醉颜红by桔桔:迪拜塔

 
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS — ELEVATORS, SPIRE, AND MORE
结构构件-电梯井，塔尖，更多
It is an understatement to say that Burj Khalifa represents the state-of-the-art in building design. From initial concept through completion, a combination of several important technological innovations and innovation structural design methods have resulted in a superstructure that is both efficient and robust.
保守的说，Burj Khalifa塔代表了当前建筑设计的最高水准。从最初的概念设计到竣工，多项非常重要的技术创新和结构设计方法的创新促成了这个高效的，坚固的结构。
•        Foundation
•        Podium
•        Structural System
•        Exterior Cladding
•        Spire
•        Mechanical Floors
•        Window Washing Bays
•        Broadcast Floors
•        Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing
•        Fire Safety
•        Elevators & Lifts

FOUNDATION 基础
The superstructure is supported by a large reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn supported by bored reinforced concrete piles. The design was based on extensive geotechnical and seismic studies. The mat is 3.7 meters thick, and was constructed in four separate pours totaling 12,500 cubic meters of concrete. The 1.5 meter diameter x 43 meter long piles represent the largest and longest piles conventionally available in the region. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations, as well as a cathodic protection system under the mat, to minimize any detrimental effects form corrosive chemicals in local ground water.
这个结构坐在一个非常大的加筋混凝土基础上，而基础则是由许多加紧混凝土桩支撑。本设计进行了大量的地质和抗震的研究。基础厚3.7m，分四次浇灌，共12500m3的混凝土。直径1.5m，长43m的混凝土桩也成为了本地区最大和最长的桩。基础使用的是一种高强度，低渗透性的混凝土，并且在基础下用了阴极保护系统，把地下水中的腐蚀性化学物造成的不利影响降到最低。

PODIUM墩座墙
The podium provides a base anchoring the tower to the ground, allowing on grade access from three different sides to three different levels of the building. Fully glazed entry pavilions constructed with a suspended cable-net structure provide separate entries for the Corporate Suites at B1 and Concourse Levels, the Burj Khalifa residences at Ground Level and the Armani Hotel at Level 1.
墩座墙为将塔锚固到地面提供了一个基础，允许从三个不同的边进入建筑物，抵达三个不同的层高。而完全悬索结构的由玻璃装饰的展示厅，为分别为B1的企业单元，大厅，底层住户，Armani旅馆提供了单独的入口。

EXTERIOR CLADDING外部覆层
The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels and stainless steel vertical tubular fins. Close to 26,000 glass panels, each individually hand-cut, were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on the tower. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer heat, and to further ensure its integrity, a World War II airplane engine was used for dynamic wind and water testing. The curtain wall of Burj Khalifa is equivalent to 17 football (soccer) fields or 25 American football fields.
外部覆层是由反光玻璃构成，配以铝的和防锈花纹钢的拱肩板、防锈垂直的管状的翼修饰。将近26000块玻璃板被用于外部覆层，每一块都是手工切割。超过300个来自中国的幕墙专家参与了幕墙的工作。覆层系统被设计成可以抵抗Dubai的超强的日照，并进一步保证其刚度，一个二战的飞机引擎被用于动态风和水的测试。整个项目的幕墙的面积相当于17个足球场的大小或者25个美式足球场的大小。

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 结构系统
In addition to its aesthetic and functional advantages, the spiraling “Y” shaped plan was utilized to shape the structural core of Burj Khalifa.  This design helps to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability. The structural system can be described as a “buttressed core”, and consists of high performance concrete wall construction. Each of the wings buttress the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub. This central core provides the torsional resistance of the structure, similar to a closed pipe or axle. Corridor walls extend from the central core to near the end of each wing, terminating in thickened hammer head walls. These corridor walls and hammerhead walls behave similar to the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments. Perimeter columns and flat plate floor construction complete the system. At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided to link the perimeter columns to the interior wall system, allowing the perimeter columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally. It is also a very efficient structure in that the gravity load resisting system has been utilized so as to maximize its use in resisting lateral loads.
As the building spirals in height, the wings set back to provide many different floor plates. The setbacks are organized with the tower’s grid, such that the building stepping is accomplished by aligning columns above with walls below to provide a smooth load path. As such, the tower does not contain any structural transfers. These setbacks also have the advantage of providing a different width to the tower for each differing floor plate. This stepping and shaping of the tower has the effect of “confusing the wind”: wind vortices never get organized over the height of the building because at each new tier the wind encounters a different building shape.
除了美学的和功能上的优点，盘旋的Y行平面为利用来定形Burj Khalifa塔的筒结构。这种设计能够帮助减少作用在塔上的风荷载，同时也保障了简单的结构可造性。这个结构系统可以被描述成扶壁筒，由高性能的混凝土墙构成。每一个翼通过中心的六边形筒支撑着其他的翼。中心筒用一抵抗结构上的扭矩，类似于闭合的管或轴。走廊墙一直延伸到每一个翼的端部，中止于加厚的锤头墙。这些走廊墙和锤头墙的作用类似于工字梁的腹板和翼缘，以抵抗风荷载产生的剪力和弯矩。边界柱和楼板完成了这个系统。在设备层，支架墙把边界柱和内墙系统联系起来，让边界柱参与到水平的抗力作用中。因此，所有的竖向混凝土构件被用作支撑重力荷载和水平荷载。结果是这座塔无论是就水平荷载还是抗扭而言都具有足够的刚度。另外，本结构在最大化的使用重力荷载来抵抗水平荷载上也是富有成效的。
随着建筑螺旋上升，翼也不断后退形成了许多不同形状的楼板。这种后缩是按照塔的轴线网格组织的，因此建筑的阶梯总伴随着把上部的柱子对齐于下部的墙已形成一个平缓的传力路径。正因为这样，这座塔不包含任何结构上的突变。这种后缩还有一种优点，它使塔在不同层高上有不同的宽度。塔的这种阶梯的形状能够“迷惑风荷载”：风螺旋不能够发展起来因为在每一个新的阶梯里边风都会遇到不同的建筑外形。

SPIRE 塔尖
The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump. In addition to securing Burj Khalifa's place as the world's tallest structure, the spire is integral to the overall design, creating a sense of completion for the landmark. The spire also houses communications equipment.
Burj Khalifa塔的最高点是套筒式的塔尖组成，耗用了4000多吨的钢材。塔尖是从建筑内部施工，然后用液压泵抬升到相应标高。除了确保Burj Khalifa塔成为世界第一高度，塔尖也是整体设计中必不可少的一部分，创造了作为地标建筑的整体感。同时，塔尖也装载了社区生活所需要的设备。

MECHANICAL FLOORS 机械层
Seven double-storey height mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj Khalifa to life. Distributed around every 30 storeys, the mechanical floors house the electrical sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units etc, that are essential for the operation of the tower and the comfort of its occupants.
七个双层层高的设备层安装了生活所需的设备。每三十层分布一个，这些设备包括分电站，水塔，泵，通风设备等等，保证了整个建筑的运行和住户生活的舒适性。

WINDOW WASHING BAYS 窗户清洗
Access for the tower's exterior for both window washing and façade maintenance is provided by 18 permanently installed track and fixed telescopic, cradle equipped, building maintenance units. The track mounted units are stored in garages, within the structure, and are not visible when not in use. The manned cradles are capable of accessing the entire facade from tower top down to level seven. The building maintenance units jib arms, when fully extended will have a maximum reach of 36 meters with an overall length of approximately 45 meters. When fully retracted, to parked position, the jib arm length will measure approximately 15 meters. Under normal conditions, with all building maintenance units in operation, it will take three to four months to clean the entire exterior facade.
为了清洗外立面的窗户和维护幕墙，使用了18个永久的安装固定在轨道上的可伸缩、吊兰式的维护装置。轨道嵌在结构当中，不使用时是不可见的。有人驾驶的吊兰能从塔顶一直降到7层，覆盖了整个幕墙。维护装置的伸臂当充分展开时，最大能达到水平长度36米，总长度45米。当完全缩回时，伸臂大约15米长。通常情况下，使用一个维护装置，需要3~4个月才能清洗真个外幕墙。

BROADCAST AND COMMUNICATIONS FLOORS 广播和通讯层
The top four floors have been reserved for communications and broadcasting. These floors occupy the levels just below the spire.
最上面的四层是预留给通讯和广播设备的。这些楼层正好在塔尖下。

MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING 机械、电气和泵
To achieve the greatest efficiencies, the mechanical, electrical and plumbing services for Burj Khalifa were developed in coordination during the design phase with cooperation of the architect, structural engineer and other consultant.
为了达到最大的效能，在设计阶段Burj Khalifa塔机械，电气和泵的服务设计是与建筑师，结构师和其他咨询协同设计的。
•        The tower's water system supplies an average of 946,000 litres (250,000 gallons)   of water daily
•        塔的供水系统每天供水946000升
•        At peak cooling, Burj Khalifa will require about 10,000 tons of cooling, equal to the cooling capacity provided by about 10,000    tons of melting ice
•        在制冷高峰期，Burj Khalifa塔需要10000吨融化的冰所提供的制冷能力。
•        Dubai's hot, humid climate combined with the building's cooling requirements creates a significant amount of condensation. This water is collected and drained in a separate piping system to a holding tank in the basement car park
•        迪拜炎热潮湿的气候加上建筑物本身的制冷要求，需要大量的冷凝。所消耗的水通过一套特殊的排水系统被收集到地下室停车场的蓄水罐。
•        The condensate collection system provides about 15 million gallons of supplement water per year, equal to about 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools
•        冷凝水每年会达到1.5亿加仑的总量，相当于20个奥林匹克大小的游泳池
•        The tower's peak electrical demand is 36mW, equal to about 360,000 100 Watt bulbs operating simultaneously
•        塔用电高峰时需求量是36mW，相当于360000个100瓦的电灯泡同时工作。

FIRE SAFETY 防火
Fire safety and speed of evacuation were prime factors in the design of Burj Khalifa. Concrete surrounds all stairwells and the building service and fireman's elevator will have a capacity of 5,500 kg and will be the world's tallest service elevator. Since people can't reasonably be expected to walk down 160 floors, there are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge areas located approximately every 25 floors.
防火和疏散速度在Burj Khalifa塔的设计中是很重要的因素。混凝土包裹了所有的电梯井，建筑物的服务和消防电梯载重5500公斤，并且是世界上最高的服务电梯。因为人类不可能走下160层楼梯，所以大约每隔25层就设置了封闭的，装有空调设备的避难层。

ELEVATORS & LIFTS 电梯
Burj Khalifa will be home to 57 elevators and 8 escalators The building service/fireman's elevator will have a capacity of 5,500 kg and will be the world's tallest service elevator.
Burj Khalifa塔拥有57部电梯和8部自动扶梯。建筑物的服务和消防电梯载重5500公斤，并且是世界上最高的服务电梯。
Burj Khalifa will be the first mega-high rise in which certain elevators will be programmed to permit controlled evacuation for certain fire or security events. Burj Khalifa's Observatory elevators are double deck cabs with a capacity for 12-14 people per cab. Traveling at 10 metres per second, they will have the world's longest travel distance from lowest to highest stop.
Burj Khalifa塔是第一座电梯被编程以用于火灾或安全事件的疏散。Burj Khalifa塔的观光电梯有两层，每层载人12~14个。以每秒钟10米的速度，他们将体验世界上从地到顶的最长距离的旅行。

[ 本帖最后由 zql_9393 于 2010-2-20 15:52 编辑 ]