船长w能解亚索的大吗:[原创]不必妄自菲薄-美军对95步枪权威评介

北美孤狼原创翻译，未经本人同意请勿转载。信息图片取自维基百科英文网站。

95式步枪是中国北方公司于95年为中国人民解放军量产定型的突击步枪。此枪还装备了中国人民武装警察部队，及特警人员。这款武器使用的是中国新开发的独特的5.8X42毫米DBP87弹药。在与此枪相同的平台上开发出了95枪族。

一） 概述

95步枪第一次走入世界的视线是在1997年，是在香港回归中国的中英交接仪式上亮相。中国这款新式轻武器是一款典型的现代无托步枪。其突出特点是枪的击发装置及弹夹置于扳击及握把之后，使枪的枪身比传统步枪大为缩短。此武器是对中国从AK系列开发出的81式步枪的换代。该枪应用了现代合成材料使枪重大为减轻。其5.8X42毫米小口径高速弹药与北约制式5.56X45毫米SS109及俄罗斯5.45X39毫米5N7弹药为同一级别。其无拖设计和英国SA80，法国FAMAS，奥地利斯帝尔AUG类似。

二） 技术性能

尽管95步枪的外贸型97枪族在国际地区冲突实战中有了一定的应用，但是对其综合的战场表现还鲜有报道。不过有暴力测试报告表明，该枪浸水以后等恶劣环境下仍然可以可靠发射。还可以确定的是，该枪的击发系统应用的是现代军用步枪的短冲程气动式转动螺栓系统。

该枪的射击模式可选择有四种设定：1）设定“0”为保险状态；2）设定“1”为半自动射击模式；3）设定“2”为全自动射击模式；4）设定“3”为3连发点射模式。中国经过大规模的实弹射击测试比对，得出的结论是其5.8X42毫米弹药大大优于同级别的与北约制式5.56X45毫米SS109及俄罗斯5.45X39毫米5N7弹药。5.8毫米弹药的穿透力强于后两者，也比后两者弹道更直，在远距离比另两种弹药保持更高的速度和动能。

三） 设计特点

95步枪是一款全新的设计。与以往的中国步枪设计相比可谓脱胎换骨。得益于低后坐力的小口径弹药以及该枪的完善降后坐系统，该枪据称是一款更便于操作的自动武器。该枪的设计目标是一种发挥5.8X42毫米弹药优势的更精准及可靠的武器。大量测试结果数据表明，该枪的射击精确度和美制M-16A3及俄制AK-74相同。实弹射击效果表明，该枪在400至500米距离比5.45x39及 5.56x45弹药保持更直的弹道。

四） 操作

该枪弹夹与枪身后部（扳击后面）的弹夹仓结合紧密。上弹夹时先将弹夹前部插入弹夹仓，弹夹前部的卡扣卡入弹仓凹槽，然后以卡扣为轴把弹夹后部按进弹夹仓（这和AK-47的上弹夹方式类似），弹夹后部的弹夹释放装置和弹夹仓后部咬合，弹夹就紧密地嵌入弹夹仓了。卸下弹夹的方式是向后扳弹夹，弹夹前部就会从凹槽中被释放出来。枪栓位于枪上部一体提手的下方。 向后拉动枪栓上膛待击。

五） 设计缺陷

有专家认为保险的位置过于靠后，影响了开保险设置到待击状态的速度。

六）95枪族共有7种衍生型号

1）95标准型

这是为解放军装备的标准型号，使用5.8X42毫米DBP87弹药。

据报道PLA对95步枪进行了升级改进。负责这个项目的是目前已退休的设计师朵英贤。他的学生们继续了他的项目。主要是三个方面的改进： 一是改进枪的整体人机工效；二是开发新的有效射程增加一倍的弹药；三是为95加装了榴弹发射器。

2） 95B骑步枪型（轻型）

这是标准型的短轻版本，主要装备于海军，适应海军舰上相对狭小的空间。

3）95LSW （轻型支援武器）

轻型支援型（见上图）即轻机枪。此型使用加重加长枪管，射速更高，配75发弹鼓。

4）97出口型

与95标准型的主要区别是为适应出口需要口径为北约制式5.56毫米。

5) 97A出口型

比97型增加了3连发点射功能及空仓挂机。此枪的握把与95及97也略有不同。97A没有前握把。97A是出口比较成功的枪型，被柬卜寨特种部队所采用。

6）97B出口型

这是97的骑步枪轻型版。

7）97LSW （轻型支援武器）

和95LSW类似，这是97的轻型支援（轻机枪）版。

六） 关于97民版

民版出口型为两个型号97A及97B的民版型。2008年97A出口到加拿大，但是于2009年1月被皇家加拿大警察定为限制型全自动武器。同年一月一批进口到加拿大的95A被批准销售，但是随即又被加拿大边境警察没收。差不多与此同时，第二批运抵加拿大的97A再次被加拿大边境警察查收。2010年3月，总共卖出的35件97A被加拿大警方以限制武器的理由要求缴回。限制的理由是这些武器为全自动，违反加拿大法律。持有者除非获得全自动武器执照才能拥有，否则必须于30天内缴给警方或者卖给有执照的枪商（个人）。

七） 中国以外装备了95/97枪族的国家

柬卜寨 - 特种部队

缅甸军队

斯里兰卡特种部队

八）中美海军陆战队交流剪影

图一：06年11月26日，美国海军陆战队访问位于浙江的中国海军陆战一旅，双方在靶场共同练习射击95步枪。中美海军陆战队双方定11月某天为海军陆战队日，双方每年互访并进行一系列增进友谊的活动。

图二： 07年3月24日，美国海军陆战队参联会主席彼德.佩斯(Peter Pace)将军在中国沈阳与解放军坦克兵战士握手。坦克兵战士肩挎95。

续：鉴于国内对维基不了解。说明此文参考资料：

1）英文文章《95式5。8毫米自动武器》-中国防务（美国专门研究中国国防的网站）08年1月6日

2）贝尔。托马斯2008-10-15作《泰国抽身避开柬卜寨冲突》-每日电讯（英文）

3）大卫。福帝尔2002年9月作《中国新型5。8X42毫米武器系统披露》-轻武器评鉴（美国权威轻武器杂志） （英文）

4）博客“比较少见的步兵武器”（英文）

5）95步枪 - 中国新闻（英文）

6）95步枪测试 - 中国中央电视台2009年9月28日

7）95式武器 - 敌人的武器（英文）

8）《论5。8X42毫米弹药》-枪与弹药杂志（美国权威评枪及弹药杂志）2006年战斗武器专辑（英文）

9）帝莫尼。严2006年6月作《中国5。8毫米轻武器弹药》- 轻武器评鉴（美国权威轻武器杂志） （英文）

10）2007年防务在线博客文章（英文）

11）《解放军突击步枪脱胎换骨》-战术枪迷网站2009年4月13日文章（英文）

12）〈QBZ97半自动步枪抵达加拿大》- 武器论坛2008年8月17日（英文）

13）〈北方公司97式5。56毫米步枪〉 - 加拿大弹药网站（英文）

14）〈中国出口其新型突击步枪〉- 战略之页网站2010年3月11日文章（英文）

后略

我翻译此文的目的就是想说明95并不像论坛上很多没有根据对95的贬低那么差。还看论坛里的贴子，说95不好的，99%没摸过95。都是人云亦云。说95好的，99%打过95。这很说明问题。我就不明白了，中国好不容易研究出一把好枪，作为中国人自己不爱惜，整天在那污蔑自己的好东西，这是什么心态？

还有说为什么美军不装备95，你这问题也太幼稚了吧。还有说为什么95在国际上装备的国家不多，同样幼稚。第二个问题的答案：1）95是97年才露面的新枪，在不到10年时间已经有三个中国以外的国家装备了，够不错了。8，9年的时间能和存在了大半个世纪的AK及存在了N多年的美式M16比销售业绩吗？ 2）武器市场是政治不是卖白菜，谁的质优价廉买谁的。举个简单的例子， 美军士兵对M9手枪不太满意要换，那得看政客和军火商愿意不愿意。

再附维基英文原文：

The QBZ-95 (Chinese: 轻武器,步枪,自动（简称95式）, 1995; pinyin: Qīngwuqi Bùqiāng--Zìdòng, 1995; literally "Light weapon, Rifle, Automatic, 1995") is an assault rifle manufactured by Arsenal 266, part of Norinco and Arsenal 296, under Jianshe Corp, China South for the People's Liberation Army, the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, Chinese People's Armed Police (para-military police), and Chinese law enforcement. This weapon uses a newly-developed ammunition type of Chinese origin, the 5.8x42mm DBP87. The QBZ-95 consists of a system of firearms using a common design. This family includes a carbine variant, a standard rifle, and a light support weapon.[3]

Overview

The QBZ-95 was first observed outside China in 1997, when the United Kingdom transferred the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. It is a modern weapon system in a bullpup configuration, where the weapon's action and magazine are located behind the grip and trigger assembly. The weapon was designed to replace the standard-issue Type 81 rifle.[1]

The rifle uses modern synthetic materials in its construction, fires a 5.8x42mm small-caliber high-velocity bullet (in a class with the NATO standard 5.56x45mm SS109 and the Russian 5.45x39mm), and employs a bullpup configuration like the British SA80, French FAMAS, Austrian Steyr AUG.

Technical aspects

U.S. and PLA (N) Marines of the 1st Marine Brigade fire the QBZ-95 Assault Rifle during an exchange exercise.Though there have been hints of the 97 variants being involved in some foreign conflicts,[4] little has been reported about its overall combat effectiveness. It has been at least shown in televised tests, however, that the weapon can continue to function after being immersed in water,[5] as well as other harsh environmental conditions.[6] What is also known is that the weapon operates using a short-stroke gas operated rotating-bolt system, similar to most modern military rifles.

The selector switch on the rifle has four settings. The selector settings are as follows: "0" for safe, "1" for "semi-automatic", "2" for fully automatic, and "3" for three round burst setting.[7]

The Chinese have tested their new cartridge extensively against both the 5.56x45mm SS109 and the Russian 5.45x39mm 5N7. They claim their 5.8x42mm outperforms both cartridges with penetration superior to the SS109, a flatter trajectory, and a higher retained velocity and energy downrange.[3][8][9]

Design features

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace USMC shakes hands with Chinese tanker soldiers with a QBZ-95The design of the QBZ-95 is completely new with little resemblance to any of the previous Chinese designs. Thanks to the low recoil impulse of the small caliber ammunition and a very complex recoil buffer system, the rifle is claimed to be more controllable in automatic fire[10]. The aim was to develop an assault rifle based around the 5.8x42mm round, with specifications of being accurate and reliable. After extensive trials, data was produced showing that the system produces accuracy comparable to the American M-16A3 with reliability of that to the Russian AK-74. Field trials showed that the system along with the smaller round, retained a flatter trajectory path than both the 5.45x39mm and 5.56x45mm round at distances of 400-500m

Operation

Magazines are inserted into the magazine well, which is located to the rear of the pistol grip. The magazine is inserted front-first into the well so that the notch on the front of the magazine is retained in the well. The magazine is then "rocked" into place by rotating the rear of the magazine upwards into the well (in a manner similar to the AK-47 series) until the magazine release to the rear of the well is engaged. To release the magazine, the magazine release is pressed rearward, and the magazine pivoted forward and disengaged from the front recess.

The charging handle is located under the integral carrying handle. To chamber a round and charge the weapon, this handle is pulled fully to the rear and then released forward to bring a round into the chamber. It is then ready to fire. Reloading the weapon after emptying a magazine requires this procedure to be repeated, as there is no bolt hold open feature.

Design issues

Some experts are concerned over the awkward position of the safety lever near the end of the rifle away from the shooter's hand.[7] This position makes it difficult to quickly select "fire" when it is in "safe" mode.

Variants

There are seven specialised variants of the QBZ-95.

QBZ-95 (Rifle)

This is the standard version of the rifle used domestically, chambered for the 5.8x42mm DBP87 round.

The PLA has reportedly undertaken a program to improve the Type 95. The lead designer of the Type 95 program Duo Yingxian(朵英贤), who's now retired, has stated that the project is being worked on by some of his students. Known goals for the program are to:

1. Improve the rifle's ergonomics/controls.

2. Chamber it for new ammunition with double the effective range.

3. Add a quick-firing grenade launcher. [11]

QBZ-95B Carbine[edit] QBZ-95B (Carbine)

This is a shorter and lighter version of the standard rifle. From pictures seen the QBZ-95B is seen issued only to Naval Officers, possibly due to the limited room in Naval vessels that would prohibit the full length rifle being used in close quarters.

QBB-95 LSW[edit] QBB-95 LSW (Light Support Weapon)

This light support weapon fulfills the role as the squad machine gunner. It's in the same respect as the QBZ-95 Rifle with modified longer and heavier barrel, higher firing rate, heavier cartridge and is equipped with larger 75-round drum magazine.

QBZ-97 (5.56 mm Assault Rifle)

The Chinese have constructed an export version, the QBZ-97, which is similar to the QBZ-95 in all respects except that it is chambered for 5.56 mm NATO instead of the original Chinese 5.8 mm cartridge and has a deep magazine well designed to accept STANAG magazines.

QBZ-97A (5.56 mm Assault Rifle)

This variant is a QBZ-97 with the addition of a 3-round burst mode and a bolt hold-open device; it also differs from the QBZ-95 and the QBZ-97 for the shape of its grip, now missing the "front grip" part in front of the trigger guard. This weapon is the only QBZ-95 variant to have seen commercial success and military use outside of China; QBZ-97A rifles are in use by 911 Special Forces of Cambodia Special Operations personnel.[2][12].

QBZ-97B (5.56 mm Carbine)

This is the carbine version of the QBZ-97. The official distributor of the QBZ-97B assault carbine on the international market, Jianshe Industries (Group) Corporation, advertises and sells it under the denomination "5.56mm Short Automatic Rifle Type NQZ03B (97)".[13]

QBB-97 LSW (5.56 mm Light Support Weapon)

The light support weapon model of the QBZ-97.

Civilian Variants

Two sporterized, semi-automatic only rifles based upon the QBZ-97A assault rifle and the QBZ-97B assault carbine have been developed for the civilian market, the Type 97 rifle and the Type 97A carbine. They are chamber the .223 Remington cartridge and are fed by STANAG magazines.[14][15]

Type 97A carbines became available in Canada in 2008, were classified as Restricted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and sold to general public. In January 2009, a shipment of Type 97 firearms was approved by the RCMP for retail sale, but later confiscated and seized by Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) officers.[16]. Around the same time a second shipment of Type 97A restricted firearms was also stopped by CBSA. On March 22, 2010 about 35 civilian owners of the Type 97A carbine originally imported by Lever Arms of BC (The only version ever available for sale) were sent notice by the RCMP indicating that status of their firearm have been changed to 12.2 prohibited (Fully automatic), and owners without such a firearm license have 30 days to turn in their Type 97A firearm to either individual or business that has such a license, or to police for destruction[17]. Law suit requesting reference hearing, challenging this change in classification have been initiated by some owners.

Users

China: People's Liberation Army.

Cambodia: 911 Para-Commando Special Forces and Bodyguard Unit (the QBZ-97, QBZ-97A, QBZ-97B, and QBB-97 LSW).[12]

Myanmar: The QBZ-97 is in service with the Myanmar military.[18]

Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Air Force, Special Task Force.