魔域子女宝宝怎么获得:初中英语常用词语用法(三)

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§170        enter/ enter into

Ⅰ.enter. “进入”表进入一个具体处所,如房间、场所等,后面无需加介词; 也可表“进入”某个时期或阶段;当表示加入某个组织而成为其成员时, enter相当于join.如:

① She entered the house.她走进那间屋子。(不用into)

② China is entering a new stage of development.中国正在进入一个新的发展阶段。

Ⅱ.enter into. “进入、参加、开始从事”,后加抽象名词,主要表示“进入”某种状态。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意义。

Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我们的计划中没有预料到的。

§171        error/ mistake/ fault

Ⅰ.error的意思是错误、过失,指背离某种准则的偏差,表示精确、不正确、不对。在本组词中,这个词用得最广泛。例如:

①     This is an error in grammar. 这是一个语法上的错误。

②     He made an error in opinion. 你的意见有错误。

Ⅱ. mistake “错误”, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正确的理解等原因而造成的“错误”。与error可通用,但在某些固定词组中不能换用。如:

by mistake. In error 等。如:

①     You have made a mistake in your spelling.   你在拼写上弄错了。

②     I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿错了他的伞。

Ⅲ. fault“缺点、毛病”也可表“过失、过错”含有当事人对造成的过错有责任的意味。如:

①     With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 尽管他有缺点,分还是一个好同志。

§172        even if / even though/ though

三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用,意为“即使、纵然”,引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情,有时动词可用虚拟语气;though 意思是“虽然”,引出的从句叙述的是事实。如:

①     He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。(他是肯定知道的)

②     He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息,但他不愿意告诉我。(他对消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推测意味)

③     I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败,我也要尝试一下。

④     Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还继续工作。

[注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。

§173        evening/ night

Ⅰ.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”,指从晚餐至就寝这段时间,如:

①     I must start by tomorrow evening.        我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。

②     We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。

Ⅱ.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”,指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如:

①     They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。

②     We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉,白天工作。

③     We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。

§174        every day/ everyday

Ⅰ.every day连写和分开,不但在句中的作用不同,意义也不同。 every day是副词词组,意为“每天、天天”,在句中作状语。如:

We go to school every day.

Ⅱ.everyday是形容词,意为“日常的、普通的”,在句中作定语。如:

I study everyday English every day.

§175        every one/ everyone

Ⅰ.every one是“每个”的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人,也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如:

①     He ate up every one of those apples.      他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。

②     Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。

Ⅱ.everyone是代词(=everybody),意思是“每个人、人人”,但一般不指具体哪个人,后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词,应用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如:

①     Is everyone here?

②     Everyone can do it.

[注]every one后不与of连用时,即可指人又可指物,指人时与everyone 相同。如:

Everyone (every one) can do it.相同eryone .

there. day first 

every one与of连用必须分开写。

everyone 与not连用,只表示部分否定,并不是每个人的意思。

§176        examination/ test/ quiz

Ⅰ.examination表示考试的意思时,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如:

①     We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。

②     The students did very well in the terminal examination.     学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式)

③     They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。

Ⅱ.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如:

①     We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。

②     The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老师对我们进行了语法考查。

Ⅲ.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如:

①     The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。

②     How ofter do you have your quiz? 你们多长时间测验一次?

§177        exciting/ excited

Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。

  exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”,主语常是物。如:

①     Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。

②     It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。

Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”,主语常是人。如:

①     The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。

②     The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。

[注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有:

interested 感兴趣的       interesting 令人感兴趣的

worried  感到着急的     worrying   令人着急的

tired    感到疲倦        tiring      令人疲倦的

bored   觉得厌烦的      boring     令人厌烦的

frightened 感到害怕的    frightening  令人害怕的

§178  excuse …for/ excuse … from

Ⅰ. excuse … for “原谅某事”。如:

①     He excused me for being late. 他原谅我迟到了。

②     Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。

Ⅱ. excuse … from “使免于……,允许不……”如:

①     The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。

②     The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。

§179        expect/ wait

Ⅰ.expect 是及物动词,作“期待,预料,指望”解,表“期待某人会来或某事会发生”的意思,后接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。如:

①     We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。

②     We expect to meet you again next year.        我们期待明年再见到你。

▲     expect 可引申为汉语的“等待”,多用于进行时态,主要指“期盼”的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如:

③     Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢?

Ⅱ. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指“等候”的具体行为。如:

①     Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说几句话。

②     I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。

③     We are waiting for a bus. 我们在等公共汽车。

§180        family/ home/ house

 这三个词都可以作“家”讲。

Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如:

There are four rooms in the house.

Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如:

①     His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。

②     My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。

Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如:

Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。

另外,home还可作副词。如:Let’s go home.

§181        faraway/ far away

Ⅰ.faraway指时间、距离、程度等,“遥远的”如:

the faraway guests 远方的客人

它还可表“心不在焉的”。如:

a faraway look 恍惚的神色

Ⅱ.far away是副词词组,只表距离远,在句中作状语还常作后置定语。如:

①     He’s standing far away.

②     He lived in a small village far away.

§182        farm / field

Ⅰ.farm是“农场”,它的范围大,包括田地、树木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介词on。

Ⅱ.field是“田地”,或生长草木的原野,多用复数形式,但一块稻田可以说:a rice field,其前常用介词in。如:

①     There several kinds of animals on the farm.

②     They’re working in the rice field.

§1 83       farmer/ peasant

Ⅰ.farmer指经营农庄的人。

Ⅱ.peasant包括雇农、小佃农或小耕农。在我国将农民都译为peasant。

§184        farther/ further

father, further都可以是far的比较级,意为“较远、更远”,但further除此之外,还有“更进一步,此外的”等意思,既可以作形容词,也可以作副词。如:

①     They made further arrangement. 他们作了进一步的安排。

②     I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。

③     She didn’t argue further about it. 她对此不再争论了。

§185        fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick

Ⅰ. fast “快”一般指物体的运动速度(speed)快,常用来形容交通工具跑得快,钟表走得快,人的动作快等。如:

①     A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽车比卡车跑得快。

②     How fast the horse runs! 这匹马跑得多快呀!

Ⅱ. quick 指较短的时间或较近的将来即可发生或完成某事,常用来形容动作敏捷、反应迅速。如:

①     Come quick! 快来呀!

②     Please give me a quick reply. 请迅速给我答复。

Ⅲ. rapid 表速度之快,往往可与fast通用,但它多指运动本身。如:

①     The boy is making rapid  progress. 这孩子进步很快。

②     Rapid speech is usually indistinct. 急促的语言往往不清晰。

③     The current was rapid. 水流得很急。

Ⅳ. swift 表速度很快而又常指运动平稳而不费力。如:

①     Eagles are swift in flight. 鹰飞得很快。

②     The curent was very swift. 水流得很快。

§186        feed/ keep

Ⅰ. feed “喂养”,强调具体的动作,意为:“给……喂食、给……东西吃”常用句型为:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed sth. to sb./ sth. 给(人或动物)某物作为食物。如:

①     Mr King has a large family to feed. 金先生要养活一大家人。

②     What do you feedyour dog on?你用什么喂狗?

③     Feed some stewed(炖的)apple to the baby.   给婴儿多喂些炖苹果。

Ⅱ. keep “饲养”,指总体情况,不涉及具体动作。如:

①     The old woman kept many dogs. 那位老太太养了许多狗。

§187        festival/ holiday/ red-letter day/ vacation

Ⅰ.festival“节日”其特点是同欢乐,如:外国的圣诞节,我国的春节等。

①     Christmas and Easter are Church festival.圣诞节和复活节都是教会的节日。

②     A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival.

Ⅱ.red-letter day “纪念、节日、大喜日子”,指日历是用红字标明的日子,如:

There aare many red-letter day round the year.

Ⅲ.vacation通常指按规定停下工作或学习等活动而休息的一段时间,一般较长,如学校里的寒暑假。如:

The summer vacation is over. 暑假已经过去了。

§188        few/ a few/ little/ a little

few和a few 修饰可数名词,little 和a little 修饰不可数名词;few和little表否定意义,可受very修饰。a few 和a little表肯定意义,可受only修饰。如:

①     Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.

②     This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.

③     -------There is little water left in my glass.

-------Will you please give me some?

④  Don’t worry, we have a little time left.

§189        fairly /quite / rather

Ⅰ. fairly 多用于褒义,语气最弱,表“适度、尚可”等意思。

①     It’s fairly cold out; wear a jacket. 外面颇冷,穿件外套。

②     This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅易的书。

Ⅱ. Quite 与fairly 用法相似,但语气较强。如:

①     It is quite cold out; wear a coat. 外面很冷,穿件外套。

②      You are not quite happy this morning.       你今天早上我太高兴。

Ⅲ. rather 多用于贬义。语气在这三个词中最强。如:

It is rather cold out; wear a warm coat. 外面相当冷,穿件暖和人大衣。

§190        fight/ struggle/battle

Ⅰ.fight 意为“战斗”,指人与人,动物与动物,用武器或不用武器的战斗,也可以引伸其义,如:

They fought their enemies bravely. 他们勇敢斗敌。

Ⅱ.struggle意为“斗争”,指那些费力、很艰苦、时间长的斗争,如:

His life was a hard struggle with sickness. 他一生与疾病作了艰苦的斗争。

Ⅲ.battle“作战”,一般指有组织的武装部队之间的斗争。如:

They were wounded in battle. 他们都在战斗中受了伤。

作为名词时,fight和battle都有“战斗”的意思,有时可以通用。如:

The fight/battle lasted a long time. 这次战斗持续了很长时间。

1) fight的意义比较广泛,还可指人对自然界的斗争,有时也指人们之间的斗争。如:

We have starded a fight against pollution. 我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。

2) struggle相当于a hard fight(奋斗),如:

The slaves won their struggle for freedom.        奴隶们为自由而进行的斗争胜利了。

§191        fill/ full

Ⅰ.fill为及物动词,表“使……满”,常与介词with搭配,表达“被……充满”时用be filled with结构。如:

①     The bottle is filled with water. 这只瓶子装满了水。

②     He was filled with joy at the news. 听到这个消息,他内心充满了喜悦。

Ⅱ.full是形容词,多作表语,表示主语所处的状态,常见于be full of 结构中。如:

①     The schoolbag is full of books. 书包里装满了书。

②     He drew in an old badsket full of sand.  他捞上来一个灌满泥沙的旧蓝子。

[注]:be filled with = be full of .可以互换。但介词with与of 不能混淆。如:

The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people.

§192        final/ last

Ⅰ.final表终止或结束之意,有时带有决定性或结论性等意味。如:

①     Today is the final day of this term.       今天是本学期的最后一天。

②     We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow. 明天我们将知道选举的最后结果。

Ⅱ.last “最后的、末尾的”指按次序的前后或时间的先后居于最后,并意味着后面不再有了。如:

①     My house stands in the last row.

②     He was the last one to enter.

§193        finally/ at last/ in the end

这三个都可以作“最后”讲,但用法不同。

Ⅰ.finally表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”,无感情色彩,只用于过去时,它居句首时较多。

Ⅱ.at last 表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩,须用一般过去时。

Ⅲ.in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时或与 finally相互替换,但用于对将来的预测,则只能用in the end。如:

①     Did the man in the shop understand him at last?

②     Finally he went to see the famous man himself.

③     I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.

§194        famous as / famous for

Ⅰ. (be) famous as “以(某种身份)……出名(著名)”as后跟人宾语往往与主语同位。如:

①     She is famous as a poet. 他以一名诗人而著名。

②     The town is famous as a car-making place. 该城镇以制造汽车而闻名。

Ⅱ. (be) famouse for “困……而闻名(驰名)”表示由于某种特征而出名,for后的宾语一般为主语人从属内容。如:

①     China has been famous for its silk. 中国素以丝绸闻名。

②     This city is famous for its big gambling resort. 该市因其大赌场而驰名。

§195 fix/ mend/ repair

Ⅰ. 这三个词都可译为“修理”,但fix 一词在美语中应用更广泛。fix 和repair 一样,都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性状或机能,如“修理、安装”钟表、收音机、照相机、电视机、汽车和机床等大型物体。repair 还可以用于修筑堤坝、道路和建筑等。如:

a     

Ⅱ  mend 一般用于“修补”破损的东西使其恢复原样,一般指较小之物。如衣服、鞋袜、伞和桌椅等。如:

mend

§196foolish/ silly / stupid

Ⅰ.foolish 的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,指显得缺乏判断力或普通常识的人或言行等。如:

①     How foolish of you to condent! 你竟会同意,多么愚蠢啊!

②     Don’t be so foolish. 别那么傻。

③     He is a foolish man to throw away such a chance. 他放弃这样的机会真是个傻瓜。

Ⅱ.silly的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,表示愚蠢到了极点,以致令人发笑或轻视,它还常常表示没有意思、无聊等意义。如:

①     How silly of you to do that! 你竟做那件事,多么愚蠢啊!

②     That is a silly story. 那是一个无聊的故事。

Ⅲ.stupid的意思是“愚蠢的、笨的”,指智力差,觉察理解力、学习能力等差。它有时可与foolish或silly通用,但其意味最强。如:

①     He is a stupid person. 他是个蠢人。

②     How stupid of him to overlook such an obvious mistake. 如此明显的错误他居然都没有看出来,多么愚蠢呀!

§197for short/ short for

Ⅰ.for short意为“简称”、“缩写”,是介词词组,常用作状语,如:

① The teacher told Tom to write the text for short. 老师要汤姆缩写课文。

Ⅱ.short for意为“是。。。 。。。的缩写”与be 动词连用,构成系表结构作谓语,如:

① “There’re” is short for “there are”.

§198 from now on/ from then on

   from now on“从现在起”,是以现在为起点延续下去,谓语通常用将来时态。from then on“从那时起”,是以过去为起点延续下来,谓语通常用过去时态和完成时态。如:

①     She is going to live with you from now on. 从现在起我将刻苦学习。

②     From then on, he hasn’t seen his uncle again. 从那以后他再也没有看见他叔叔了。

§199 game/ match/ race/ sport

Ⅰ. game 主要指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则,凡参加者均须遵守。如:

①     After a game on the wports field they often become good friends. 他们在运动场上进行一场比赛之后,常常变成了好朋友。

[注]:说“比赛”, 在英国通常用match,在美国通常用game.另外game 的复数形式一般指大型的国际比赛或综合性体育运动会。如:the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会。

Ⅱ.match 表示相互间正式的体育比赛、球类比赛,英国人常用。

①     They are going to have a volleyball match.   他们将进行一场排球赛。

Ⅲ. race 主要用于赛跑、赛车等速度比赛。如:

①     Who can win the relay race, Class 3 or Class 4?    谁能赢这场接力赛,三班还是四班?

Ⅳ. sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,跳高,游泳,钓鱼,打猎,赛马和拳术等。如:

①     Swimming is his favourite sport.           游泳是他最喜欢的运动项目。

②     Skating is one of the winter sports.       滑冰是一个冬季运动项目。

[注]复数形式sports可指运动会。如:

③     He created a new record in high-jump at our school sports.  在我们学校的运动会上,他创造了跳高新纪录。

§200gift/ present

Ⅰ.gift“礼物”指较正式的礼物。如:

The watch was a gift from his father.

Ⅱ.present往往与gift通用,但不如gift正式。如:

①     I’m buying it for a present, so please wrap it up nicely. 我买这东西是作礼物送人的,请你包扎得好一点。

②     He gave me the book as a present. 他给我这本书作为礼物。

§201grow / keep / raise / plant

Ⅰ. grow & plant 都可表示“种植”如种植草、树、苗、花卉粮食等植物。grow 着重指种植以后的栽培、管理过程。

   plant 着重指“种植”这一行为。某人plant a tree 之后,树是死是活,不一定管,但某人grow a tree 则包括培育管理,使其生长的过程。如:

① The students are planting trees on the hill.    学生们正在山坡上栽树。(不用grow)

② The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位农民在这块田里种植小麦。(不用plant)

③  People grow bananas in Hainan. 海南种植香蕉。(不用plant)

Ⅱ. keep 表“赡养”后可接表人或动物的名词,不用来代替plant 或grow. 如:

①     He has a wife and three children to keep.     他要养活妻子和三个孩子。

②     My grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶养猪养鸡。

③     My uncle has a large family to keep.     我叔叔要养活一大家人。

Ⅲ. raise 除表“饲养(动物)”以外,还可表示“教育(子女)”; “培育(植物)”。如:

①     We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。

②     My grandma raised a family of five.     我祖母养育了五口之家。

③     Where were you raised ? 你在哪儿长大?

④     He raised some flowers in the back garden. 他在后园里种了一些花。

[注]:raise 强调从小精心培养到大,通常指培养花卉以及较难管理的植物。如:

① Let’s grow / raise some flowers in the garden.咱们在园子里种些花吧。

①     We grow rice, wheat and cotton in my hometown.       在家乡,我们种植水稻、小麦和棉花。(不宜用raise)

§202        glad/ happy/merry/ pleased

这组形容词都有:“高兴、快乐”之意。

Ⅰ.glad 多用在与人见面时的客套语中,指使人感到:情绪上有短暂的喜悦,常用作表语,一般情况下不作定语。如:

①     I’m glad to help you with your English.      我很高兴帮你学英语。

Ⅱ.happy指使人感到内心的满足、幸福和愉快,祝贺新年或庆贺生日时常用到它,可用作表语和定语。如:

①     Happy New Year! 新年好!

②     I’ll be happy to meet him. 我将高兴地与他见面。

Ⅲ.pleased 意为:“对……感到满意/高兴”常与be连用,后面接介词with(sb), at(sth) 等引起的短语,或不定式;pleased 通常不作定语。如:

①     He is pleased with his new job. 他对他的新工作很满意。

②     She was very much pleased at the news. 她听到这个消息非常满意。

[注意]:以下结构可互换:

be

Ⅳ.merry 除“高兴”之外,还有耳目可以感到的“热闹”,一般只作定语。如:

Merry Christmas!祝祝zzzzzhristmas"th your English.

§203        go / walk

Ⅰ. go 指朝着一定地点的方向运动。如:

①     We go to school at seven in the morning.

②     Please go downstairs to have lunch.

③     此外,go的主语还可以是动物、交通工具和机械等。如:

My watch goes fast.我的表走快了。

The train goes to Beijing. 火车开往北京。

Ⅱ. walk 指朝着一定地点或无目的地“走”,常译为“步行、散步”如:

①     He often walks after supper. 饭后他经常散步。

②     They are walking along the river. 他们正沿着河岸走。

③     Let’s go out for a walk. 我們出去散步吧。

§204        go on with sth/ go on doing sth/

go on to do sth

Ⅰ. go on doing sth,“(停顿以后)继续做某事”;“不停地做某事”即做原来在做的事情。如:

①     Now let’s go on writing. 我们继续往下写。

②     It’s raining, but the farmers went on working( = kept on working) in the fields.       天在下雨,然而农民們还在地里我停地干活。

Ⅱ. go on with sth 表示:“间断后做原来没有做完的事”后面跟名词,不能接动词-ing 形式。如:

①     After a rest, they went on with the work. 休息以后,他们继续劳动。

Ⅲ. go on to do sth. 指“接着做另一件事”,即接下来做与原来不同人事情。如:

①     That’s all for the text. Now let’s go on to learn the grammer. 课文就到这里,现在我们接着学语法。

②     He went on to show us how to translate the sentence in a different way. 他接着教我们如何用另一种方法翻译这个句子。

 

§205        go to bed/ go to sleep/ sleep/ be(fall) asleep

Ⅰ. go to bed 指“就寝”, 只表示“上床去睡”这一动作,无“睡着”之意。是终止性动词。它的对应词 是get up “起床”

Ⅱ.in bed 表示一种状态,在句中常作表语,意为“躺在床上,睡着”。其中in不能用on 替换。

Ⅲ. go to sleep 与get to sleep 意义相近,也是终止性动词。即:“入睡、睡着”,强调进入梦乡的过程。“开始睡觉”,即:being to sleep.如:

①     I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么时候睡着的。

Ⅳ. fall asleep意为“睡着”表示一个动作的过程,侧重于“自然而然地入睡”,有时也含有“不想入睡而入睡”之意;be asleep“熟睡”,强调睡眠的状态,该短语在句中作谓语。

Ⅴ. sleep 可动词和名词,表“睡着”“睡眠”,是可持续性的动词。

Ⅵ. asleep 是表语形容词,不能作定语 如:

①     The children are all asleep. 孩子们都睡着了。

②     Are you asleep? 你睡着了吗?

§206        good/ fine/ nice/ well

Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词,表“好的质量”,“好的品质”。等意思。如:

①     Lucy is a good girl.

②     These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。

Ⅱ. fine 侧重于“质量的精细”, “身体健康”,还可以表示“天气晴朗”等。如:

①     This is a fine house.

②     How are you?   I’m fine, thank you.

③     It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。

Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的“好看、漂亮”。取悦于人的感觉。也可指“(对人)友好和蔼”如:

①     It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错,但却不是一块好表。

②     It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。

③     They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。

Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得“好”,修饰动词。也可作表语,指身体好。如:

①     Well done! 干得好!

②     I’m well. 我好了。

 

§207        grow/ increase

Ⅰ.作不及物动词,两者有相同的含意“增长”。如:

①     The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越来快。

Ⅱ.grow还有“生长,发育”的意思。如:

①     The rice is growing fine. 水稻长势不错。

Ⅲ.作及物动词,用法各异。

   grow种植,栽   如:

①     Wheat is grown in north of China. 中国北方种植小麦。

increase增加、增长   如:

①     They are working hard to increase production. 他们正在努力工作以增加产量。

Ⅳ.increase可作名词,意为“增加、增长”。如:

①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中国我们正在尽全力降低人口数量的增长。

§208        hand in/ turn in

Ⅰ. hand in  “传递、交给”。指交作业等。如:

The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老师要他们交作业本。

Ⅱ. turn in “上交、交出”。指将某物归公。或交给上级或组织以便找到失主。一般也可与hand in 互换。如:

①     You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。

②     You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。

§209        hands up/ put up one's hand

Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语,相当于Put up your arms over your head! “举起手来!”如:

① “Hands up, or I’ll shoot.” The policeman demanded the robber. “举起手来,不然我开枪了。”警察命令抢劫犯。

Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如:

①     Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案?请举手。

②     Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。

§210        happen/ take place/ occur

都有“发生”之意

Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语,应用广泛,指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即:“(某人)发生了什么事——happen to sb”,或 “(某物)发生了什么情况——happen to sth”。其主语通常由 accident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示“碰巧发生某事,——happen to do sth.”如:

①           What has happened? 发生什么事了?­­­­­­–––­

②           What happened to you? 你发生什么事了?

③           It happened through your negligence.  这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。

④           He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。

⑤      I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。

Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事,无偶然之意。其主语常是表:“运动、活动、会议等”的名词。如:

①     The Olympic Games take place every four years.        奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。

②     The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四运动发生于一九一九年。

③     Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来,我国发生了巨大的变化。

Ⅲ. occur[?`k?:] 常与happen 通用。但,是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。

①     When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么时候发生的?

②     Don’t let the mistake occur again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。

§211        hare/ rabbit

Ⅰ. hare “野兔”比rabbit大,不打洞栖身。如:

①     That is a hare.  那是只野兔。

Ⅱ. rabbit 指“野兔”时,比hare小,不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如

①     I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。

②     He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。

§212        harm/ hurt

Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有“伤害”之意,但二者有区别:

   harm 用面较广,往往暗示“不良的后果”, 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。

   hurt 往往暗示“肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快”其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词,所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。

① The nose of machines harmed their hearing.                

机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。

② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。

§213        have been to / have been in / have gone to

Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:“曾经到过某处”但目前人未在那儿。如:

①     Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了?(现在已回来)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(现不在北京)

②     I have never been there before, have I?       我以前从未去过那儿,是吗?

Ⅱ. have been in 表示:“去了某地,并曾在那儿(一段时间),或现在仍在那儿。

①     She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks.

Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:“去了”指人已经走了,(至少目前不在说话的地点,在去的途中或已经到目的地)。如:

①     Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school.        凯特不在家,她上学去了。(在路上或已经在学校了)。

②     She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿,她去南京了。

§214        have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep

Ⅰ. have sth done “让某事被做”如:

I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.   明天我要去理发。(让别人理)。

Ⅱ. have sh done。“让某人被……”如:

He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(让别人打)

Ⅲ. have sb do sth. “让某人做某事”如:

I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV.        我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。

Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing “让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如:

①     Don’t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生們学习。

②     They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。

Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词,如:

①     The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。

②     Have her here! 让她到这儿来。

§215        have to / must

Ⅰ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有不得不的意味。如:

①     Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗?

②     It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。

Ⅱ. must “必须 ”往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。如:

①     We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。

②     We must go. 我必须去。

§216        have/ own

Ⅰ. have “有”表人与物/人,物与物之间存在的“所有;所属”的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如:

①     I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。

②     Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗?

Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合,强调“(合法地)拥有”某物的所有权,主语一定是该物的主人。如:

①     I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。

②     Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的?

§217        head/ brains

Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的,有形的“头”。如:

Don’t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。

Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,无形的“脑力、智力”。

[注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。

§218        hear/ hear of/ hear from

Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力,强调听的结果。如:

①     I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.

Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of,意义无多大的区别。如:

①     We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息,我们都很高兴。

②     Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗?

Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的来信(电话等)”如:

①     Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。

②     We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后,我们一直没有收到他的来信。

§219        hear/ listen

Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如:

①     Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗?

②     I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音,但并不用心去听她说的是什么。

Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如:

①     Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?

②     We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也没听到。

§220        heaven/ sky

Ⅰ. heaven “天、天国、天堂”与earth和 hell(地狱)相对。在文学语言中,它也可以指天空,常用算数形式。如:

①     The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。

②     He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。

Ⅱ. sky “天、天空”,一般用作单数。但在文学语言中,有时也用算数形式(skies).如:

①     There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。

②     Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies.

为有牺牲多斗志,敢教日月换新天。   (毛泽东)

§221        high/ tall

Ⅰ. high “高(的)”,普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高,或指所处位置较高。如:

①     That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。

②     He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。

Ⅱ. tall “高的”,常与short相对,也指同类中较高的,尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。当指物时,往往可与high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如:

①     She is rather tall. 她相当高。

②     We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。

§222        hill/ mountain

Ⅰ. hill “小山”通常比mountain 小。如:

①     I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。

②     The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。

Ⅱ. mountain “高山”,比hill大。如:

①     We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。

②     He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。

§223 help with / help…with.

Ⅰ. help with “帮助”后面直接跟名词。如:

①     Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。

②     The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。

Ⅱ. help …with. “帮助某人做某事”即help st with sth. 如:

①     May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗?

②     My father used to help me with my lessons.  父亲过去常常帮助我做功课。

§224        human being/ man / person/ people

Ⅰ. human being “人类”,可数名词,算数为human beings. 意义较具体,以区别于动物、鬼神之类。如:

There were no sight of human beings  on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes.  那个岛上虽然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但没有人居住过的痕迹。

Ⅱ. man “人类”,单数或复数均可。其前不用限定词。如:

Man must make the earth support more people. 人类必须使地球养活更多的人。

Ⅲ. person. “人”着重指个别而言。与animal相对。指男,女,老,少均可。如:                  

There are only three persons in the room.    房间里只有三个人。

Ⅳ. people “人”是集合名词。与enemy相对,有较强的感情色彩。指普通人时,可与person代换。其复数形式为“民族”之意。如:

①     Most people think so 大多数人这样想。

②     There are more than 50 peoples in our country. 我国有50多个民族。

§225        hanged / hung

这两个词都是hang的过去分词。

Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作“上吊;绞死”时的过去时和过去分词。

①     The murderer was hanged this morning. 那个杀人犯今天上午被绞死。

②     He hanged himself from a beam in the attic.       他在阁楼上悬梁自尽了。

Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作“悬挂;下垂”等 意思时过去时和过去分词。如:

①     She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree.   她把圣诞节的装饰品挂在树上。

②     He hung his head in shame. 他羞耻得垂下脑袋。

§226        hurry up/ hurry off(away) / hurry to

Ⅰ. hurry up 中的up是副词。“赶快、快点、加紧”之意。含有催促、命令之意。且常用于肯定结构,偶而用于否定结构时,up可省。如:

①     Hurry up! There is not enough time. 赶快!时间不够了。

②     Don’t hurry. There is enough time. 别着急。还有时间。

Ⅱ.hurry off / away中的 away是副词。“匆匆离去”无催促之意。如:

①     Li Lei hurried off /away without a word. 李雷一句话不说就匆匆走了。

②     With this, the woman hurried away / off. = With this, the woman went away in a hurry.说完这话,那妇人匆匆离去。

Ⅲ. hurry to 是短语动词。to 介词。“匆匆去某地”如:

①     He hurried to his office. = He went to his office in a hurry.

Ⅳ. in a hurry. 介词短语。“匆忙地(地)”,“慌忙地(的)”

①     She dressed herself for the party in a hurry.        她为参加联欢会而匆忙地换穿衣服。

②     You are always in a hurry. 你总是匆匆忙忙地。

§227        hurt/ injure/ wound

Ⅰ.hurt的意思是“使受伤、使疼痛、使伤心、伤害”,它是普通用语,可以表示使肉体受伤或疼痛,也可以表示使感情受到伤害。如:

①     He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌到时伤了背部。

②     My shoe is too tight, it hurts (me).       我的鞋太紧,使我的脚感到痛。

③     That’ll hurt her feelings. 那会伤她的感情。

Ⅱ.injure的意思是“伤害、损害”,指损害一个人的外表、健康、完好的东西(如自尊心、名誉、成就)等。如:

①     He injured an arm in a car accident.     他在一次车祸中伤了一只手臂。

②     You will injure your health by smoking too much. 你吸烟太多,有伤身体。

③     This injured his pride. 这伤了他的自尊心。

Ⅲ.wound的意思是“受伤、伤害”,通常指因外来的暴力使身体受伤,尤指在战争中或遭袭击受伤。它也可以指精神上受创伤。如:

①     Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded. 十名士兵阵亡,三十名受伤。

②     The bullet wounded him in the shoulder.      枪弹打伤了他的肩膀。

③     He felt wounded in his honour. 他觉得他的名誉受到了伤害。

§228        if/ whether

Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某种情况下右互换。如:

①     I don’t know if / whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。

Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether:

1.       正式文体中,句中有or not时。如:

I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。

  2.引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如:

   Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。

  3. 作介词宾语时,如:

  I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。

  4. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组。如:

  Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not.     李雷还未决定去还是不去。

  5. 作discuss等词的宾语时,如:

   They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。

  6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如:

   Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。

Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能,意为“如果”引导条件状语从句;而whether另有“不管,无论”之意,引导让步状语从句。如:

①     I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我,我将很高兴。

②     Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事。

§229        ill/ sick

Ⅰ. ill “病”,常用作表语,一般不作名词的前置定语用;而sick可直接作前置定语用。如:

①     She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。

②     He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。

Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如:

①     He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。

Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时,一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说:seriously sick/ ill. 如:

①     He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风,不久就更厉害了。

②     His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。

§230        in / after/ later

都有“在……之后”的意思,区别在于:

Ⅰ.in是介词,用来表示从现在算起的“过一段时间以后”,常于将来时态的肯定句中,一般与go, come, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬间动作的终止性动词连用。如:I’ll come and see you in two days. 两天之后我再来看你。

Ⅱ.after是介词,用来表示在某一具体时间或某一具体事件以后,谓语动词可用于过去时,也可用将来时。如:

①     He will arrive after four o’clock. 他将在四点以后到达。

②     She said she would be back after five o’clock.

[注] 此情况下时间名词应为点时间。

after 还可以表示从过去某时起若干时间之后,谓语动词用过去时,不能用将来时。如:Lucy started after two days. [注] 此时应为段时间名词。

Ⅲ.later是副词,不能用于从讲话时刻算起的若干时间之后,要根据上下文推断从何时起至何时之后。如:

①     I shall call on Mr Li之后laterys.ed woiyou  lled and thirty  on May 1st and shall call again about a week later.            五月一日我将拜访李先生,大约一星期之后我再来拜访。

②     I shall call again later.

[注] later只能放在段时间名词之后。

§231        in / of

均可用来表比较范围。

Ⅰ.of 表“属性”,意为“在同类中,最……”

Ⅰ.in表“在……内”,意指“在某地或某范围之中最……”,其后接表地点或组织、机构等的名词,与比较对象不属同一范畴。如:

①     Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys.

②     Li Lei is the tallest in our class.

§232 in the future/in future

这两个词组都有“在将来”的意思,但含义上有区别。

Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来,在时间上包括现在。如:

①     You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。

②     He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。

Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间,在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如:

①     Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么?

②     In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 将来,旅行社可能会组织去月球的旅行。

[注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容词时,不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。

§233 in time/on time

Ⅰ.in time“及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。

Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如:

①     Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。

②     They got there on time to see the exhibition.       他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。

③     Can you get there in time? 你能及时感到那儿吗?

④     You must always return your library book on time. 你必须总是按时归还从图书馆借的书。

§234        in/ on/ to

Ⅰ.in 表示“在某范围之内”,如:

①     In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night.

②     Beijing is in the north of China.

Ⅱ.on 表示“两地接壤”。如:

①     Tianjin is on the north of Beijing.

②     Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong.

Ⅲ.to 表示“在某范围之外,两地不接壤”。如:

①       There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River.

②       Japan is to the east of China.

§235        increase by/ increase to

Ⅰ.“increase by + 倍数或百分数”,表示“增加了。。。。。。倍/百分之”。“inctease to + 具体的增长后的数字”,表示“增加到了。。。。。。”。如:

① The population of this town has increase by 5 percent.        这个镇的人口增长了5%。

② The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我们国家的人口已增长到了13 亿。

Ⅱ.表示“在。。。。。。方面增长”用in 来引导的短语。如:

①     It has increase 30 percent in price. 它的价格增长了30%。

②     Its members are increasing in number.         它的成员数量正在增加。

③     The country is fast increasing in population. 这个国家人口增长很快。

§236        indeed/ really

Ⅰ.indeed的意思是“真的、的确”,多用以肯定或证实人家所说的话,或加强自己说话的肯定语气,如:

① -----It’s a difficult problem. 这是一个困难的问题。

   -----Indeed it is. 的确如此。

② We were indeed very glad to hear the news.听到这消息我们真高兴。

④     Thank you very much indeed. 真感谢你。

Ⅱ.really 的意思是“真的、真正、的确”,指和事实或现实不相违背,用以表示肯定人家所说的是实话,希望人家说实话或强调自己说的是实话。它有时还用以表示对人家所说的话感到惊讶、生气、怀疑等。如:

① -----He is a good student. 他是一个好学生。

   -----Really. 的确是。

② It was really not my fault. 那的确不是我的错。

③     Do you really wish to go? 你真的想去吗?

④     ------We’re going to Qingdao this summer.   今年夏天我们要去青岛。

------Oh, really? 啊,真的吗?

 

§237        interest/ interesting/ interested

Ⅰ.interest. n. “兴趣;趣味”v. “使(人)产生兴趣”

①     What you said interests me. 你的话引起了我的兴趣。

②     He shows an interest in music.他对音乐感兴趣。

Ⅱ.interesting. adj. “有趣的;引起兴趣的”可作表语或定语,指物或人本身能引起兴趣。如:

③       The film is very interesting. 电影非常有趣。

④       He is an interesting man. 他是一个有趣的人。

Ⅲ.interested是动词interest 加ed 构成的形容词,意为“感兴趣的”,其主语一般指人。

常构成短语: interested in , 如:

⑤        When he was only a child, he got interested in science.     当他仅是一个孩子时,他就对科学产生了兴趣。

§238        job/ work

   两者均表示“工作”,后者(work)含义更广,为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词;前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种,为可数名词。如:

①     I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。

②     The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。名词ot my fault. gdao this summer.

②     he north of the Huai

§239        join / join in / take part in

Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等, 指成为其中的成员。如:

①     My uncle joined the Party in 1989.

②     We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us.   我们要去游泳,你和我们一起去好吗?

Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、参与”某种活动,后接名词或动词的ing 形式,表“参加某人的活动”可以说:join sb. in (doing) sth. 如:

①     He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。

②     Will you join us in playing basketball?  你跟我们一起打篮球好吗?

Ⅲ. take part in 指“参加”会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动,重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如:

①     The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。

②     When will you take part in the meeting?      你将在什么时候参加会议?

[注意]:join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如:

Let me  join in.  让我参加吧。

§240        journey/ trip/ voyage/ tour/ travel

Ⅰ. journey “旅游” 着重指:从甲地到乙地所走的路程和花费的时间。多指陆路“旅游”用英语可解释为:a trip of some distance usually by land.

Ⅱ. travel “旅行、游历”多指到世界各地的活动,国与国之间旅行,(没有回到原出发地的含义)表某次具体的旅行时,常用复数。英译为:the activity of moving about the world.

①     On his doctor’s advice, he went on his travels. 遵照医生的意见,他出发旅行了。

②     He came home after years of foreign travel.

Ⅲ. trip 多指带有特殊目的或定期的旅行,为了高兴进行的较短距离的,旅游或远足。

①     We’ll make a trip on Sunday.

②     He came back from a trip. 他旅归来。

Ⅳ. tour “周游、旅游、观光、游览”等,多指不同地点的漫游或短途旅行参观。通常是回到原出发地点时就意味着旅行结束。英译:a journey during which several places of interest are visited; a short trip to or through a place on order to see it. 如:

①     I’m going to set out on a walking tour.  我即将动身去徒步旅行。

②     He has gone for a tour in Europe.

Ⅴ. voyage 多指较长距离的水上航行,但也指空中航行。

①     He made a voyage from Shanghai to Qingdao. 他从上海航行到青岛。

②     They made a voyage to France by air.他们乘飞机到法国。

§241 known as / known by / known for/ known to

Ⅰ. known as “作为…而出名”;“被称作…”,as后面的宾语与句子主语是同位的。如:

①     George is known as a successful banker. 乔治作为成功的银行家而出名。

②     The first tomb, known as Chang Ling, was built in the 15th century. 第一座陵墓叫长陵修建于是5世纪。

Ⅱ. known by “凭……来判断或认识”一般不太常用,多出现在某些谚语中。如:

①     A man is known by the company he keeps.   (谚)见其友,知其人。

Ⅲ. known for “因……而出名”,for后面多接表示特征、品质之类的词。如:

①     Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries.   桂林因风景优美而闻名。

②     He is known for his frankness. 他以坦率而出名。

Ⅳ. known to “为……所知的”,to后面常接表示人的名词或代词。如:

①     She is known to everyone in the college.  他在学院里人人皆知。

②     The usage of that word is known to us all. 这个词的用法我们人人皆知。

§242        keekp doing sth/ keep on doing sth/ keep sb doing sth/ keep sb or sth from doing sth/ stop……from doing sth/ prevent……from doing sth

Ⅰ.keep doing sth 表示“继续(不断)地做某事”指无停顿或停顿较短。或后接表静态的动词。如:sit sleep. Wait, stand,等。

He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving.       他一动不动地在那儿站了半个小时。

Ⅱ.keep on doing sth 表经过一段时间的间隙后“继续做同一件事”后可接表动态的词。如walk, write talk 等。还暗指不顾困难、反对、警告而“坚持”做某事。

They kept on working in the field, though it was raining.虽然天正在下雨,他们还是继续在田里干活。

Ⅲ.keep sb doing sth.  “使某人处于某种状态”

Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class. 整个一节课, 我们的语文老师都让我们自己看书。

Ⅳ.keep sb / sth from doing sth. “阻止、防止某人/ 某物做某事”如:

①     The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous.      危险的时候,这位警察阻止了孩子们过马路。

②     Be carful! Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor. 当心!防止玻璃掉到地板上。

Ⅴ. prevent……from doing sth与上同意,但较正式,隐含预防之意。From在