九乡新闻网走进中学的第一天:中考英语语法精讲精练（2）总复习备战系列之
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形容词和副词目录
4.5 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错） I very like English.
（对） I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
形容词和副词目录
4.6 兼有两种形式的副词
1） close与closely
close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2） late 与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗？
3） deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4） high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5） wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6） free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
形容词和副词目录
4.7 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1） 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2） 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good
better
best
well（健康的）
worse
worst
bad
ill（有病的）
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
形容词和副词目录
4.8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如：
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
形容词和副词目录
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对） He is more clever than his brother.
（对） He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.
（对） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
形容词和副词目录
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题：
1）---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
形容词和副词目录
4.11 many, old 和 far
1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。
2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
形容词和副词目录
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
（错） Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
（对） Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4） "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
形容词和副词目录
4.13 和more有关的词组，
1） the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。
2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3） no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than… 与……一样……。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4） more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
形容词和副词目录
形容词、副词练习答案
4.14 形容词和副词练习
1. 1. The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
a. high valuable b. highly valuable c. valuable high d. valuable highly
2. 2. Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.
a. older b. the oldest c. eldest d. the eldest
3. 3. They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
a. little b. not c. small d. bit
4. 4. They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is ______.
a. so small b. such little c. so little d. such small
5. 5. If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
a. live b. lived c. alive d. living
6. 6. On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
a. very ill man b. much sick man c. serious ill man d. very sick man
7. 7. She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
a. very good b. very well c. healthy d. good conditioned
8. 8. What I would do is to go ______.
a. really quietly somewhere b. somewhere quietly really
c. really quiet somewhere d. somewhere really quiet
9. 9. The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the front.
a. the present members b. the members presently
c. the members present d. the presently members
10. 10. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
a. three times much as b. three times as many as
c. as three times much as d. three times as much as
11. 11. The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.
a. too a little small b. a little too small c. a too little small d. a small too little
12. 12. She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______.
a. other girls b. that of other girls c. the other girls d. those of other girls
13. 13. he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
a. any boys b. any other boy c. any boy d. any other
14. 14. Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
a. daily b. day c. day time d. night
15. 15. ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will become.
a. The more frequent b. The frequenter c. The more frequently d. the frequentlier
16. 16. We’d better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
a. a little longer b. more longer c. long d. as longer
17. 17. although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
a. bad b. badly c. too much bad d. too badly
18. 18. When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______ dress.
a. a cotton , blue …expensive b. an expensive … blue, cotton
c. a blue, expensive … cotton d. a cotton, expensive… blue
19. 19. The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
a. everything possible humanly b. humanly everything possible
c. everything humanly possible d. humanly possible everything
20. 20. I was worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
a. lately b. late c. latter d. more later
21. 21. The noise outside was ______ his speech was hardly audible.
a. too irritating that b. so irritating so c. so irritating that d. so irritating enough that
22. 22. The harder the shrub is to grow, ______.
a. the more higher price it b. the higher price it is
c. the higher the price is d. the higher is the price
23. 23. The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are ______ taken from the earth.
a. clearest than those b. clearer than that
c. much clear than those d. much clearer than those
24. 24. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. Three-minute call b. A three-minutes call
c. A three-minute call d. A three-minutes-call
25. 25. We arrived ______ Professor Baker had already called the roll.
a. so lately that b. as late that c. so later that d. so late that
26. 26. It is ______ that I would like to go to the beach.
a. so nice weather b. such nice weather c. so nice a weather d. such a nice weather
27. 27. Her little car isn’t ______ to seat more than two people comfortably.
a. big enough b. enough big c. so big enough d. big as enough
28. 28. His score on the exam was ______ to qualify him for a graduate program.
a. too good b. well enough c. as high as d. good enough
29. 29. The plane is scheduled to arrive ______ because of bad weather.
a. lately b. late c. later d. latest
30. 30. There are ______ that I can’t finish them.
a. so long assignments b. such long assignments
c. long assignments d. so very long assignments
31. 31. Bats find their way by squeaking ______ and guiding themselves by echoes.
a. very fast b. very fastly c. much faster d. most fastly
32. 32. Your application will be considered ______ your file is completed.
a. as quickly as b. as soon as c. as fast as d. as early as
33. 33. This dress is prettier, but it costs ______ that one.
a. twice more than b. twice as much as c. as much twice as d. twice so much as
34. 34. A new shopping center on the north side will have ______.
a. five hundred more than shops b. as more than five hundred shops
c. five hundred shops more than d. more than five hundred shops
35. 35. The more you study during the semester, ______ you have to study the week before exams.
a. the less b. the lesser c. less d. the little
36. 36. To answer accurately is more important than ______.
a. a quick finish b. to finish quickly c. finishing quickly d. you finish quickly
37. 37. When a body enters the earth’s atmosphere, it travels ______.
a. in a rapid manner b. fastly c. with great speed d. very rapidly
38. 38. The salary of a taxi driver is much higher _______.
a. in comparison with the salary of a teacher b. than a teacher
c. than that of a teacher d. to compare as a teacher
39. 39. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds ______ on adjacent hills.
a. more frequently as b. as frequently than
c. more frequently than d. frequently than
40. 40. She can speak _______ in front of Mack, but she can’t eat ______ in his restaurant.
a. free, free b. free, freely c. freely, free d. freely, freely
41. 41. You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it.
a. may more b. more several c. more often d. more many
42. 42. I have been going to Shanghai ______ than I used to.
a. lesser b. less c. fewer d. less often
43. 43. Tuition at American university runs ______ one thousand dollars a semester.
a. so high as b. as high to c. as high as d. as higher than
44. 44. I enjoy the concert last night; they played ______ beautiful music.
a. such b. such a c. so d. so a
45. 45. Several day ______, I saw the man again on the street.
a. late b. later c. latter d. last
46. 46. When electricity was first invented, people refused to believe such a thing ______.
a. impossible b. possibly c. possible d. impossibly
47. 47. The reason why so many people sit before the television tonight is that there will be a ______ show.
a. living b. live c. alive d. lived
48. 48. When the three boys met one another, they found they looked very much ______. Then they knew they were triplet.
a. like b. alike c. likely d. liked
49. 49. The doctor assured the patient that there was ______ with her, but she could not help worrying.
a. seriously wrong nothing b. nothing serious wrong
c. nothing seriously wrong d. serious nothing wrong
50. 50. If you live in Wuhan one day and in Shenyang the next, you ______ the change in temperature.
a. are certainly to feel b. certainly feel c. are to feel certainly d. are certain to feel
51. 51. As a safety precaution, all drivers carry only enough money to make change for ______.
a. a bill of ten-dollar b. a ten-dollars bill
c. a ten-dollar bill d. a tens-dollar bill
52. 52. When I spent holidays Europe, I bought _____ vases.
a. two lovely big old German b. two lovely old big German
c. two German big old lovely d. lovely big two old German
53. 53. Everyone will agree that food in the south is as good as ______ in the country.
a. other region b. any other region c. that of any region d. that of any other region
54. 54. Stars are so far away that they are ______ spots of light when seen from the earth.
a. nothing more as b. anything more than
c. more than d. nothing more than
55. 55. What deeply impressed his was that magnificent ______.
a. eight-century-old b. eight-centuries c. old-eight-centuries d. eight-century’s-old
56. 56. _______ focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies.
a. The below text and dialogues b. Below the text and dialogues
c. The text and dialogues below d. Text and dialogues the below
57. 57. People will be able to fly from one planet to another in ______.
a. little nasty arrow-shaped tubes b. nasty little arrow-shaped tubes
c. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes d. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes
58. 58. Beginning in the late 19th century, the _______ rise in the productivity of England was just ______ less than Germany and the U.S.
a. year…slightly b. yearly…slight c. yearly…slightly d. year…slightly
59. 59. In Spain, officials estimate that ______ 75 percent of the current violent crime is drug related.
a. much as b. as much as c. as many as d. as great
60. 60. You should spend ______ in the study of the various senses and uses of the common words.
a. much time as you can b. as time much as you can
c. time as many as you can d. as much time as you can
61. 61. Professor Chen asked us to write ______ essay on individual differences in second language learning.
a. a no more than two-thousand-word b. a less two-thousand-words
c. a less than two-thousands-words d. a no more two than thousand word
62. 62. Her voice is ______.
a. loud b. aloud c. loudly d. loudness
63. 63. That so many advances have been made in ______ is the most valid argument for retaining the research unit.
a. such short time b. so a short time c. such a short time d. such short a time
64. 64. ______ curriculum includes all experiences which the students may have within the environment of the school.
a. Broad speaking b. Speaking broadly c. Broadly speaking d. Broadly
65. 65. Since taxi fare in the city may run ______ twenty dollars, I suggest that you take a bus.
a. as high as b. as expensive as c. so high that d. so expensive as
66. 66. If negotiations for the new trade agreements take ______, critical food shortages will develop in several countries.
a. too much longer b. much too long c. the longest d. the longer
67. 67. If he had followed the directions carefully in taking the medicine, he would have felt better ______.
a. much quicker b. more quick c. much quickly d. more quickly
68. 68. Since he spent his childhood in France, Jack is able to converse in French ______.
a. rather good b. quite better c. fairly more d. rather well
69. 69. Of the two cars that the Smiths have, the Plymouth is, without any question, ______.
a. the cheapest to run b. the cheaper to run c. cheaper d. more cheaper
70. 70. With ______ three inches of rain falling in a six-month period, the farmers found it necessary to irrigate the land
a. less than b. little than c. fewer than d. less few than
71. On a small marble table in the center of her boudoir stands ______ vase.
a. a. a little exquisite antique brown Chinese porcelain
b. b. an exquisite little antique brown Chinese porcelain
c. c. an antique little exquisite brown Chinese porcelain
d. d. a Chinese antique little expensive brown porcelain
72. 72. “When is Tom going to leave?”
“He is going to leave ______ this week.”
a. sometimes b. some time c. sometime d. somewhat
73. 73. The librarian insists that Dana take ______ books from library before she returns the dictionary she borrowed last month.
a. no b. many c. not many d. no more
74. 74. The facilities of the older hospital are ______ the new hospital.
a. as good or better than b. as good as or better as
c. as good as or better than d. as good as or better than those of
75. 75. ______ iron has relatively few economical uses.
a. Chemical pure b. Chemically pure c. Pure chemical d. Purely chemical
76. 76. I walked 8 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ______ far.
a. much b. that c. such d. as
77. 77. They _____ to our proposal.
a. have not still responded b. have not responded still
c. have still not responded d. still have not responded
78. 78. True hibernation takes place only among ______ animals.
a. whose blood is warm b. blood worm
c. warm-blooded d. they have warm blood
79. 79. He works ______.
a. lone b. lonely c. alone d. lonesome
80. 80. A _____ road goes ______ from our college to the center.
a. straight…straight b. straightly…straightly c. straight…straightly d. straightly…straight
动词目录
5. 动词
1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
4） 动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。
5） 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）
The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）
6） 动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。
动词目录
5.1 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems （to be） very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意。例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
动词目录
5.2 助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
动词目录
5.3 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
动词目录
5.4 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
动词目录
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？
动词目录
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
动词目录
5.7 助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
动词目录
5.8 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。
动词目录
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
1）不定式
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3）分词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
动词目录
助动词练习答案
5.10 助动词练习
1. 1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2. 2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3. 3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4. 4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5. 5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6. 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7. 7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8. 8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9. 9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10. 10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11. 11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12. 12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13. 13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14. 14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15. 15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16. 16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17. 17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18. 18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
a. b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19. 19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20. 20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21. 21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22. 22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23. 23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24. 24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. a. must b. could c. should d. might
25. 25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26. 26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
a. b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27. 27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28. 28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
a. b. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29. 29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30. 30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31. 31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32. 32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33. 33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34. 34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35. 35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36. 36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37. 37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38. 38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39. 39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40. 40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41. 41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
34. 42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
35. 43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?
a. a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44. 44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45. 45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46. 46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47. 47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
a. b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48. 48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49. 49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50. 50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51. 51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52. 52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53. 53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54. 54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55. 55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56. 56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57. 57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
a. b. I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58. 58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59. 59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a. a. need have been working b. may be working
a. b. ought have been working d. ought be working
60. 60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
a. b. must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a. a. ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
a. b. ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62. 62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63. 63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c. oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64. 64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65. 65.He ______ with us last night.
a. a. would have liked to go b. should like to be going
a. b. should be liked to go d. would like to go
66. 66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
a. b. should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67. 67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68. 68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69. 69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70. 70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71. 71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72. 72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73. 73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a. a. must have looked after b. would have to look after
a. b. had to look after d. should have looked after
74. 74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a. a. may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c. must miss her train d. could miss her train
75. 75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a. a. would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76. 76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77. 77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78. 78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79. 79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a. a. shall b. should c. would d. may
80. 80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do
动名词目录
动名词
动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词write为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态/语态
主动
被动
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
动名词目录
6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语。例如：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：
admit 承认
appreciate 感激
avoid 避免
complete完成
consider认为
delay 耽误
deny 否认
detest 讨厌
endure 忍受
enjoy 喜欢
escape 逃脱
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone推迟
practice 训练
recall 回忆
resent 讨厌
resume 继续
resist 抵抗
risk 冒险
suggest 建议
face 面对
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理解
forgive 宽恕
keep 继续
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to
prefer…to
be used to
lead to
devote oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward to
be proud of
be busy
can't help
be tired of
be capable of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful in
3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
动名词目录
6.2 worth 的用法
worth, worthy, worthwhile都是形容词，意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth（someone’s）while doing
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth "值得做某事"
It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worthwhile to do sth.。选C。
动名词目录
动名词、不定式、分词练习答案
6.3 动名词不定式、分词练习
1. 1. I was ______ work last week, but I changed my mind.
a. to start b. to have started c. to be starting d. to have been starting
2. 2. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests hen.
a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed
3. 3. Don’t let me catch you ______.
a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that again d. done that again
4. 4. There are many kinds of metals ______.
a. a. each has its special properties b. one has its special properties
b. b. each having its special properties d. having its special properties
5. 5. It’s pay-day, and they’re waiting ______.
a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paid
6. 6. _______ trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair.
a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing
c. Rather than cause d. Rather than caused
7. 7. The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.
a. so as to b. such as to c. so that d. such that
8. 8. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined ______ high levels of self-confidence.
a. possess b. have possessed c. to possess d. possessing
9. 9. The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming.
a. too busy b. enough busy c. busy too d. busy enough
10. 10. “What did you do in the garden?”
“I watched my father ______ his motorbike.”
a. to repair b. repaired c. repairing d. repairs
11. 11. We must have an engineer ______ the workers build the house.
a. to see b. see c. seeing d. seen
12. 12. Induction means ______ a general conclusion from special facts.
a. to come to b. to coming c. coming to d. came
13. 13. I’m not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade; I intend _______.
a. to let rest the matter b. the matter to be let resting
c. letting the matter to rest d. to let the matter rest
14. 14. I have tried _______ worrying about it.
a. to stop consciously b. to consciously stop
c. to conscious stopping d. to stopping consciously
15. 15. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?”
“I prefer ______ .”
a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not to
16. 16. I _______ the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests.
a. cannot but admit b. cannot help but to admit
c. cannot but admitting d. cannot help but admitting
17. 17. Since she is angry, we ______.
a. had better leaving her alone b. should leave her alone
c. might as well leave her alone d. had rather leave her alone
18. 18. I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all.
a. to smoke…smoking b. smoking…to smoke
c. to smoke…to smoke d. smoking…smoking
19. 19. You should remember ______ from the point when you are writing a composition.
a. don’t wander b. not to wander c. no wandering d. not wander
20. 20. Grace advised us to withdraw ______.
a. so as to get not involved b. so as not to get involved
c. so that to get not involved d. as not to get involved
21. 21. He ran all the way up to the station ______ that the train had left fifteen minutes before.
a. in order to find b. so as to find c. only to find d. such as to find
22. 22. George went hunting for a week but still he didn’t find a room ______.
a. to live b. to live in c. for living d. to be living in
23. 23. You should really avoid ______ at home alone as he is old and ill.
a. your father stay b. your father to stay
c. your father’s staying d. your father who stays
24. 24. John didn’t want to risk ______ wet as he had only one suit.
a. getting b. to get c. being got d. to be gotten
25. 25. I’m disappointed with the new officers elected in our club, but there is no point _______ about it.
a. to worry b. in worrying c. with us worrying d. if we worry
26. 26. It won’t be any use ______ to borrow any more money.
a. you to try b. of your trying c. trying you d. your trying
27. 27. The law requires all cars _______ for safety and efficiency.
a. being tested regularly b. to be regularly tested
c. be regularly tested d. regularly tested
28. 28. I remember ______ to the zoo by my father when I was little.
a. being taken b. taking c. have been taken d. to have taken
29. 29. I completely forgot ______ the front door last night and feel fortunate that nothing is stolen.
a. locking b. being locked c. to lock d. to have locked
30. 30. I regret ______ you that your application has been refused.
a. informing b. being informed c. to be informed d. to inform
31. 31. I didn’t mean ______ anything, but these apples looked so good I couldn’t resist ______ one.
a. to eat…trying b. to eat…o trying c. eating…to try d. eating…to trying
32. 32. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help ______ about it.
a. but to think b. thinking c. think d. to think
33. 33. The ship, ______ to a shapeless wreck, was hardly recognizable.
a. being reduced b. reducing c. reduced d. having been reducing
34. 34. The young doctor could not sleep at night, his thoughts ______ him no peace.
a. gave b. giving c. being given d. to give
35. 35. After a long walk on a hot day, one feels ______.
a. exhaustive b. exhausting c. exhaust d. exhausted
36. 36. Those relatives of his are ______ . I don’t want to have any dealings with them.
a. boring people b. bored people
c. people having bored d. people having boring
37. 37. You must follow the directions exactly and if you become ______, you must take the time to go back again and reread them.
a. to confuse b. confusing c. confuse d. confused
38. 38. There is something wrong with my TV set, I must have it ______.
a. checking b. check c. to check d. checked
39. 39. He was just about to jump up when he felt something ______ near his feet.
a. to move b. move c. moving d. moved
40. 40. ______ with the corresponding period of last year, the output of chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15%.
a. Comparing b. To compare c. Compared d. Compare
41. 41. “Was the rally successful?’
“No, because the number of ______ was smaller than we had expected.”
a. people who attend b. attended people
c. people attending d. attendance of people
42. 42. Uncle Dick has already arrive. Do you expect ______ to see him?
a. a. Going b. go c. to go d. that you go
43. 43. From the electric refrigerator Dick takes a carton of cream, another of fresh milk and a can of ______ orange juice.
a. a. frozen b. froze c. freezing d. freezed
44. 44. He felt bad for ______ a chance to study abroad.
a. having not given b. not having given
c. having not been given d. not having been given
45. 45. In some countries there are already a number of firms ______ computer programming.
a. specialize in b. specialized in c. specializing in d. specializes in
46. 46. The young man who saw the car ______ into the river telephoned the police station.
a. plunge b. plunged c. was plunging d. to plunge
47. 47. While she was shopping, she kept ______ the list to make sure she hadn’t forgotten anything.
a. checked b. checking c. to check d. check
48. 48. You’d better ______.
a. to have your shoes mended b. to have mended your shoes
c. have your shoes mended d. having your shoes mended
49. 49. The machines are made ______ at full speed.
a. work b. working c. to work d. to be worked
50. 50. It is certain that men will never stop ______ new energy sources to power their growing industry.
a. finding b. to find c. having found d. found
51. 51. It is really quite extraordinary that we should have been at the same college without ______ before.
a. met b. being met c. having met d. having been met
52. 52. Professor Smith is said ______ another important discovery in chemistry.
a. having made b. having been made c. to have made d. to make
53. 53. Without the sun’s light ______ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on the earth.
a. warms b. warmed c. warming d. to warm
54. 54. The rocket will weigh about 200 tons when ______.
a. being completed b. completed completing d. have been completed
55. 55. There are plans ______ a number of atomic power station in this regions.
a. to build b. to be built c. building d. being built
56. 56. All of us are looking forward to ______ a trip to the Ming Tombs.
a. make b. making c. to making d. have made
57. 57. I can’t understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
a. him to postpone to make b. his postponing to make
c. him to postponing making d. his postponing making
58. 58. I would like ______ that I don’t have a very high opinion of you.
a. to have you know b. have you know
c. to have your known d. having you know
59. 59. I had intended ______ him while he was living at Aberdeen.
a. visiting b. visit c. to have visited d. having visited
60. 60. Do you consider better _______ ?
a. not doing it again b. not do it again
c. not having done it again d. not to do it again
61. 61. The famous scientist was easy _______ along with.
a. to get b. for getting c. getting d. got
62. 62. The students will have more discussions like this in the weeks ______.
a. coming b. to come c. come d. to be coming
63. 63. He felt lonely at first, but after a time he got ______ alone and even got ______ it.
a. used to living…to like b. used to live… to like
c. using to live…liking d. to be used to living…liking
64. 64. Our master raised his voice so that the could make himself ______ by the pupils in the back of the hall.
a. hear b. heard c. hearing d. to be heard
65. 65. When he awoke, he found himself ______ in the hospital and ______ by an old woman.
a. lying…being looked after b. lying…be looking after
c. lie…be looked after d. lie…being looked after
66. 66. ______ from the hill-top the lake scenery is beyond description.
a. To see b. Seeing c. Seen d. Having seen
67. 67. ______ in the strange forest, the poor girls fell to ______.
a. Lost…crying b. Lost…cry c. To lost…cry d. Having been lost…crying
68. 68. They’ll have you ______ if you don’t pay your taxes.
a. to be arrested b. arrest c. arrested d. being arrested
69. 69. All flights ______ because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
a. having cancelled b. were cancelled
c. have been cancelled d. having been cancelled
70. 70. Although it was very late when John began doing the job, he managed with his friend’s assistance, ______ before the building was locked.
a. to be finished b. being finished c. finishing d. to finish
71. 71. Despite the earnest efforts of various private groups as well as government agencies, many of the problems have not yet been solved, and much remains to ______.
a. have been done b. be done c. have done d. do
72. 72. ______ that bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on Eiger until the following week.
a. Having told b. Being told c. Telling d. Having been told
73. 73. Members of the Government itself acknowledge many of their predictions _______ wildly over-optimistic.
a. to be b. being c. to have been d. having been
74. 74. The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.
a. objected to having b. objected to have
c. were objected to have d. were objected to having
75. 75. The teacher doesn’t permit ______ in class.
a. smoke b. smoking c. to smoke d. to have smoke
76. 76. I like watching TV ______ to the cinema.
a. more than to go b. more than going
c. than going d. rather than to go
77. 77. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.
a. to be informed b. informed c. on informing d. informing
78. 78. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.
a. to have left b. to leave c. to be leaving d. to have been left
79. 79. Dorothy went to work quietly, ______ to work as hard as she could.
a. her mind being made up b. with her mind made up
c. with her mind making up d. he mind making up
80. 80. Husband and wife with a common duty to the country will find themselves ______ closer together.
a. been drawn b. drawn c. to draw d. drawing
81. 81. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed ______ blown off the mountain.
a. to have been b. that it was c. to be d. that it had been
82. 82. ______ halfway through the exercise, the teacher changed his mind and collected all our papers.
a. When only being b. When we were only
c. Being only d. Having been
83. 83. Some passengers are reading the morning paper, others are talking with one another, ______ nervously for the train.
a. to wait b. are waiting c. waiting d. being waited
84. 84. There’s one thing I dislike about him: he will never admit ______ a mistake.
a. having made b. making c. being made d. have been made
85. 85. Stan spent half a year ______ material for his new book.
a. to collect b. collect c. collecting d. collected
86. 86. It’s no use ______ me not to worry.
a. you tell b. your telling c. for you to have told d. having told
87. 87. The chairman insists that there be a meeting _______ within the shortest possible time.
a. to hold b. to be held c. to have been held d. to be holding
88. 88. When the famous pianist was a child, he was accustomed ______ for several hours a day.
a. to practicing b. to practice c. to be practicing d. to have practiced.
89. 89. In China hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages ______ themselves understood by the inhabitants of the next town.
a. making trouble have b. have making trouble
c. have trouble making d. trouble making have
90. 90. It’s a wonderful place for anyone ______ in architecture, as you are.
a. interesting b. to be interested c. being interested d. interested
91. 91. Another feature worth ______ is the role of information throughout a feedback control system..
a. noticed b. noticing c. being noticed d. notice
92. 92. I believe ______ very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
a. this unhappiness are b. to be this unhappiness
c. this be unhappiness d. this unhappiness to be
93. 93. When they met, Leonards and his enemy were fighting ______.
a. killed each other b. to kill each other
c. killing each other d. to be killed each other
94. 94. Before the invention of aero-planes, ______ in the sky like a bird was only a dream.
a. men fly b. to fly c. for flying d. man flys
95. 95. At last they succeeded ______ the job.
a. to persuade him to take b. in persuading him to take
c. to persuade him taking d. in persuading him taking
96. 96. All that it does is ______ the place of a house wife.
a. takes b. taking c. take d. being taken
97. 97. He listened to me ______ what Mr. Smith had said the day before.
a. to repeat b. to be repeated c. to repeating d. repeat
98. 98. He could do little except ______.
a. writing b. write c. written d. to write
99. 99. The electric shaver ______ before it can be used.
a. needs repairing b. requires to repair
b. b. should be in repair d. has to be repairable
100. 100. ______ a problem requiring multiplication or division, the computer solves it by adding or subtracting.
a. Giving b. Having given c. Being given d. Given
101. 101. You can fly to London this evening ______ you don’t mind changing planes in Paris.
a. provided b. except c. unless d. so far as
102. 102. Students from the south prefer _______.
a. eat rice than bread b. eating rice than bread
c. eating rice to eating bread d. eating rice to eat bread
103. 103. Would you be ______ to help me with my luggage?
a. enough kind b. kind enough
c. too kind d. kind too
104. 104. The father advise ______ the second-hand car.
a. his son to not buy b. his son not to buy
c. his son’s no buying d. that his son not to buy
105. 105. “Do you intend to come with us?”
“Yes, ______.”
a. I intend so b. I intend that c. I intend to d. I intend
106. 106. It takes a whole year for the earth ______ round the sun once.
a. traveling b. to travel c. traveled d. travels
107. 107. The factory ______ next year will be one of the largest in this city.
a. to build b. to be built c. being built d. having been built
108. 108. With the guide ______ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.
a. leading b. led c. leads d. to lead
109. 109. They got the work ______ before the rainy season set in.
a. to do b. done c. doing d. did
110. 110. Things are known ______ when they unite with the oxygen of the air.
a. burning b. to burn c. burn d. being burning
111. 111. He was thoroughly ashamed ______ so much money on such an ugly picture.
a. for spending b. with spending
c. to have spent d. of having spent
112. 112. ______ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.
a. To be free b. Freeing c. To free d. Freed
113. 113. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ______ in broad daylight yesterday.
a. to be robbed b. robbed c. to have been robbed d. having been robbed
114. 114. There seemed little hope that the explorer, ______ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
a. to be deserted b. having deserted
c. to have been deserted d. having been deserted
115. 115. “Where should I send my application?”
“The Personnel Office is the place ______.”
a. to sent it b. sent it to c. to send it to d. for sending it
116. 116. The publisher will send you a specimen copy of their new book ______.
a. when it will be requested b. when they are requested
c. when requested d. when request it
117. 117. Rome is the city ______.
a. I rather most like to visit b. I’d most like to visit
c. I’m rather to visit most d. I’d prefer most to visit
118. 118. There ______ no further business, the meeting came to a stop.
a. being b. was c. been d. had been
119. 119. Please remind me ______ some eggs for the coming party.
a. buy b. to buy c. of buying d. for buying
120. 120. Don’t say anything at the meeting unless ______.
a. asking b. asked c. being asked d. to be asked
121. 121. The radio announced that all flights ______ have been cancelled because of the fog.
a. go out b. gone out c. going out d. will go out
122. 122. What’s the use ______ extra leisure time if you don’t know what to do?
a. have b. to have c. being have d. of knowing
123. 123. ______ mathematical concepts of some students was very difficult because the students did not have a math background.
a. Explain b. Explaining c. Have explained d. Having explained
124. 124. Although John was the oldest in the family, he always let his sister _____ charge of the house.
a. to take b. taking c. take d. taken
125. 125. Commercial banks make most of their income from interest ______ on loans and investment in stocks and bonds.
a. earn b. earned c. to earn d. was earned
126. 126. Amelia Earhart, the first woman ______ a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, was born in 1898.
a. makes b. made c. making d. to make
127. 127. It is impossible for the plan ______.
a. to put into practice b. not to put into practice
c. c. to be put into practice d. to be not put into practice
128. 128. ______ is what she wants to know.
a. Who to do it b. Whom to do it
c. Who does it do d. Whom doing it
129. 129. My wife suggested ______ to Scotland for a holiday, but I favor ______ Wales instead.
a. to go…to visit b. going …visiting
c. to go…visiting d. going …to visit
130. 130. There are several ______ leaves on the ground.
a. falling b. fallen c. to fall d. fell
动词不定式目录
7. 动词不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
动词不定式目录
7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。
1） 1） 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：
afford
aim
agree
arrange
ask
decide
bother
care
choose
demand
desire
determine
elect
endeavor
hope
fail
help
learn
long 渴望
mean
manage
offer
plan
pretend
refuse
tend
undertake
expect
hate
intend
例如：
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
ask
choose
expect
help
beg
intend
like/love
need
prefer
prepare
want
wish
例如：
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
1） 3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：
decide
know
consider
forget
learn
remember
show,
wonder
find out
tell
inquire
explain
例如：
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
动词不定式目录
7.2 不定式作补语
1） 1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如；
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
1) 2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider
find
believe
think
declare（声称）
appoint
guess
fancy（设想）
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。
2) 3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：
例如：
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
动词不定式目录
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：
（对）To teach is to learn.
（错）It is to learn to teach.
（错）To teach is learning.
（错）Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
动词不定式目录
7.4 7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
You are nice. （通顺，所以应用of）。
He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）
动词不定式目录
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
动词不定式目录
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
动词不定式目录
7.7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3） 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
动词不定式目录
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
动词不定式目录
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。
2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3） would rather，had better句型后
4） Why… / why no…句型后
5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：
6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：
He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1） ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
动词不定式目录
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。
动词不定式目录
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。例如：
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
动词不定式目录
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2） 表示结果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
动词不定式目录
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如：
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
动词不定式目录
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
动词不定式目录
7.15 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。
特殊词精讲目录
8.特殊词精讲
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如：
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
特殊词精讲目录
8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如：
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
特殊词精讲目录
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如：
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
特殊词精讲目录
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
特殊词精讲目录
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
特殊词精讲目录
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如：
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊词精讲目录
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如：
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
特殊词精讲目录
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
特殊词精讲目录
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法）
特殊词精讲目录
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如：
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。
特殊词精讲目录
8.11 begin（start） doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4） 事物作主语时。例如：
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
特殊词精讲目录
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
9. 分词
分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）：
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to开始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
do
go
主动
被动
现在分词
doing
being done
going
过去分词
/
done
gone
完成式
having done
having been done
/
分词目录
9.1 分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
分词目录
9.2 分词作状语
分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
分词目录
9.3 连词+分词（短语）
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
分词目录
9.4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
分词目录
9.5 分词作表语
表示主语的状态等。例如：
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
分词目录
9.6 分词作插入语
分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of （speaking of） 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）
分词目录
9.7 分词的时态
1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
分词目录
9.8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：
He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you…）他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
独立主格目录
独立主格
10.1 独立主格
独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
独立主格目录
10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
动词的时态目录
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
动词的时态目录
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
动词的时态目录
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。