F. Kennedy, prepping for missions, in opening of US-led allied OP Desert Storm gulf air war on Iraqi enemy targets, in Red Sea.


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Life On Board HMS Ark Royal: A Harrier jet of 1(F) Joint Force Squadron hovers as it comes in to land on the flight deck of HMS Ark Royal during Exercise Auriga on July 14, 2010 at sea in Onslow Bay near North Carolina. HMS Ark Royal, the nation's strike carrier, is leading an international task group during exercise Auriga 2010 a joint US-British amphibious exercise in Onslow Bay, off the cost of North Carolina. Auriga 2010 will demonstrate the UK's ability to deploy, operate and sustain a task group out of area for a prolonged period. At full strength the Ark Royal has a full crew of 1100 to 1200. At 210 metres in length and weighing 20,000 tonnes she is the fifth vessel in the history of Britain's Royal Navy to carry the historic name of Ark Royal and is currently celebrating 25 years at sea.


==========Aircraft carriers in service================

Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by navies. A total of 22 aircraft carriers in active service are maintained by nine navies. In addition, the People's Republic of China's Navy possesses the former Soviet aircraft carrier Varyag. Australia, Brazil, France, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States and the People's Republic of China also operate vessels capable of carrying and operating multiple helicopters.

Classes currently in service:

Brazil (1)

NAe São Paulo (A12): 32,800 ton ex-French carrier FS Foch (launched 1960), purchased in 2000.

France (1)

Charles de Gaulle (R 91): 42,000 ton nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001.
India (1)

INS Viraat: 28,700 ton ex-British carrier HMS Hermes (launched 1953), purchased in 1986 and commissioned in 1987, scheduled to be decommissioned in 2019.

Italy (2)

Giuseppe Garibaldi (551): 14,000 ton Italian STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1985.

Cavour (550): 27,000 ton Italian STOVL carrier, commissioned in 2008.

Russia (1)

Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 67,500 ton Kuznetsov class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995.

Spain (2)

Principe de Asturias (R11): 17,200 ton STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1988.

Juan Carlos I (L61): 27,000 ton, launched in 2008, commissioned 30 September 2010.

Thailand (1)

HTMS Chakri Naruebet: 11,400 ton carrier based on Spanish Principe De Asturias design. Commissioned in 1997.


United Kingdom (1)

HMS Illustrious: 22,000 ton STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1982. Originally there were three of her class but the other two have since been retired.

United States (11)

USS Enterprise (CVN-65): 93,500 ton nuclear-powered supercarrier commissioned in 1961. First nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. Scheduled for decommissioning in 2013, may be extended to 2014–2015.

Nimitz class: ten 101,000 ton nuclear-powered supercarriers, the first of which was commissioned in 1975. A Nimitz class carrier is powered by two nuclear reactors and four steam turbines and is 1,092 feet (333 m) long.

The United States Navy has the world's largest carrier fleet with eleven supercarriers in service, one under construction and two more planned.


==========The Future Carriers: In Construction =============

China

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The ex-Varyag, now owned by China, is said to be soon launch its first sail.

China bought the unfinished Soviet aircraft carrier Varyag in 2001 from Ukraine, supposedly to turn it into a floating casino. Pictures taken while in port suggest this plan has been abandoned and show that work is being carried out to maintain its military function. There is no conclusive evidence as to what role it would play in the Chinese Navy.


France

The French Navy has set in motion possible plans for a second CTOL aircraft carrier, to supplement Charles de Gaulle.

India

Impression of the INS Vikramaditya, which is under refit for the Indian Navy.

India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in April 2005. The new carrier will cost US$762 million and will operate MiG-29K, Naval HAL Tejas and Sea Harrier aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv.

Russia

Russian Navy Commander-in-Chief Admiral Vladimir Masorin officially stated on June 23, 2007, that the Navy was considering the specifications of a new nuclear aircraft carrier design for the class that was first announced about a month earlier.

Japan

Since the end of World War II, Japan has commissioned no full-fledged aircraft carrier. As of 2010, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force has two small helicopter carriers (Hyūga class).

The Ministry of Defense is building a new helicopter carrier (22DDH). The vessel is 248 meters [813 feet] long and 19,500 tons, comparable to Italian light carrier Cavour and Spanish Juan Carlos I.

UK

The Royal Navy has signed a deal to build two new larger STOVL/CATOBAR aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth-class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships are to be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales.

US

The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers are to be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the Gerald R. Ford-class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles.



By Li Yancheng





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