辽宁石油化工大学:美专家评论--警员执法开枪七成错失目标

有人认为美国警察日常接触枪械机会较多，训练也比较有系统，那么理论上来说，美国警察在执行公务时的射击水平应该是相当高的了。可是事实上是否如此呢？这事你说了不算，我说了更不算，还是让我们来看看美国权威人士的说法吧。下面的译文来自美国专业警察网站，由美国著名警务专家李察费本所写，是我在大约一年前翻译的。首先申明，本人不是英语或文科专业，也从来没有从事过翻译工作。翻译出来的文字是根据大意来译的，经不得字字推敲。但是非常欢迎专业或非专业翻译人员提供宝贵意见

警察在训练

下面是引用原文的中英对照，译文为我所加：

Law Enforcement Firearms Richard Fairburn

警用枪械 李察费本 （ 本文作者的个人资料链接 ）

Richard Fairburn has more than 26 years of law enforcement experience in Illinois and Wyoming. He has worked patrol, investigations and administration assignments. Dick has also served as a criminal intelligence analyst, and as the section chief of a major academy’s Firearms Training Unit and Critical Incident Training program. He has a B.S. in Law Enforcement Administration from Western Illinois University and was the valedictorian of his recruit class at the Illinois State Police Academy. He has published hundreds of articles and a book

本文作者李察拥有超过26年的执法经验，并曾在伊利诺斯州和怀俄明州的执法，担任过巡逻，调查和管理等任务。他还担任过刑事情报分析员，并曾任某大学院的枪械训练组和重案组训练主管。他拥有西伊利诺伊大学颁发的行政执法学士学位，还曾以第一名毕业于伊利诺伊州警察学院。他发表的文章和书籍超过数百。

图片所示为本文作者的著作之一 《如何打造一个更好的枪手》

Where did all the bullets go? 

那么子弹到底打到那里去了呢？

Not long ago, the New York Times carried an article that revealed one of law enforcement’s deepest, darkest secrets. Though most agencies are loathe to admit it (and some do not even track it), the vast majority of the bullets police officers fire in the line of duty miss their intended target.

不久前，纽约时报刊登了一篇文章，披露了执法机构所不愿意承认的，在其历史上隐瞒最深，也是最黑暗的秘密之一（有些执法机构甚至不愿保留任何档案记录）。那就是，当警员在执行任务开枪射击时，绝大多数发射的子弹都偏离了预定的目标。

I was not surprised to find striking similarity in the results reported by Los Angeles on the left coast and New York City on the right. I found almost identical numbers ten years ago when analyzing the shooting results of a large mid-western agency. And to prove that the situation is apparently little changed from a hundred years ago, consider this Theodore Roosevelt quote from when he was the New York City Police Commissioner: “It is wonderful, in the event of a street fight, how few bullets seem to hit the men they are aimed at.”

当知道东海岸的纽约和西海岸的洛杉矶都发现了结果极为相似的报告后，我并不感到惊讶。这个结果跟我十年前在中西部某大执法机构研究时所发现的数据不谋而合。为了证明这种情况已经持续了近百年，我在这里引用罗斯福总统在他还是纽约市警察局长的时候说过的话：“这事太妙了，在街头枪战中，击中目标的子弹居然那么少。”

警察使用仿真枪训练

How bad is it? Well, both NYPD and LAPD give hit-rates that hover around 30 percent. In the article, New York claimed a 34 percent hit rate, while LA listed a 31 percent hit rate last year. But, upon a closer read, you will find that even these low numbers misstate the real facts. You see, these 30 percent hit rates include shots fired at dogs, cars, and even police suicides, which tragically run about 100 percent hits. During 1999 in New York, only 13 percent of the bullets fired during police gunfights struck home. During 2006, NYPD’s gunfight hit rate was a much better 30 percent, but we don’t have enough information to know if this was a maintainable improvement or just a statistical variation.

那么情况到底有多糟呢？根据纽约和洛杉矶警察局分别提供的数据显示，警员执法时的平均命中率大约都维持在百分之三十左右。文件还中提到，纽约警局声称其员警的命中率达到了百分之三十四，而洛杉矶则列举出去年百分之31的命中率。但是，如果你仔细推敲一下，你不难发现，即使是这么低的数据里面还是掺了水份。你看，就这三成的命中率里面，其中竟然还包括了对狗，汽车等的射击，更离谱的是，命中率的数据里面甚至还包括了警察自杀时那堪称百分之百准确，但结果却很悲剧的命中率。根据1999年纽约的数据统计，在警匪枪战中，只有百分之十三的子弹击中预定目标。到了2006年期间，纽约市警察局的枪战命中率是居然大大提高到了百分之三十，可惜我们没有足够的信息来分析这到底是因为情况得到持续的改善呢，或只是有人在统计学上玩的数字游戏。

So, even when we take the best “spin” on the best numbers, about 70 percent of the bullets police officers fire strike something they didn’t want to shoot. Luckily, there is an awful lot of stuff in our jurisdictions that can catch errant bullets with minimal bad consequences. While NYPD no longer tabulates information on things unintentionally shot, in 1996 five innocent bystanders were wounded there by police gunfire.

所以，即使我们采取最佳的保守数据，也还有大约百分之七十的警员开枪射击时，子弹击中了他们并不想击中的目标。幸运的是，在现场范围内有很多东西可以阻挡罪恶的子弹，是以避免了更坏的情况发生。虽然纽约市警察局不再提供没有击中目标的子弹去向，但是单单在1996年里面，就有五个无辜的纽约市路人被警察执法时开枪的流弹所误伤。

Realistically, we cannot expect street officers armed with handguns to approach the sniper’s goal of “one shot, one kill.” But, when you consider that the average distance of a police gunfight is well under 7 yards, often less than 10 feet, we must ask ourselves what the hell is going on?

实际上，我们不能指望使用手枪的警务人员具有接近狙击手般“一枪一个”的水平。但是，当你考虑到一个警察在枪战中的平均距离往往少于7码 （7米差一点），甚至常常不到10英尺（3米不到）时，我们不禁要抚心自问，这里面到底出了什么问题？

I’d be willing to bet most of these officers could easily hit a man-sized target 100 percent of the time at 10 feet on the firing range. The answer is both simple and complex. The difference between the 100 percent hit-rate on the training range and the 13 percent gunfight hit-rate can be boiled down to one easy statement: Nobody’s shooting at you on the training range…

我可以打赌，这些警务人员在靶场上都能轻而易举地，百分之百地击中10英尺外的人型靶。原因既简单又复杂。百分之百的靶场命中率和百分之十三的枪战命中率可以总结出一个简单的理由：没人向你开枪。。。

Correct! In a real gunfight, you are only going to be about half as good as you are on your best day on the training range, simply from the stress of a lethal encounter.

对！在真正的枪战中，在面对致命的威胁而产生的巨大压力下，你最多只能发挥出平时在靶场训练时最好成绩的一半左右。

This means that if you shoot a hand size group to the thoracic cavity, it will grow in a real gunfight to at least twice as large a group. If you are barely qualifying with a 70% score, in a real gunfight, you are going to drop to less than 35% which means you are going to miss the majority of your shots at the person who is trying to kill you.

这意味着，如果你平时训练时，能打出一个手掌大小的弹组，那在真正枪战时，分布的弹组至少要增大两倍以上。如果你平时勉强拿个七十分合格的话，在真正枪战时，你会下降到低于35％。也就是说，你射出的大部分子弹，会和欲置你于死地的人擦身而过。

And don’t think that the 13 hits out of 100 rounds fired from law enforcement officers in a lethal confrontations are fight-stopping “center hits.” Most of the 13 are peripheral hits in the arms or below the waist due to the officers not focusing on the front sight and mashing the hell out of the trigger.

别以为执法人员射出的100发子弹中，那击中目标的13发子弹都能命中对方要害，而起到终止对方行动的作用。相反，那十三发子弹大部分命中对方外围的目标，比如手臂或腰部以下。这主要是由于执法人员没有很好地利用准星和胡乱扣动扳机所至。

下面是一组美国联邦调查局FBI所提供的数据以供参考：

55% of gunfights take place 0-5 feet. （55%枪战发生在0-5英尺内 ---- 不到两米）

20% of gunfights take place in 5-10 feet. （20%枪战发生在5-10英尺内）

20% of gunfights take place in 10-21 feet. （20%枪战发生在10-21英尺内）

95% of gunfights take place in 0-21 feet. （95%枪战发生在0-21英尺内）

The average man can cover 21 feet of ground in 1.5 seconds. （男人可以在平均1。5秒内移动21英尺）

The average man cannot draw a gun from concealment in under 2 seconds. （一般人无法在2秒内掏出手枪）

The average gunfight is over in 3-5 seconds. （枪战平均在3-5秒内结束）

3 to 4 shots are usually fired. （枪战中平均会发射3-4发子弹）

Most gunfights take place in low light conditions. （多数枪战发生于黑暗处）

On average, one shot in four strikes someone. （平均每4发子弹会打中一个人）

The US has 93 guns per 100 people (美国每一百人拥有93把枪）