九乡新闻网魔兽7.0冰法堆什么属性:改变饮食历史的五位诺贝尔获奖者
来源：百度文库 编辑：九乡新闻网 时间：2024/05/03 02:04:13
今年的诺贝尔荣获者因为发现宇宙正以一定的加速度扩展；致力于利比里亚妇女的权利和和平建设；进一步理解人体免疫力以及其他成就而受世人尊重。但在过去的岁月里，许多获奖者因为发现了与食物相关的成就---比如令食品更安全，更有效利用或仅仅增加我们对它们的认识。以下是五个著名的事例：
1904: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Better known for his research with canines to explain conditioned responses—training dogs to salivate when they heard a sound they had come to associate with food—Pavlov won the Nobel for his earlier work on the digestive systems of mammals. Before he devised a way of observing the digestive organs of animals, there was only a limited understanding of how the stomach digests food.
1904：Ivan Petrovich Pavlov，荣获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
他利用狗牙解释条件反射的研究被人津津乐道---训练狗儿们听到声音时联想到食物，由此分泌唾液----Pavlov 凭借他早期对哺乳动物的消化系统的研究而荣获诺贝尔奖。在他设计如何观察动物的消化器官以前，人们只是有限地理解胃如何消化食物。
1929: Christiaan Eijkman, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1929：Christiaan Eijkman，荣获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
Eijkman and his co-awardee, Sir Frederick Hopkins, were honored for discovering of the importance of vitamins in health and disease prevention. In the 1890s, Eijkman, of the Netherlands, studied the disease beriberi in the then–Dutch colony of Java, where he made the connection between a diet lacking rice bran (the bran had been removed to make the rice last longer) and high rates of beriberi. This was an important milestone in the eventual formation of the concept of vitamins, though the word itself wasn’t coined until 1911.
Eijkman 和他的共同获奖者--Frederick Hopkins先生，因为发现了维生素在健康和疾病预防方面的重要性而备受尊敬。18世纪90年代，他们在荷兰的艾克曼研究脚气病，并在当时一个称为爪哇岛的荷兰殖民地的地方，发现了缺乏米糠引起的疾病和脚气病高发病率之间的联系（糠被去掉以使米保存的更长久）。这对维生素观念的最终形成是一项重要的里程碑，尽管这个词直到1911年才被杜撰。
1945: Lord John Boyd Orr, Nobel Peace Prize
1945： Lord John Boyd Orr，荣获诺贝尔和平奖
Orr, of Scotland, devoted much of his life to improving world nutrition and to the equitable distribution of food. After helping shape Britain’s wartime food policy, Orr became director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and tried, unsuccessfully, to establish a World Food Board in 1947. Two years later, by which time he had retired to a lucrative business career, his efforts were recognized by the Nobel committee.
Orr是苏格兰人，他将生命中的大部分时间奉献给提高世人的营养和粮食的公平分配。在帮助英国建立战时粮食政策后， Orr 成为联合国粮食和农业组织的总干事。在1947年，他试图建立一个世界粮食董事会，但并没有成功。两年后，他退休转向赚钱的事业。他的努力得到诺贝尔委员会认可。
1970: Norman Borlaug, Nobel Peace Prize
1970：Norman Borlaug，荣获诺贝尔和平奖
Possibly no one on this list had as great an effect on so many people as Borlaug, the American considered the father of the “Green Revolution” for his development of methods that vastly improved yields and disease-resistance in crops. Although some of his methods were later criticized for having a negative environmental impact, they greatly increased food security in poor countries such as India and Pakistan. The debate over how to balance environmental concerns with the food needs of a growing world population continues today.
在这份名单中，恐怕没有谁能超越Borlaug，影响如此多的人。他凭借极大地提高庄稼的产量和疾病抵抗力而被美国人认为是“绿色革命”之父。尽管他的一些方法后来被批判为对环境产生副作用，但它们极大地提高了贫穷国家，如印度和巴基斯坦等的粮食安全。如何平衡环境因素和世界人口增长带来的粮食需求之间的争议持续至今。
1998: Amartya Sen, Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
1998：Amartya Sen，荣获瑞典银行纪念阿尔弗雷德-诺贝尔而设置的经济学奖
The prize in economic sciences is the only category to be added since the establishment of the Nobel prizes. It was first awarded in 1969. Sen, an Indian living in the United Kingdom, won in part for his study of the underlying economic causes of famine. In his 1981 Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Sen debunked the common notion that food shortage is the sole cause of famine, and his later work explored how to prevent or mitigate famine.
自诺贝尔奖设立以来，这个奖项是经济学范畴中唯一增加的奖项。它首次颁发于1969年。Sen是居住在英国的印度人，他赢得这份奖项，一定程度上是因为他研究了饥荒潜在的经济原因。在1981年写的《贫困与饥荒：论权利与剥夺》一书中，他揭穿了粮食短缺是饥荒唯一原因这一普遍观点的错误，他随后的工作研究如何避免或减轻饥荒。
Posted By: Lisa Bramen — Agriculture & Farming,Around the World,Food science,In the News,Policy | Link | Comments (1)
提供者：Lisa Bramen ---农业&农学，全世界，食品科学，被报导，政治|链接|评论（1）