九乡新闻网魔法师奴隶契约五:40天攻克大学英语四级(作文·翻译分册<2>)
来源：百度文库 编辑：九乡新闻网 时间：2024/04/28 05:56:45
1. say―said 2. tell―say 3. which―that 4. 去掉why
5. finally―last 6. till后加at 7. into―at 8. up后加to
9. the―his 10. by―of
第三步：伟人伟招
1. If there were less sympathy in the world, there would be less trouble in the world. (O. Wilde)
如果世界上少一些同情，世界上也就会少一些麻烦。（王尔德）
【点评】“if there were less/more…, there would be less/more….”是一个虚拟语气句型，在四级里面用一下可以给你的文章增色不少。
2. The most exhausting thing in life is being insincere. (A. M. Lindbergh)
生活中最使人筋疲力尽的事是弄虚作假。（林德伯格）
【点评】“the most exhausting / terrible thing is …”句型要掌握。我们再进一步学两个常用的最高级句型：
…the + ~est +n.+ (that) +S.+ have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc)
…the most+ adj. +n.+ (that) +S.+ have ever + seen (known/heard/ had/read, etc)
Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
常老师是我曾经遇到的最仁慈的教师。
3. It is discouraging to think how many people are shocked by honesty and how few by deceit. (N. Coward)
令人沮丧的是，有那么多人对诚实感到吃惊，而对欺骗感到吃惊的人却那么的
少。（科沃德）
【点评】对什么现象和观点不满或者不同意时，可以使用，是加分句型。
第四步：实践与提高
补充练习：将下列句子翻成汉语，注意总结句子结构。
1. Whereas other societies look to the past for guidance, we cast our nets forward.（面向未来）
2. It is the belief in a brighter future that gives us optimism.
3. Even these days, when not all progress seems positive (nuclear weapons, air pollution, unemployment, etc.), the belief remains that for every problem there is a rational solution.
4. The job of parents is to give children every opportunity while they are growing up and then get out of their way.
5. What deference people in authority do command is based on their actual powers rather than on their age, wisdom, or dignity.
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 10 其他经典句型(4)
其他经典句型（4）
第一步：经典句型展示
1. He is the wisest infant that ever lived. 他是个前所未见的聪明的小婴孩。
【分析】“the wisest man that ever live”是从最高级+that ever的结果强化出来的，表示“之前所活的最聪明的人”，即“前所未见的聪明人”的意思。
2. There were two persons coming toward me: the former was my uncle, the latter was my father. 有两个人朝我走过来，前面的是我叔叔，后面的是我父亲。
【分析】①“the former…the latter …”是表示“前者…后者…”的意思。②“the one…the other…”可以表示“相近”的意思。③“this…that…”同样表示“相近”的意思，即“前者…后者…”，但这时候this…that…的顺序是相反，请特别留意。
3. She is the last person to leave her parents. 她是个绝不离开她父母的人。
【分析】“the last man+动词不定式”，表示“绝不…的人”的意思。动词不定式有时可以用that引导的从句来代替。
4. The moment you understand this, you will only have further difficulties. 只要你一了解这规则，就不会有困难。
【分析】① the moment=as soon as，表示“一…就…”的意思，它起到一个连接词的作用，引导条件状语从句。the instant也具有相同的用法。② immediately、directly等副词，也同样是一个用来表示“…就…”的连接词。
5. The nearer the dawn, the darker the night. 越接近黎明，夜就越黑。
【分析】the more…the more…，是一个“the +比较级…the +比较级…”的句型，表示“愈…就愈…”的意思，注意：这时的the不是定冠词，而是一种副词。
第二步：练习与进步
A. 翻译
1. 他是个我所见过的最固执己见的人。
2. 乘火车旅行比乘飞机旅行更便宜且更有趣，因此大多数人喜欢选择前者更胜于后者。
3. 娱乐与工作对我们的健康都很必要，前者让我们得以放松，后者则给我们的活力。
4. 对于这件事，我的父亲是绝对不会考虑的。
5. 只要你一踏进“事实”的世界，你就踏进了“限度”的世界。
6. 知道并不表示智慧，许多人知道不少事情，结果却反而更笨。
7. 一个人如果没有足够的见识，知道得越多，对他反而越坏。
8. 新闻记者是个绝对不会说广告无效的人。
9. 人们对自己的世界所知愈少，就对自己周围的事愈无法控制与了解。
【参考答案】
1. He is the most persistent man I have ever seen.
2. Traveling by train is cheaper and more interesting than traveling by air, therefore most people prefer the former over the latter.
3. Amusement and work are both necessary to our health; the former can give us relaxation and the latter can give us energy.
4. My father was the last man to take into consideration issues concerning this matter.
5. The moment you step into the world of facts, you step into the world of limits.
6. To know is not to be wise. Many men know a great deal, and are all the greater fools for it.
7. If one hasn’t got plenty of common sense, the more science he has, the worse for him.
8. A journalist would be the last person to say that there is not any virtue in advertisement.
9. The less man knew about his world, the less subject to his control or understanding were the events which surrounded him.
B. 改错
1. This is the larger elephant that I have ever seen.
2. He is bravest person that I have ever encountered.
3. Tom and Betty went to school. One arrived at seven o’clock
and another arrived at half past seven.
4. Health is above wealth, for it can give as much happiness.
5. We were last people to approve the opinion.
6. He is the last person that I expected to see.
7. As soon it turns red, it will become edible.
8. That moment you get in, nothing can hit you.
9. The hard the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.
10. The more we study, the many we discover our ignoramus.
【参考答案】
1. larger―largest 2. is―is the 3. another―the other 4. for it―for nothing.
5. last―the last 6. is―was 7. As soon―As soon as
8. That moment―The moment 9. hard―harder 10. the many―the more
第三步：伟人伟招
1. 力劈华山式
I’ve never any pity for conceited people, because I think they carry their comfort about with them. (George Eliot )
我从不怜惜自负的人们，因为我觉得他们无处不能自我安慰。（艾略特）
【点评】该句型用来直接表达自己的观点再好不过。
2. 最好最坏式
The worst tragedy for a poet is to be admired through being misunderstood. (J. Cocteau)
对于诗人来说，最大的悲剧莫过于由于误解而受到钦佩。（科克托）
【点评】“the + best\worst\most effective way\measure is to…”结构结合该句学习。
3. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲式
If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. (Edison)
如果你年轻时不学会思考，那就永远不会。（爱迪生）
【点评】这是个很好的警告别人、指出危害的句型。
看到各位大师的作品后，长江后浪推前浪，我们再加强学习9个简单实用的句型。
① Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V.（养成…的习惯）
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
② Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + n./Ving, …（因为…）
Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
③ For the past + 时间，S. + 现在完成式…（过去…年来，…一直…）
For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
④ be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V.（不得不…）
Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
⑤ It is time + S. + 过去式（该是…的时候了）
It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
⑥ By +Ving, …can…（借着…，…能够…）
By exercising, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
⑦ …enable + Object（受词）+ to + V.（…使…能够…）
Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
⑧ There is no doubt that + 句子…（毫无疑问地…）
There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问地，我们的教育制度令人不满意。
或者：There is no denying that + S. + V.…（不可否认地…）
There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认地，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
⑨ …cannot emphasize the importance of…too much. （再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过。）
We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
第四步：实践与提高
补充练习：将下列句子翻成汉语，注意总结句子结构。
1. In a society that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not have the value that it does in more stagnant societies.
2. It has taken a long time to convince the public that free enterprise does not mean that a company should be free to pollute the air, foul the rivers, and destroy the forests.
3. Equipped with the money, one can acquire the taste, style, and ideas that mark each class and launch a quick ascent of the social ladder.
4. No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a bad neighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.
5. As the case illustrates, competition takes four general forms: …
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 10 其它经典句型(5)
其他经典句型（5）
第一步：经典句型展示
1. She can speak seven foreign languages to say nothing of her English. 她能讲七种外国语言，更不用说英语了。
【分析】①“say nothing of…”是用来表示“更不用说是…”的意思。②“not to speak of…”与“no to mention…”也是用来表示相同的意思。③“not to say…”则表示“即使不能说…”的意思。
2. To tell the truth, I don’t like her at all. 说实在话，我一点也不喜欢她。
【分析】① to tell the truth= to say the truth，是用来表示“说实在话”、“说老实话”的意思，它是一个独立主格结构，用来修饰整个句子。② to be frank with you（坦白地说），to make a long story short（简单地说），to do one justice（公平的说），与to tell the truth是个相类似的句型。
3. When I was a boy, I was too cowardly to go out at might. 当我还是个小孩时，我太胆小以致夜晚不敢出门。
【分析】① too…to…= so…that…cannot…，表示“太…以致无法…”的意思；② too…for+意义上的主语+to…的句型也表示相同的意思。
4. This mountain is twice as large as that one. 这座山大约是那座山的两倍高。
【分析】① twice as large as 是表示“两倍的大小”的意思。当twice改为three times four times…时，则表示“三倍、四倍…”的意思，此外“as+adj.+as”结构还可用“as+adv.+as”表达；②“…as+adj.+n.+as…”也可以表示同样的意思。
第二步：练习与进步
A. 翻译
1. 她种植了各种不同类型的珍贵花卉，更不用说是玫瑰和茉莉花了。
2. 不能花太短的时间来完成关系一生的大事。
3. 说实在话，他二十年前没能接受到正规学校教育。
4. 中国超过日本二十倍大的面积。
5. 她肯定在做白日梦，看起来她的心思好像在千里的地方。
6. 不知道是由于我太以自我为中心或是太孤僻，以致总是无法和我所认识的人成为坦诚相交的朋友。
7. 一般来说，在我们太空时代的幼年期，人类对太空的探索，就是靠其想象力。
8. 他大意是说：“同样一个象征符号不同的文化中却有着不同的含意”。
9. 东京的人口是日本人口的十分之一。
10. 他的年龄是我的三倍。
【参考答案】
1. She raised quite different kinds of precious flowers to say nothing of roses and jasmine.
2. Take not too short a time to do well something that will influence you all through your life.
3. To tell the truth, he did not receive a normal education twenty years ago.
4. The land area of China is more than twenty times larger than that of Japan.
5. Her head was certainly in the clouds: she looked like her mind was a thousand miles away.
6. I’m either too self-centered or too reserved to be on confidential terms with anyone I know at all well.
7. In the early years of our space age, generally speaking, man’s exploits in space relied upon his imagination.
8. He speaks to the effect that the same symbol can carry different implications in different cultures.
9. The population of Tokyo is one-tenth of Japan’s as a whole.
10. He is three times as old as me.
B. 改错
1. He is three times old as me.
2. The exhibition this time attracted two as many visitors as the last time.
3. The question was enough complicated for me to answer.
4. He walked very fast for me to follow him.
5. Tell the truth, I can only lend you 500 yuan.
6. To be frank at you, he tried his best.
7. You want to be the champion? I think you are crying into the moon.
8. He has much experience, to say everything of knowledge.
9. She is pretty, nothing to say of her humor.
10. To tell truth, he is an honest man and can work well under pressure.
【参考答案】
1. old前加as 2. two―twice 3. enough―too 4. very―too
5. Tell―To tell 6. at―with 7. into―at 8. everything―nothing
9. nothing to say―to say nothing 10. truth―the truth
第三步：伟人伟招
1. 授人以渔式
In education we are striving not to teach youth to make a living, but to make a life.(W. A. White)
教育不是为了教会青年人谋生，而是教会他们创造生活。（怀特）
【点评】该结构可以用来代替trying to，令你的文章更富魅力。
2. 热血青年式
I would rather see a young man blush than turn pale. (M. P. Cato )
我宁可看到青年人脸红，也不愿看到他脸色变得苍白。（加图）
【点评】would rather…than…（宁可…，也不…句）型。
3. 言论自由式
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. (Voltaire)
我不同意你说的话，但我愿意誓死捍卫你说话的权利。（伏尔泰）
【点评】I disapprove of…, but I will… 表示不同意某一观点，然后给自己留下余地。
看到各位大师的作品后，长江后浪推前浪，我们再加强学习10个简单实用的句型。
① Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）
The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。
② Have a great influence on…（对…有很大的影响）
Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
③ do good to（对…有益），do harm to（对…有害）
Reading does good to our mind. 读书对心灵有益。
Overworking does harm to one’s health. 工作过度对健康有害。
④ Pose a great threat to…（对…造成一大威胁）
Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
⑤ do one’s utmost to + V. = do one’s best（尽全力去…）
We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
⑥ It pays to + V.…（…是值得的）
It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。
⑦ be based on（以…为基础）
The progress of society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
⑧ Spare no effort to + V.（不遗余力地）
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。
⑨ bring home to + 人 + 事（让…明白…事）
We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
⑩ be closely related to…（与…息息相关）
Exercising is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。
第四步：实践与提高
补充练习：将下列句子翻成汉语，注意总结句子结构。
1. Moreover, both common sense and our experiences with children inform us that people tend to mimic the language and behavior they are exposed to.
2. Those who advocate unbridled individual expression might point out that the right of free speech is intrinsic to a democracy and necessary to its survival.
3. The suggested reason for buying the car is obvious: it is the intelligent choice.
4. The lesson here is that advertising, in itself, probably will not achieve as great of an importance as art.
5. Common sense tells us that a photographer can succeed by working in media.
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 11 记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：
时间（When）—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间？
地点（Where）—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化？
人物（Who）—— 何人参与，谁是主角？
事件（What）—— 发生了什么，有何特点？
原因（Why）—— 事件的起因？
结果（How）—— 事件的经过及结局？
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”（1988.6.），2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。
When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步？去公园？在校园里？在街上（街上空气不好，还是不去！）。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子；在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼；一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen, shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street toward the park, breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.
When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Men and women, boys and girls, all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were doing morning exercises, some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.
I wandered around the park. To my delight, I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home, I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.
【点评】文章按照时间顺序（in chronological order），第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点（What was the setting），接着第二段第一句话交代地点（in the park），然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动（What was happening），最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1. 以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When:
Where:
Who:
What:
Why:
How:
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子？考前的晚上？公布成绩的日子？周末？
Where：在大街上违章停车？在学校？在商场？在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅？
Who：是我倒霉？是好友？你？那个蛋白质室友？
What：拿到罚单？上课上班迟到？失恋？被窃？四级没过？
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦…
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛…
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday. Everything, it seemed to me, went wrong. And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.
In the morning, as luck would have it, my alarm clock didn’t ring, and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual. I was in such a hurry that, when making an omelet, I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.
Having no time for my breakfast at that point, I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers. I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway, but somehow I couldn’t make it. I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class, because my English teacher is very strict and demanding, and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.
After getting off the 7:40 subway, I raced all the way from the station to my school, thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day. At the corner of the street near my school, I abruptly bumped into a man and, worse luck, broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week. With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology, I just kept on running and running. At long last, I arrived at the school only to find, with great sadness mixed with some relief, that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked. It was Saturday.
My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end. When I returned home greatly frustrated, I found myself locked out. In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me. Just my luck!
【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙！整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
A: 根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1）用第一人称；2）短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour；it was dark；a small girl chased a dog；not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3）写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work. I had an accident. I was following behind a truck, driving at about 30 kilometers an hour. I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.
Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left. She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic. I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.
The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car. Fortunately I did not hit her, but I hit a car coming in the other direction. Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious. It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child, I thought to myself.
B: 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey. Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation, the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.
We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting, but there was one man, a Mr. James, who irritated and annoyed us. Whatever subject we talked about, it seemed that he was an expert at it. He had, apparently, read more books, visited more countries and studied more languages, than anyone else had. After a few days, we ate our meals in silence, because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.
Then my wife had an idea. She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject, look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner. If it were an unusual subject, Mr. James could not possibly know anything about it. The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm. Mr. James was silent. We realized we had at last come to find something he knew nothing about.
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 12 说明文的思路与练习
说明文的思路与练习
说明文是用言简意赅的语言来介绍客观事物，讲清事理，并给人增加知识的一种文体。说明文解说事物的特点、发展变化规律，分析前因后果，目的在于使读者“明白事理”，获得必要的信息，对事物有个较完整明晰的了解和认识。说明文不同于记叙文和议论文，它重在给人介绍，让人明白，因而，轻“情义”重事实。说明文与议论文关系密切，有人将其统称为议论文。但在写作的目的和方法上两者仍有区别。说明文主要是通过事实客观地解释或说明事物本身；而议论文则以事实、数据等为证据，表明主观见解，使读者信服或赞同某一观点。
历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么？本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。
以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。
参考思路
1）目标的分类：（可根据时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，任选一个进行分类和排列）
2）各个类别的特点和细节：
3）组织成文：
范文点评
Goals
Everyone has goals. Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning. These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime, intermediate and short term.
Lifetime goals should be written out. These goals should be clear and reasonable. For instance, the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable. Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles, earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university, successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.
Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. For the beginning doctoral student, intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal. Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months. These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course, learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.
【点评】本文介绍了人生的三种目标：终生的、长期的和短期的目标。在文中采用了说明文常用的方法：定义、举例、分类和比较等。
对这些方法我们要了解并且掌握：
1. 定义法（definition）
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型：
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
【例】
（1）Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
（2）Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.
（3）Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
2. 举例法（illustration）
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法，是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。
专家提醒
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子，并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
请看上述范文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例，如，赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
3. 分类法（classification）
分类法就是把说明的对象，按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如：上述范文介绍人生的三种目标，并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。
4. 比较法（comparison）
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物，通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如：上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较，并阐明了彼此的联系。
（1）Lifetime goals should be written out.
（2）Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
（3）These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.
5. 数字法（statistics）
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点，准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
（1）Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture，and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.
（2）And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.
说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外，还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等，只有综合运用多种说明方法，才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
1. 用定义法解释：
CET-4:
the Olympic Games:
a skeleton in the cupboard:
Hope Project:
qualifications:
2. 用举例法说明：
教育的重要性:
当前网络游戏的危害:
成功的方法:
健身的种种看法:
大学生学好英语的方法:
3. 用分类法说明：
社会实践的方面:
课外活动:
大学生谈恋爱的原因:
大学毕业生的分配情况:
食堂的伙食:
4. 用比较法说明：
留学的利弊:
兼职的好坏:
不同的减肥方法:
题海战术与素质教育:
5. 用数字法说明:
大学生的身体状况:
大学生的就业现状:
汽油价格上涨带来的影响:
手机的使用情况:
中国人住房状况:
6. 借助说明文的构思方法，看看下列题目该如何写：
（1）The Layout of a Hospital
Direction: You are asked to write a composition about “The Layout Of a Hospital”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the picture and information given below. Your compositions should be no less than 100 words.
1）the Emergency Department
2）the Out-patient Department
3）the Surgery Department
4）Dispensary/Pharmacy
5）Physician Department
6）the Eye, Ear, and Throat Department
7）the Dental Department
8）the Laboratory
9）the X-ray Department
10）the Administrative Building
11）the Ward
参考范文
Near the gate, on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary, which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road. Along the west wall, from south to north, stand three buildings: the Physician Department, the Eye, Ear, and Throat Department, and the Dental Department. The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about, and beside the Laboratory, the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road.
A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward. Near the end of the main road, the Administrative Building is situated on the east side. The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.
1. How to Lose Weight
思路提示：第一段先综述现象：大家都想保持身材要求减肥。第二段介绍多余的体重在身体中形成的原因。第三段提出相应的减肥方法。在最后一段，提出总结性的看法，指出减肥的要诀就是：减少摄入的卡路里，通过运动增加卡路里的消耗量。
参考范文
How to Lose Weight
A beautiful and healthy figure is everyone’s dream. However, not everyone can easily fulfill this dream. Overweight people often have to find precise ways to lose weight.
For normal healthy people, weight is gained by taking in more calories than the body needs. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, you either have to eat fewer calories or find ways to use up more calories you take in. Dieting is probably the most popular way of losing weight, because when on a diet, you are taking fewer calories.
However, the body needs many elements in order to stay healthy, and “fad” or starvation diets are bad because they are not nutritiously balanced. A better way of dieting is to keep track of everything you eat, either by your own careful choices or by buying, for a week at a time, the packaged meals sold by some diet companies. If you do not normally exercise, you should also begin sensible exercises for your age and lifestyle to help your body use up surplus calories.
In short, a combined effort of reducing the calories you eat and using up more calories than usual through exercises should help you shed off part of your body.
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 13 议论文的思路与练习（1）
议论文的思路与练习（1）
议论文又称论说文，是一种既常见又十分重要的文体。在四级作文考试中运用得最多。议论文通常采用摆事实讲道理的方式，围绕着某一个有争议的观点展开论证，陈述各种理由，表明作者立场、阐明作者观点看法。在文章中要明确地表明赞成什么、反对什么，用词不能模棱两可，必须明确肯定。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证，其中论点要鲜明，论据要合理、恰当、充分，论证过程要逻辑严密。
关于记叙文的思路打开，我这里推荐几种方法：
1. 生活化细节联想法
针对大多数相对抽象不好下手的作文题目，我们可以先把作文题同自身联系到一起，把抽象、概括的作文题细化到自己身边，先打开一个突破口，再顺藤摸瓜，进行发散式联想。请看例子：
What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?
题目的主体是快餐，方向为利弊处。先不要考虑快餐是好是坏，而应该先考虑你身边的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些，这些快餐给你或你的家人带来了哪些影响。请看一位同学记录下来的思路。请注意其跳跃性。
① 遍地都是麦当劳、肯德基、永和豆浆、馄饨、油条。
② 每次老爸不在家时，我吃鸡腿汉堡，快，省事、省时间。不用买菜，切菜，做菜，蒸饭，洗碗，擦桌子。
不过还是老爸做的饭好吃，吃麦当劳吃不饱。为什么呢？油少，没营养！
③ 永和24小时，但东西贼贵，晚上避风的好地方，粥还行，油条，烂！
④ 麦当劳小孩多，因为玩具多，电视上有很多他们的广告，小孩又哭又笑，学鸡叫的那个广告特傻，……儿童乐园。
⑤ 还是太贵。在美国，垃圾食品，到了中国，特火！洋货？老爸不爱吃汉堡，因有奶酪。不符合中国人的口味，农民就不喜欢，中国有8亿农民……
（为了方便大家阅读，我们在录入时加入了一半字数）
大家不妨问问自己两个问题：
——上面的东西不够写120字吗？
——上面的东西用英文表达难吗？
答案是否定的。试想，有了这个思路，无论怎么写，从哪一个方面写，我们都不缺观点和支持观点的细节性论据。
写下你对下列题目在生活中的联想（中英文混写）
1) Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
2) the Influence of the Internet
2. 逆向思维联想法
有一些题目从正面不好罗列素材，总结观点，我们可以从命题的对立面去思考问题，这样往往可以达到意想不到的收获。如果问题是一个东西有什么样的好处，也许这个东西是日常生活中常见的东西，我们早已对其失去了敏感，这个时候不妨想一想如果失去了这个东西，我们的生活会受到哪些影响。试举一例：
In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?
文章的关键在于How can we protect our properties？（我们如何保护自己的财产？）对于大多数同学来讲，对财产的概念还不清楚，谈何保护措施？于是，从反面破题，从我们周围的盗窃想起，请看一位同学的草稿：
① 前两天，丢了钱包，bus上，小偷走了，才有人告诉我，社会公德真有问题。
② 学校的7台电脑CPU丢了，小偷从窗户爬进去的。学校3年都不修，宿舍经常丢鞋、丢衣服。
③ 家里与房地产开发公司打官司，合同有问题。
④ 警察现在都不管事，出了问题才来，没出问题，懒得理你，防患于未然。
（为了方便阅读，我们把草稿上的英语译成了汉语）
有了上面的几个问题，综合分析保护个人财产的措施也就不难得出了，个人、单位、社会、国家都应采取相应的措施，而论证过程可以从草稿中总结说理，也可以按照草稿上的思路举反例论证。
总之，在拓展思维时，一定要避免定向的、大而空的思维模式，应尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。
从事物的反面考虑下列题目，写下浮现在你脑海中的词句：
1) Advantages of a Harmonious Family
2) The importance of fresh drinking water
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 14 议论文的思路与练习（2）
议论文的思路与练习（2）
分类思考法
为了尽快地帮助同学们在尽可能短的时间里熟悉四级作文的命题思路，以及在短时间内能够找到合适的论述理由，我们通过分析历年四级考试真题并研究了命题方向，在此基础上总结了四级作文通用的十大思考方向，很多题目要求考生分析某一现象发生原因或可能产生的影响，我们不妨从以下十个方向进行思考，打开思路：
1) 方便：convenient, convenience
相关话题：computer, internet，出外吃饭，电话，城市生活，例如：
The Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.
Advertisements can bring convenience to people’s lives.
Modern means of transportation make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy.
2) 效率：efficient, efficiently, efficiency
相关话题：计算机和高科技（high-tech devices）减轻了体力劳动（manual labor），解放了人类（liberate humans），让人们有更多的时间从事其他的事情（more time are spent on other necessary matters）等，例如：
Advertisements build an efficient and direct link between manufacturers and customers.
Modern science and technology make our lives more efficient. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax can all bring people closer and make the world smaller.
3) 节省和浪费：save time, save money, save space, economical, frugal, frugality; thrift, thrifty waste time\money\space, costly, time-consuming, lavish, 例如：
This will help them realize that it is not easy to make money and form the good habit of frugality.
There are many other ways for people to know commodities, so it is a waste to invest large sums of money in making advertisements on TV.
As for the young and middle-aged, they should make better use of their prime years instead of spending so much time raising pets.
It’s a costly and time-consuming hobby. China is a developing country and many people are still below the poverty line. Some children of the right age in poverty-stricken areas can’t afford to go to school.
… will be great extravagance of time, energy and money.
4) 心理与性格：mental health, spiritual health, psychological health, personality, character
好的性格 independent, independence, independently, cooperate, cooperative, cooperation, compete, competitive, competition, team spirit, considerate, confident, confidence, confidently, ambition, ambitious, individuality, tolerance, sociable, perseverance, deal with/solve problems by themselves (independent), optimistic
坏的性格 overbearing（专横的，傲慢的）, selfish, conservative, isolated, conceited（自以为是的）, egotistic（自我本位的）, arrogant, domineering（作威作福的），overzealous（过分热心的），nihilist（虚无主义的），opportunistic（机会主义的），pessimistic
性格的养成：cultivate, foster, develop, encourage, enrich, improve, enhance
例如：
Taking a part-time job can help cultivate independence and develop a strong sense of responsibility.
It will help foster a sense of competition and cooperation, which is quite necessary in one’s future career.
Working outside campus can enhance one’s social awareness and help one become more socially adaptable. With this, students are able to keep pace with the outside world.
It will do good for building up one’s confidence and offer one a sense of achievement because one can realize his value and capability.
Through this experience, students can learn to cooperate and compromise and master interpersonal skills needed for future success.
5) 丰富的生活：pleasure, joy, recreation, entertain, entertaining, entertainment, leisure time, interesting, relax, relaxed, relaxation. 对立面：dull, monotonous, tired, bored, tiredness, boring, tiring, fatigue, lonely, loneliness, weary, weariness, too much stress from work（工作压力大），leisure time（业余时间增多），例如：
Gazing at the cold flickering screen is a disinteresting and tiring experience. It is not a good way to relax.
Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well designed; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives.
Raising pets is beneficial and joyful.
6) 环境：environment, environmental, pollute, polluted, pollution, pollutant, poisonous, contaminate, contamination, contaminated, contaminant, dirty, hygiene（卫生），nature（自然）、on good terms with（和谐相处），ruin, destroy（破坏），例如：
Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment.
Some people are destroying our earth by overexploiting the natural resources for immediate interests.
Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.
By using the Internet, we can save our natural resources such as forests. It is much more environmentally friendly. The traditional form of books consumes too much wood.
7) 身体健康：health, physical health, healthy, disease, strong, strength, energetic, energetically，physical fitness（健身），raised awareness of fitness（健康意识的提高），例如：
Too much viewing of TV will lead people to a sedentary life lacking adequate exercise, which does harm to their health.
Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs people’s physical and mental health. (eyesight, radiation)
8) 安全和危险：safe, safety, safely, in safe, danger, dangerous, in danger, risk, hazard, hazardous
9) 经验：experience, social experience
10) 发展：
¿ 学生学习的发展进步：
cope with the relationship between part-time jobs and study（大学生能否兼顾学习与工作），practice（如何学习与实践），be prepared for or meet the requirements of future occupations（如何面对未来职业的要求）。
¿ 经济的发展：
economy, create more jobs, increase the tax base, improve society’s welfare，the reform and open-up policies（改革开放政策），economic construction（经济建设），market economy（市场经济），sustainable development（可持续发展），social atmosphere（良好的社会风气），social stability（社会稳定），public order（社会治安），social changes or transformations（社会变革），ideas or thoughts（人们的思想观念）。
This exerts a negative impact on one’s study because … occupies much of a student’s valuable time. A student’s sole task is to make good use of his limited time to acquire knowledge and skills which are essential to his future career.
Part-time jobs may take up most of students’ valuable time for study and have a pernicious（有害的）effect on their study and overall development.
It helps develop the economy, because it helps remove the obstacles in the way of progress and liberate people’s minds.
（新变化，新科技）… created more jobs to release the pressure of unemployment.
… helps to improve the economic strength.
从以上十大通用原因中选择合适的来说明下列题目：
1. 社会实践的必要性
2. 改革四级考试的原因
3. 中国人家用汽车发展的优缺点
UNIT 1 基本技能篇(15天)Day 15 议论文的思路与练习（3）
议论文的思路与练习（3）
我们今天不妨介绍几种简单易行的打开思路的法子，并不深邃，但却简单易行，易于考生们操作：
1. 分组思考法：
在考虑某种现象的优缺点或影响的时候，如果发现从这种现象本身无法打开思路，不妨从它的受众去考虑。
例如在讨论网络的有缺点的时候，我们可以从网络的受众入手，把网络的使用者按照年龄分为：小孩、中青年和老人。分别讨论网络对他们的影响，对小孩：增进知识；对中青年：方便、有效率；对老年人：丰富生活。这样在写作的时候也比较容易，更会让文章显得条理清晰。当然，分组的原则除了年龄外，还有好多别的选择，如职业、性别、国别等等。
根据分组思考法写出下列话题的思路：
1) no pain, no gain
2) the advantages of TV
3) the influence of noise in cities
2. 分层思考法
分层思考法和分组思考法原则很类似，只是划分的方法是按照层次的不同。
例如：在讨论如何解决全球性缺水的问题的时候，我们可以把解决方法分为：1）政府应该怎么做：制定相关法律；2）社会应该怎么办：鼓励节约用水的精神；3）个人——我，该怎么办：千里之行，始于足下，从我做起。当然也可以有另外的一些分层方法。
用分组思考法考虑下列话题并写下自己的思路：
1) 如何解决大学校园里的浪费现象
2) 如何解决人口问题（Problems of Population）
3) 谈论一下举办奥运会的好处
3. 举例说明法：
四级考试的考生都是成年人，很多是大学生，而且四级考试的题材多是和大家的生活相关的，所以有的时候用我们生活当中的例子来说明再好不过了。而且有些作文明确要求考生举例说明。
例如：Practice Makes Perfect（1997. 1）中就要求大家以英语学习为例说明。
参考范文
As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied in our daily lives. It proves that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.
A good case in point is the study of English. Take my neighbor, Xiao Wang, as an example. He seldom spends time learning English. As a result, his English is very poor and he has begun to hate English now. On the contrary, I’m very interested in learning English and I spend more than five hours each day on English. So the natural consequence is that I have a good mastery of the language and my interest in it has grown more intense.
A lesson that we can draw from the above example is obvious. Practice is crucial to our success not only in study, but also in our future work. All in all, practice will make a difference between success and failure. (168 words)
这里我们列出一些经常用到的句子，希望对大家有所帮助：
For example,
For instance,
It can be given as a concrete example that…
Take… as an example. It is a very obvious case.
There is one impressive example I want to mention here.
Let’s see an example.
It is best illustrated using the following example.
Let me provide an example.
Perhaps the most important example of …is that…
As I remember,/ Even to this day, I still remember that…
I will never forget…
To illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive.
An instance that accompanies this reason is that…
An example can give the details of this argument, …
It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of…
History presented many examples of…
In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.
举例说明下列题目：
1) Where there is a will, there is a way
2) Money is not all-powerful
3) the Influence of the Internet