赵丽颖感情落差大:让“男人同情，女人孤独”的绝招 - qpzeng的博文 - 科学网

让“男人同情，女人孤独”的绝招
已有 92 次阅读 2011-4-30 11:22 |个人分类:科普集萃|系统分类:科普集锦|关键词:雌性激素 女人最大 雄性激素 染色体 催产素
在遗传上，男人跟女人最大的差别就是性染色体组成不同，男人有一条X染色体（来自母亲）和一条Y染色体（来自父亲），女人有两条X染色体，一条来自母亲，一条来自祖母（经过父亲）。可是，男女外貌、情感、行为的诸多差异大部分都是由性激素决定的。当然，性激素的种类及含量最终仍由基因决定，但表达量的多少却因人而异。
我很好奇，曾幻想若给男人雌性激素或给女人雄性激素是否真的能让男人“女性化”或让女人“男性化”？在网上搜了一下，恰巧找到英国广播公司（BBC）的两则报道，一则是“给男人催产素会让男人更敏感”，另一则是“给女人睾酮会让女人不再同情”！
文章认为，孤独是男人的“专利”，而同情是女人的“专利”，但都可以通过性激素的作用而被反转！推而广之，不论男女（都含雌雄两类性激素），如果你是个孤独感强的人，那么你体内的睾酮浓度一定很高；如果你是个同情心重的人，那么你体内的催产素浓度一定很高！
如果你追求孤独感，在鼻腔里喷睾酮吧！如果你追求同情心，向鼻腔里喷催产素吧！这可不是什么科学幻想！为了让粗心的丈夫变得体贴，英、德科学家还真的发明了“柔情喷雾剂”（请点击链接）！
现将两则报道黏贴在下面，为防止寻正之流说我“剽窃”，我就不翻译了，只把专业术语注释一下，大家自己看吧！
Page last updated at 10:59 GMT, Friday, 30 April 2010 11:59 UK
'Cuddle hormone' makes men more empathetic
“拥抱激素”让男人更有同情心
Emma Wilkinson
Health reporter, BBC News

Men are not as 'tuned' in to people's feelings as women
A nasal spray can make men more in tune with other people's feelings, say a team of German and UK researchers.
They found that inhaling the "cuddle hormone" oxytocin（催产素）made men just as empathetic as women.
The study in 48 volunteers also showed that the spray boosted the ability to learn from positive feedback.
Writing in the Journal of Neuroscience, the researchers said the spray may be useful for boosting behaviour therapy in conditions such as schizophrenia（精神分裂症）.
Oxytocin is a naturally produced hormone, most well-known for triggering labour pains and promoting bonding between mother and baby.
This study is the latest of several that suggest that intranasal oxytocin seems to 'sensitise' people to become more aware of social cues from other individuals
Professor Gareth Leng
But it has also been shown to play a role in social relations, sex and trust.
Study leader Professor Keith Kendrick, a neuroscientist at Cambridge University, said by giving the hormone nasally, it quickly reaches the brain.
In the first part of the study, half the men received a nose spray containing oxytocin and half were given a dummy（橡皮奶头）spray.
They were then shown photos of emotionally charged situations including a crying child, a girl hugging her cat, and a grieving man, and were asked questions about the depth of feeling they had towards the subjects.
Those who had the hormone spray had markedly higher levels of empathy - of a similar magnitude to those only usually seen in women who are naturally more sensitive to the feelings of others.
Neither group were able to accurately guess whether they had received the oxytocin or the dummy spray.
Positive feedback
In a second experiment, the researchers measured "socially motivated learning" where the volunteers were asked to do a difficult observation test and were shown an approving face if they got the answer right and an unhappy face if they got it wrong.
In these types of experiments, people generally learn faster if they get positive feedback but those who had taken the oxytocin spray responded even better to facial feedback than those in the placebo group.
Professor Kendrick said the oxytocin spray may prove to be useful in people with conditions associated with reduced social approachability and social withdrawal, such as schizophrenia.
And other researchers are already looking at its potential use in autism（孤独症）.
"The bottom line is it improved the ability of people to learn when they had positive feedback and that is pretty important because this might help improve the effectiveness of behavioural therapy or even be useful in people with learning difficulties."
Professor Gareth Leng from Edinburgh University said the research used some cleverly-designed tests.
He added there has been a lot of interest recently on oxytocin and social behaviour.
"This study is the latest of several that suggest that intranasal oxytocin seems to 'sensitise' people to become more aware of social cues from other individuals - and more likely to be sympathetic to them."
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8653500.stm
 
10 February 2011 Last updated at 04:18 GMT
Male sex hormone testosterone 'interferes with empathy'
雄性激素睾酮能“干扰同情心”

Autism is more common among boys
Giving women a small dose of the male sex hormone testosterone（睾酮）makes them less able to empathise with others, say UK and Dutch researchers.
Their findings, in journal PNAS（美国科学院院报）, add weight to the theory that the hormone is significant in the development of autism.
Sixteen volunteers given testosterone were less able to judge the mood of facial expressions they were shown.
Exposure to the hormone in the womb may be key, it is suggested.
Environmental factors
Autism is a disorder which, to varying degrees, affects the ability of children and adults to communicate and interact socially.
While various genes linked to the condition have been found, the precise combination of genetics and other environmental factors which produce autism is still unclear.
The latest study, from the universities of Cambridge and Utrecht, tests the idea that the disorder may be the result of an "extreme male brain", perhaps compromised by exposure to male sex hormones during brain development in the womb（子宫）.
The rate of autism is much higher among boys than it is among girls.
Women, on average, have lower levels of the male sex hormone testosterone than men, and 16 volunteers were given a dose of the hormone to see if this affected one of the key areas linked to autism - the ability to empathise.
In standard tests of "mind-reading"（读心术）, in which subjects look at pictures of faces and try to guess the mood of the person pictured, women tend to do better than men.
However, the testosterone dose caused a significant reduction in this "mind-reading" advantage amongst the women.
The findings also hinted at the significance of testosterone exposure in the womb.
In men and women, the relative length of the index and fourth finger is different - in men, the index finger tends to be shorter than the ring finger（无名指）, while in women, it is more likely that the fingers are similarly long, or the index finger（食指）longer.
These differences are thought to be generated by differing levels of testosterone exposure before birth.
Caution urged
However, the women who did worst at the "mind-reading" test after a dose（剂量）of the male sex hormone were those whose finger lengths were the most "man-like" in the first place.
Professor Jack van Honk, one of the researchers, said: "We are excited by this finding because it suggests testosterone levels prenatally prime later testosterone effects on the mind."
Fellow researcher Professor Simon Baron-Cohen added: "This contributes to our knowledge of how small hormonal differences can have far-reaching effects on the mind."
Professor Uta Frith, an autism researcher at University College London, said the findings needed to be treated with caution.
She said: "The testosterone theory is interesting, but it is still just one of many theories about the origins of autism.
"I hope these results can be reproduced by other research teams, as the number of women involved are quite small."
Richard Mills, from the National Autistic Society, said that the study was "another piece of the jigsaw", but while it increased understanding, it did not provide all the answers.
He said: "This is an important piece of research from a reputable team, but it's not a defining moment, and what concerns us is that there are people who will seek to make capital out of this.
"We have heard of one group in the US who are using the testosterone theory to justify 'treating' children with what is effectively chemical castration, which is plainly wrong."
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12401967