钢铁魔女:美国UH黑鹰直升机

为适应多种不同任务，“黑鹰”系列在基型之外发展了多种改型。现在我们来看看这一系列“黑鹰”。

UH-60A是H-60系列基型，于1974年10月首飞。UH-60A源自于美国“实用战术运输飞行系统”计划。该计划旨在研制一种可用于人员运输、指挥和侦察的中型直升机，用于替代数量庞大的UH-1“依洛魁”直升机。1972年8月美陆军在此计划中选定西科斯基公司的S-70型民用直升机的军用试验型号YUH-60A和波音公司的YUH-61A试验机作为计划的两个竞争对手。波音的YUH-61A于1974年首飞，采用四叶复合材料旋翼和通用电气T700发动机，与YUH-60A的动力装置相同。在1976年12月西科斯基赢得了竞争合同，并获得正式代号“黑鹰”。

UH-60A机组为三人，能在大多数气象条件下运送11名全副武装的步兵(即完整的一个班)。也可以去掉8个机舱座椅，改为运送4个担架。正副飞行员均有装甲防弹座椅保护。该座椅能抵挡23mm机炮炮弹的命中。机身下部还有一个货运挂钩，用于外挂运输。机上还携带有两挺安装在机门处M144武器系统上的M60D 7.62mm机枪。该机的M130通用发射器可发射箔条和红外诱饵。机上动力系统为四叶的钛-玻璃钢主旋翼，由两台通用电气公司的T700-GE-700 1622匹涡轴发动机驱动。最大时速为262千米/时。

UH-60A采用4片桨叶的铰接式旋翼。桨叶采用在低速和高M数时能满足升力要求的高升力翼型(SC-1095)，相对厚度9.5%。为了避免前行桨叶在巡航飞行时产生气流分离，桨叶中段翼面的前缘下垂，后缘有调整片。从桨根到桨尖扭转18°，桨尖后掠20℃。每片桨叶由中空钛合金椭圆形大梁、Nomex蜂窝芯、石墨后缘和桨根、玻璃钢/环氧树脂蒙皮、塑料前缘配重以及钛合金前缘包条、Kevlar桨尖等组成。桨叶的设计使用寿命无限，桨叶耐23mm炮弹损伤。充压并装有气压表保证整片桨叶结构完整和破损安全。旋翼和尾桨的每片桨叶前缘都有电加温防冰覆盖层。桨毂用钛合金整体锻造而成，桨毂上采用弹性轴承，不需润滑，减少了零件数量，维护工作量减少60%。桨毂顶上装有双线减摆器。桨叶可人工折叠。西科斯基飞机公司还在研制UH-60的全复合材料旋翼桨叶，预计生产成本将下降50%左右。美国陆军和西科斯基飞机公司还将在30架UH-60A直升机上安装检测旋翼载荷的使用监控器，以便于美国陆军和西科斯基飞机公司确定动力部件的最佳更换时间。4片桨叶尾桨，其翼型与主旋翼桨叶的相同。尾桨采用碳纤维复合材料十安梁结构。尾桨在垂尾右侧，安装角相对轴线向左倾斜20°。

采用普通的传动装置。两台发动机功率通过自由离合器输入主减速器。在UH-60A中主减速器传动功率为2109千瓦(2867轴马力)，在装T700-GE-701C发动机的直升机中主减速器的传动功率为2535千瓦(3347轴马力)。主减速器由三个单元体组成：两个伞齿轮单元体和一个游星齿轮单元体。每个单元体都有各自独立的润滑系统和故障报警系统。发动机输出功率通过两个伞齿轮单元体传递到游星齿轮单元体并车。由于采用单元体结构形式，简化了维护工作，在外场条件下，用普通扳手即可更换。整个传动系统可在无润滑条件下干运转30分钟。中间减速器和尾减速器用滑油润滑。旋翼主轴可放低，以便存放和空运。机身扁平，为普通的半硬壳式轻合金抗坠毁结构。4条纵向龙骨梁和4个主要承力框连接在一起。直升机坠毁后，乘客生存率达85%，驾驶舱可承受垂直坠毁速度为11.5米/秒。机身也同时能承受向前20g和向下10g的碰撞。驾驶舱门、座舱罩、整流罩和发动机外壳都使用玻璃纤维等复合材料。尾斜梁式结构，右侧装一副向左倾斜的尾桨。平尾面积较大，可改变迎角，其操纵系统可感受空速、总距杆位置、俯仰姿态变化率以及横向加速度的变化。直升机悬停时，平尾迎角为+34°，自转下滑时迎角为-6°。平尾有两套电驱动装置和一套人工操纵的备用装置。尾梁可迅速从尾斜梁前面向右折叠，以便运输和停放。

UH-60A自1978年起投产，1989年停止生产，期间动力升级计划使得大批A型被改进成了UH-60L型。L型的动力比1970年的A型原型机增加了24%。美陆军采购的全部1463架UH-60中共有483架L型，按陆军的要求每年服役60架。L型的发动机改为通用电气T700-GE-701C 1890匹涡轴发动机，并换装了改进型传动箱。T700-GE-701C的高海拔高温性能较好，提升能力更强，抗腐蚀能力也有所增强。

Elements of the Army UH-60A/L Blackhawk fleet will begin reaching their sevice life goal of 25 years in 2002. In order to remain operationally effective through 2025-2030 the aircraft will go through an inspection, refurbishment, and modernization process that will validate the structural integrity of the airframe, incorporate improvements in sub-systems so as to reduce maintenance requirements, and modernize the mission equipment and avionics to the levels compatible with Force XXI and Army After Next (AAN) demands.

美陆军的UH-60A/L系列的使用寿命为25年，按这一数字到2002年时这些“黑鹰”必须退役。为使UH-60系列能有效的服役到2025至2030年，一系列检查、维护和改进升级计划将予以实施。其中机身结构、各系统的整体改进将减少维护的工作量，用于执行任务的设备和电子仪器也将以“21世纪力量”和“下一代陆军”计划的标准进行改进。

A Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) is planned for the UH-60 beginning in 1999. Primary modernization areas for consideration are: increased lift, advanced avionics (digital communications and navigation suites), enhanced aircraft survivability equipment (ASE), increased reliability and maintainability (R & M), airframe service life extension (SLEP), and reduced operations and support (O & S) costs.

1999年起，一项为现役UH-60准备的“服役年限扩展计划”开始策划。可能的主要的改进为：提高载重能力，改进的数字化通信导航电子设备，扩展的飞机生存能力设备，改善可靠性和可维护性，延长机身结构寿命，降低操作和后勤费用。

到2002年5月美陆军表示尽管UH-60A的飞行时间已经超过了1500小时，但经检测之后发现这些直升机大都性能良好，并没有大的机身疲劳裂纹问题。因此美陆军希望将其中的80到90架继续保持在现役部队中，缓解紧张的使用直升机的需求。

Many variations of BLACK HAWK are based on UH-60s. UH-60 Firehawk is to provide the UH-60 with both a wartime and peacetime fire fighting capability by use of a detachable 1,000 gal. belly tank. Qualification issues include design and testing required to maintain the combat capabilities of the UH-60 Black Hawk and the safe flight envelope of the aircraft with the tank.

许多“黑鹰”的改进型都是以UH-60为基型的。如UH-60“灭火鹰”，是UH-60的灭火型号，可平战两用，机腹加装了一个4546升的水箱。该机的设计难点在于用户要求既要保持UH-60原有的攻击运输能力，又要在携带外部大型水箱的情况下保持飞行安全。

EH-60A is an Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) variant. It has a unique external antenna, designed to intercept and jam enemy communications. It is powered by two General Electric T700-GE-700 1622 shp turboshaft engines.

EH-60A是电子战改型，机身装有一个外部天线，用于阻截吓干扰敌方通信。发动机采用通用电气T700-GE-700 1622匹发动机。

EH-60B version was a Stand-Off Target Acquisition System designed to detect the movement of enemy forces on the battlefield and relay the information to a ground station.

EH-60B是标准目标截获型，用于探测敌军的机动情况，并将相关信息传给己方地面站。

The UH-60Q MEDEVAC helicopter provides significant enroute patient care enhancements. It provides a 6 patient litter system, on-board oxygen generation, and a medical suction system. It has a state-of-the-art medical interior that can accomodate a crew of three and up to six acute care patients. The interior also features these additional capabilities: Oxygen Generating Systems, NVG Compatible Lighting Throughout, Environmental Control System, Medical Equipment, Patient Monitoring Equipment, Neonatal Isolettes.

UH-60Q救护直升机为美陆军提供了重要的战场救护能力。机上可安放6个担架，装有一个供氧系统，一个医疗系统。其内部医疗系统可协助3到6名救护人员救护伤员。内部设备还包括氧气生成系统、与夜视镜匹配的照明系统、环境控制系统、医药设备、伤员监视设备和新生婴儿保育箱。

The MH-60G Pave Hawk is a modern, medium-lift, special operations helicopter for missions requiring medium-to-long-range infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply of special operations forces on land or sea. The MH-60G is equipped with forward-looking infrared radar to better enable the crew to follow terrain contours and avoid obstacles at night. It is a highly modified variant of the UH-60A Black Hawk, offers increased capability in range (endurance), navigation, communications, and defensive systems. The power plant of MH-60G are 2 General Electric T700-GE or T700-GE-01C engines, thrust 1,560-1,630 shaft horsepower each. The armament are two 7.62mm miniguns. The crew are Two officers (pilots), two enlisted (flight engineer and gunner). The Air Force has 55 Pave Hawks in the active component and 25 in the Reserves.

MH-60G“铺路鹰”是H-60系列中新型的中型特种任务直升机，用于为进行地面或海上中远距渗透、撤离和补给的特种部队提供支援。MH-60G装备了前视红外雷达，提高了机组在夜间进行地形跟踪或回避飞行的能力。MH-60G是UH-60A的重大改型，与A型相比改善了航程、导航、通信和自卫系统。发动机采用两台通用电气T700-GE或T700-GE-01C发动机，推力1560至1630马力。武器包括两门7.62mm加特林机枪。机组包括正副飞行员、飞行工程师和机枪手。目前美空军拥有55架现役的“铺路鹰”，另有25架后备储存。

Length: 64.8 ft (17.1 meters)
Height: 16.8 ft (4.4 meters)
Rotary Diameter: 53.7 ft (14.1 meters)
Speed: 184 mph
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 22,000 lbs
Range: 450 nautical miles

机长： 17.1米
机高： 4.4米
旋翼直径： 14.1米
速度： 296千米/时
最大起飞重量： 9979千克
航程： 833千米

The MH-60G navigation equipment includes: Integrated navigation computer system consisting of a ring-laser inertial navigation system, Global positioning system, Doppler navigation system, TACAN, KG-10 map display unit, Weather avoidance radar. The interfaced forward looking infrared (FLIR) system and a voice altitude warning system to provide enhanced terrain clearance operations. A Personnel Locator System (PLS) is installed to enhance locating and identifying ground forces for extraction.

MH-60G的导航设备包括：综合导航计算机系统，由激光陀螺惯性导航系统、卫星定位系统、多普勒导航系统、塔康、KG-10地图显示设备和气象雷达组成。前视红外系统和语音高度告警系统大大方便了低空贴地飞行的操作。机上的个人通信系统用于与需要登机撤离的地面部队进行联络。

All the MH-60Gs have an automatic flight control system to stabilize the aircraft in typical flight altitudes. They also have instrumentation and engine and rotor blade anti-ice systems for all-weather operation. It is also added on internal cargo tie down rings, a rescue hoist, and an "H-bar" installation are standard equipment as insertion/extraction devices for hoist, fast rope, rappelling, stabo, and SPIE rig operations. Pave Hawks are equipped with a rescue hoist with a 250-foot cable with a 600-pound capacity. External loads can be carried on an 8,000-pound capacity cargo hook. To extend their range, the Pave Hawks are equipped with a retractable in-flight refueling probe and internal auxiliary fuel tanks. For shipboard operations and to ease air transportability Pave Hawks are equipped with folding rotor blades and tail stabilator. Communication systems include secure HF, UHF, HAVE QUICK UHF, and FM radios as well as SATCOM and digital data burst system.

全部的MH-60G都装备了自动飞行控制系统，可将飞机保持在特定飞行高度上。发动机、旋翼上还装有除冰装置。机舱装有货物固定环、救援绞车、H-BAR等，绞车和H-BAR可用于特种部队迅速上下直升机。“铺路鹰”的救生绞车绳索长76.2米，承重能力272千克。外挂物可悬挂在承重能力3628千克的机腹挂钩上。为增加航程，机上安装了可收回的空中加油管和机内附加油箱。为适应舰载和空运的要求，“铺路鹰”采用了可折叠的主旋翼和尾桨。其通信系统包括保密HF、UHF、快速UHF和FM电台，以及SATCOM和数字猝发系统。

The self defense eletronic system includes the ALQ-144 infrared countermeasures (IRCM) system, Hover infrared suppression system, improved flare and chaff dispensing systems. Defensive Armaments include a forward cabin-mounted 7.62mm miniguns firing either 2,000 or 4,000 rpm and cabin-mounted .50-cal machine guns. With the addition of the external stores support system (ESSS), the aircraft can carry fixed forward-firing armaments for use as a defensive and escort aircraft. Each ESSS wing can carry two 7 or 19-shot, 2.75-inch folding fin aerial rocket pods or dual 20mm cannons/.50-cal machine guns. So, the MH-60G can be successfully employed in the low-to-medium threat environment. It will operate at low altitudes over land and water.

自卫电子系统包括ALQ-144红外对抗系统、盘旋红外压抑系统、改进了的红外诱饵/箔条发射器。自卫武器包括两挺舱门上的7.62mm加特林机枪，射速2000至4000发/分；或两门12.7mm机枪。依靠外挂支援系统，MH-60G可携带更多的武器，作为突击护航直升机实用。每个外挂短翼可携带2个7管或19管70mm火箭发射器，或双20mm机炮/12.7mm机枪吊舱。因此MH-60G能成功的在敌方威胁不严重的区域执行任务，作战时主要以低空飞行为主。

The MH-60G can be deployed by airlift, sea-lift, or self-deployed. A C-5 can transport a maximum of five MH-60Gs. The aircraft can be broken down for shipment in less than 1 hour and off-loaded and rebuilt at the location in less than 2 hours. The optimum deployment package is four MH-60Gs via C-5. Due to the rapid tear down and buildup times, it is normally faster to air transport the aircraft rather than self-deploy when distances exceed 1,500 NM using aerial refueling, or 1,000 NM using ground refueling.

MH-60G可以用飞机、船只运送至作战区域，也可自行飞抵作战区域。一架C-5运输机最多可运送5架MH-60G，这时MH-60G可在少于1小时的时间里拆卸装机，抵达后在2小时内重新装好。但C-5运输MH-60G最佳的配置方案是4架。按拆卸和重装的时间计算，用C-5运送MH-60G要比其自行飞抵作战区域用时少得多。C-5经空中加油航程为2778千米，不加油为1852千米。

Self-deployment utilizing aerial refueling assets requirements of MH-60Gs are: One tanker aircraft, plus one spare, per four MH-60Gs. Two tanker aircraft, plus one spare, per six MH-60Gs.

MH-60G自行飞抵作战区域时，一般需要以下辅助飞机配置：每4架MH-60G配一架空中加油机，加一架后备空中加油机；或每6架MH-60G配两架加油机，一架后备加油机。

The MH-60G has a choice of internal auxiliary fuel tanks for extended range operations. The aircraft can be equipped with either the single, 117-gallon tank, offering 3.3 hours of aircraft operations, or the dual, 185-gallon tanks, offering 4.5 hours of unrefueled operations.

MH-60G还可选装机内附加油箱，如单个443升油箱，能增加3.3小时的巡航时间；或两个700升油箱，能增加4.5小时巡航时间。

MH-60K

As the standard special operations version, MH-60K is capable of providing long-range airlifts far into hostile territory in adverse weather conditions. Modifications include two removable 230 gallon external fuel tanks, two .50 cal. machine guns or two M134 7.62mm "miniguns", an air-to-air refueling probe, and an external hoist. A new avionics suite includes interactive Multi-Function Displays (MFDs), Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR), digital map generator, and terrain avoidance/terrain following multi-mode radar. It has full shipboard operability.

作为标准的特种作战直升机，MH-60K可在复杂气象下执行长距离渗透任务。其改进之处在于加装了两个可抛弃的871升副油箱、两门12.7mm机枪或两门M134 7.62mm加特林机枪、一个空中加油管和绞车。新的电子设备包括交互式多模式显示器、前视红外系统、数字地图和地形回避/跟踪多模式雷达。K型可舰载使用。

MH-60L

The UH-60L can be adapted to the attack mission by attaching weapons pylons to both sides of the fuselage, named MH-60L. These can then be fitted with Hellfire missiles or other weapon systems. The MH-60L is powered by two General Electric T700-GE-701C 1890 shp turboshaft engines. Photo here.

运输型的UH-60L也可通过在机身两侧加装武器吊舱用作攻击用途，相应的代号为MH-60L。武器包括“海尔法”反坦克导弹等。MH-60L使用两台通用电气T700-GE-701C涡轴发动机。见图。

SH-60B

The SH-60 Seahawk is the naval BLACK HAWK for anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, drug interdiction, anti-ship warfare, cargo lift, and special operations. The Navy's SH-60B Seahawk is an airborne platform based aboard cruisers, destroyers, and frigates and deploys sonobouys (sonic detectors) and torpedoes in an anti-submarine role. They also extend the range of the ship's radar capabilities. The crew of SH-60B include two pilots, one tactical operator and one sonar operator. The armament includes AGM-114 Hellfire, AGM-119B Penguin anti-ship missle by Norway, Mk-46, Mk-50 and Mk-64. The Navy received the first SH-60, a SH-60B Seahawk in 1983. A SH-60B of Japanese Navy.

SH-60“海鹰”是海军版的“黑鹰”直升机，用于反潜、搜索救援、反毒品、反舰、运输和特种作战用途。SH-60B以巡洋舰、驱逐舰、护卫舰等为平台，使用声纳浮标和鱼雷进行反潜作战，还可作为舰艇的雷达哨扩展雷达警戒范围。能使用的武器包括AGM-114“海尔法”空地导弹、挪威制AGM-119B“企鹅”反舰导弹、MK-46、MK-50、MK-64反潜鱼雷。美海军于1983年接受的第一架SH-60即一架SH-60B型。图为日本海军SH-60J。

发射“企鹅”导弹

点击查看SH-60视频资料

SH-60F

The other variation, SH-60F is carrier-based. SH-60F was deployed in 1988. The SH-60F has Dual UHF/VHF/FM radios, HF radio and Tactical data link. The navigation system includes TACAN, TACNAV, Doppler radar, Radar altimeter and GPS. The tactical Data Systems of SH-60F are Dual, redundant mission computers, Digital data bus architecture (MIL-STD-1553B), Multi-function keypad access, Cockpit video displays.

另一种改型是SH-60F（下图），以航母作为平台。SH-60F于1988年服役。SH-60F有两个UHF/VHF/FM电台、HF电台和战术数据链。导航系统包括塔康、TACNAV、多普勒雷达、雷达高度表以及卫星定位系统。战术数据系统采用两台多任务计算机、1553B数据链、多模式键盘、座舱视频显示等。

The main difference between SH-60B and F is the way they fight against submarines. The B version mainly depends on the sonars on the CG and DDGs to find the targets, then it flies to the suspect area, using 25 tubes sonar buoyages and magnetism detector to make sure the target position for following combat using torpedo. The F is used for short range anti-submarine purpose around the carrier and depends on its own AQS-13F suspensory sonar to detect the submarine.

SH-60B和F型之间的主要区别为他们反潜的方法不同。B型主要依赖巡洋舰和驱逐舰上的声纳发现敌潜艇，然后飞近可疑区域，使用其25管的声纳浮标和磁异常探测器对目标精确定位，随后发起鱼雷攻击。F型则用于航母周围的短距反潜，主要依赖其AQS-13F悬吊声纳探测雷达。

目前，美海军航母上搭载的为SH-60F“海鹰”航母内区反潜直升机，其他水面舰艇搭载的是SH-60B“海鹰”“拉姆普斯Ⅲ”直升机。为提高SH-60系列直升机的浅水反潜战能力，美海军已开始实施一项名为“SH-60R/60R(V)多功能直升机”的改进计划。计划的核心是在现有SH-60B/F中加装机载低频声纳(ALFS)、具有ISAR和潜望镜探测功能的多模式雷达、电子支援措施(ESM)系统及综合自卫系统。改进后的直升机可服役至2020年。为了自卫以及对进入航母编队内部的敌方潜艇进行攻击，美海军十分重视水面舰艇的反潜战能力。目前，美海军可担负反潜战任务的有“提康德罗加”级导弹巡洋舰，“阿利·伯克”级、“斯普鲁恩斯”级导弹驱逐舰和“佩里”级导弹护卫舰。这些舰艇均搭载有SH-60B“拉姆普斯Ⅲ”反潜直升机，装备有美海军最先进的水面舰艇反潜战作战系统。它们的反潜战能力将随着舰载直升机及舰载反潜武器和电子设备的改进而不断得到增强。另外，“阿利·伯克”级导弹驱逐舰已从该级的“奥斯卡·奥斯汀”号(DDG-79)起搭载两架直升机，这将明显提高该级舰的反潜战能力。值得注意的是，美海军已正式启动了SC-21水面舰艇计划，首舰将在2008年服役。随着各种先进技术在SC-21上的应用，该型舰也将成为有效的反潜平台。

2009年9月，西科斯基公司的“黑鹰”直升机项目尽管已有30多年的历史，但正在迎来新一轮对美国陆军、海军以及国外客户的销售高峰。据西科斯基负责陆军项目的副总裁Shidler说，美国陆军正在执行其1227架UH-60M直升机的订购合同；第一支装备UH-60M的美陆军部队已部署在阿富汗，情况良好。UH-60M直升机的改进计划正在进行飞行研制试验，改进内容包括为该机安装电传操纵系统、通用航电系统架构系统（CAAS）驾驶舱、复合材料尾锥以及全权限数字发动机控制系统（FADEC）。与此同时，美海军刚刚完成其首次MH-60R和MH-60S直升机的联合部署，包括11架MH-60R和9架MH-60S成为一个舰载航空攻击联队的组成部分。MH-60R用于反潜和反水面作战，MH-60S装备有“海尔法”空对面导弹，它们为舰载航空联队提供了更多的灵活性，使之能以更快的速度响应任务需求。MH-60R的此次部署激起了国外客户的兴趣，目前西科斯基正在为印度进行该机的飞行试验，澳大利亚、沙特和丹麦也在评估该机的能力。泰国则申请订购三架UH-60L直升机。西科斯基在波兰的子公司梅莱兹公司宣布，它已开始总装首架S-70i“黑鹰”直升机，这是该机的一种新的国际型。首架S-70i定于2010年完成制造。梅莱兹公司还在提高“黑鹰”直升机机舱段的产量，目前已完成4架份的生产。

第一页｜ 第二页

空军世界