邓世昌后人邓立英:老军001:核电技术发展概况

2011-05-13 08:38:07

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核电技术发展概况

                       作者：南海和老军001

世界核电发展开始于上世纪50年代，大致在1954年，苏联建成首个电功率为5000KW的试验性核电站，三年过后，美国第一个原型核电站也建成，电功率为90000KW，一般而言，国际上把50年代兴建的这样一批带有技术验证性质的核电原型机组和实验机组统称为第一代核电站；

在60代中后期，随着技术的进步和能源价格的攀升，首批电功率30万千瓦的压水堆，沸水堆和重水堆等核电机组开始大量兴建，这也是世界核电发展的第一个高潮期，这个高潮期，随着70年代的石油危机得到延续，目前世界上运行的大部分商业核电机组都是这个时期修建的，包括前不久出了大事故的日本福岛核电站，这一时期兴建的核电机组，一般国际上统称为第二代核电机组；

1979年，发生了对世界核电发展产生了转折型影响的美国三里岛核电事故，美国为此停建了新的核电站，使得世界核电发展开始进入低潮期，1986年，切尔诺贝利核电站发生严重事故，使得当时世界上还唯一在大力发展核电站的苏联也停止了核电站的兴建，以此为标志，世界核电发展进入了停滞期；

我国30万千瓦级的核电站研究和设计，一般公认的始于1974年，但是由于受自身的技术限制，我国第一座二代核电站秦山核电站，在1984年才正式动工，1991年发电，从发展来看，大致和世界先进水平有20到30年的差距。

从上世纪90年代开始，为了消除因为两次重大事故对核电发展带来的影响，以及对核电技术进行的研究和发展，尤其是计算机技术在核电的运行和设计上的应用，美国和欧洲分别提出了“先进轻水堆用户要求”文件（即URD文件）和“欧洲用户对轻水堆核电站的要求”（即EUR文件）。第一次对核电站在技术上进行了规范化和标准化，国际上通常把满足这两份文件任意之一要求的核电机组称为第三代核电机组；目前满足上述文件要求的核电机组主要为三个，首先是法国阿海珐公司和德国西门子公司联合设计的ERP，美国西屋公司由AP600发展而来的AP1000，以及俄罗斯由VVER-1000发展而来的AES92/2006；其中AP1000满足URD要求。ERP和AES满足EUR要求；其中AP1000为单堆布置两环路机组，电功率1250MWe，设计寿命60年，双安全壳结构，模块化的设计和施工模式，安全系统采用非能动设计，EPR为单堆布置四环路机组，电功率1525MWe，设计寿命60年，双层安全壳设计，AES为单堆布置四环路机组，电功率1200MWe，设计寿命60年，双层安全壳设计，安全系统采用能动和非能动结合形式，按照最初的线路规划，首个三代商业核电机组应该在2010年左右正式进入商业运行，但是实际上，目前尚无任何实际商业运行的三代核电站，目前大约有10个左右的三代核电机组在建，首次进入商业运行估计在2015左右。

目前世界核电正处于一个新的发展期，这主要是世界经济的快速发展，能源需求的急剧膨胀和对清洁能源的追求以及传统能源的日益枯竭所共同作用的结果，这一波发展潮的主要趋势在于，核电兴建大国由传统的西方发达国家向新兴经济体转移，同时也推动了四代核电技术的发展，其中以中国和印度的核电发展计划最为雄心勃勃。

四代核电技术的提法始于2000年，美国牵头召开的“第四代国际核能论坛”（GIF），在2002年，这个论坛提出了六种有限候选的堆型，分别是超临界水冷堆，高温气冷堆，熔盐堆，钠冷快堆，铅冷快堆，气冷快堆；按照GIF的提法，国际上应该在2020年左右确定四代核电反应堆的主力堆型；在2025年建成原型示范堆。2030年进入四代堆的商业应用；目前在研究这一技术的国家主要有美国，法国，俄罗斯，日本，印度，中国，加拿大等；目前四代核电方兴未艾，可以肯定的说，各国争先吐艳的一个核电新春天不久就要来临。

本博文由老军精英群南海所作，老军001进行了整理和发表，欢迎大家阅读指导！

                               老军001写于2011年5月13日

Pit electricity the technique deveolp general situation

Author:South sea and old soldier 001

The world checks an electricity development to begin from the 50's in last century, mostly in 1954, the soviet is built up an electric power checks electricity to stand for the test with 5000 kws, after three years, American no 1 prototype pit electricity the station be also finished, electric power for 90000 kws, Generally speaking, international top the 50's build of thus the tranche tape has the electricity prototype machine of the pit of technique verification to know together as with the experiment machine the first generation pit electricity station;

At 60 amid expect behind, along with technical progress and fuel rate of increase, head  electric power 300,000 kilowatts of press water pile, the boiling water pile and heavy water pile etc. check a dynamo set to begin in great quantities build, this is also pit in the world the no 1 high tide giving or getting an electric shock a shape expect, this high tide expects, is continued along with the oil crisis in 70's, The big parts of commerce that circulate in the world currently checks a dynamo set is all this time to build of, before including soon the Japanese fu island in the catastrophe pit electricity station, this pit dynamo that build set, generally international up know together as the next generation pit of dynamo set;

United States for effecting  pit electricity in the sanliisland, the United States for this non - completion the new pit electricity stand and make the world check electricity to deveolp to start entering a low tide term, 1986, qieernuobeili  pit electricity the station take place serious accident, make at that time in the world still unique at devote major efforts deveolp pit electricity station of the soviet also stopped pit to give or get an electric shock station of build, Take this as sign, the world checks an electricity shape into a plateauing stage；

Our country the pit of 300,000 kilowatt classes give or get an electric shock to stand search and design and admittedly begin from 1974, but in order to being subjected to technique of the oneself restriction, our country no 1 mount two genernation pit electricity station Qin Shan pit electricity station, just formally begin to work in 1984, generate electricity in 1991, see from the shape, mostly and advanced horizontal in the world has a margin for 20-30 years.

shock technique's progress, particularly is calculator technique check electric run - time and the application of design, the United States and Europe propose "the advanced light water pile consumer requests" respectively document(namely URD document) and"European consumer vs light water pile the request that check to give or get an electric shock a station".(namely EUR document)。The no 1 time is stood vs the pit electricity progress of technique normalization and standardization, international  usually satisfy these two documents arbitrarily of a request of the pit dynamo set is termed third generation pit dynamo set;Satisfy the pit dynamo that above-mentioned document requests currently the set is mainly three, France first Hai Fa company and Germany Siemens company unite ERP of design, House company in the w. of the United States is deveolped since then by the AP600 of AP1000, and Russia from VVER-1000 deveolp since then of AES 92/2006;Among them, the AP1000 satisfies URD to request.ERP and AES satisfy EUR to request;Among them, the AP1000 is that the unipole pile set out two circuitry machines, the electric power 1250 MWes, design life for 60 years, Double safe housing structure, mold mass the design and construction mode for turning, the safe system adoption doesn't  can move a design, EPR sets out four circuitry machines for unipole pile, the electric power 1525 MWes, design life 60 years, double layer the safe housing design, AES for unipole the pile set out four circuitry machines, the electric power 1200 MWes, design life 60 years, double layer safe housing design, The safe system adoption cans move and doesn't  can move to combine a form and program according to the first wireways, head three commerce the pit dynamo sets should formally enter commerce run - time in around 2010, but actually, three pit electricity stations still have no actual commerce to circulate currently, currently about have three 10sets or so pit dynamo set set up, enter commerce run - time to rate for the very first time about 2015.

Pit electricity in the world is being placed in a new period of expansion currently, this is mainly the rapid shape of world economy, energy needs of sharply expand and vs clean - up pursuing of fuel and traditional fuel of dried up day by day coefficient result, the major trend that deveolps tide lies in and check electricity to build a big country from the traditional and western developed countries the transfer is toward the emerging economies and also pushed four pits at the same time electricity technical shape, among them with the pit of China and India give or get an electric shock development planning most for the ambition is thriving.

Four pit electricity technicalsis to begin from 2000, the United States leads long "the fourth generation international nuclear energy forum"(GIF) that the prinipal convenes, in 2002, this forum proposed the pile of six kinds of limited candidate for elections type, is a super critical water cooling pile respectively, heat air cooling pile, Rong salt pile, sodium cold quick pile, lead cold quick pile, air cooling quick pile; according to GIF, international laws should recognize four pits in around 2020 electricity the main pile of the reaction pile type; Be finished in 2025 the prototype model pile.Enter four business applications of piles in 2030;Currently study this technical nation to mainly there is the United States, France, Russia, Japan, India, China, Canada etc.;Four pits give or get an electric shock currently on the up, can say with the positive, all countries fight to be first to vomit a gorgeous pit gives or gets an electric shock early spring sky of forthcoming before.

This  text from old soldier elites south sea make, old soldier 001 carried on a settle and announce, welcome everyone to read instruction!

                       Old soldier 001 write on May 13, 2011