高烧的楼市正面临雪山:使用rman nocatalog方式备份Oracle

NetBackup通过RMAN nocatalog方式备份设置步骤

当通过rman nocatalog方式备份Oracle，Oracle使用controlfile存放备份信息。因此，当使用rman nocatalog方式备份时，备份controlfile是非常重要的。

有一个问题，当使用rman nocatalog恢复时，数据库必须是处于“mount”状态的。而Oracle startup mount的前提条件是control必须存在。因此，你必须在恢复datafile之前先恢复controlfile。使用rman catalog方式时，可以startup nomount然后restore control file；但使用rman nocatalog时，必须先用文件方式恢复controlfile。

下面对比一下rman nocatalog和rman catalog的恢复时的步骤，以便建立正确的备份策略（以下的恢复都是在online状态下的备份）：

rman nocatalog恢复：
1)        建立oracle运行环境（包括init或sp文件）
2)        文件方式恢复controlfile到init文件指定的位置
3)        startup mount
4)        rman，恢复datafile
5)        alter database open resetlogs

rman catalog恢复：
1)        建立oracle运行环境（包括init或sp文件）
2)        rman ，restore controfile
3)        alter database mount
4)        rman, restore datafile
5)        alter database open resetlogs

可以看出，rman nocatalog备份时，必须用文件方式备份controlfile。

另外，由于nocatalog时利用controlfile存放备份信息，建议将Oracle参数文件中的CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME值加大（缺省为7天）, 该参数在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initSID.ora中（9i后也可能在spfile中，只能通过Oracle语句更改）。  

以下描述如何使用NetBackup对Oracle进行rman nocatalog方式下的备份：

一、备份服务器上的工作

1. 建立NetBackup policy，用于备份control file
建立policy “oracle_control_file”, backup type “standard”, client “oracle_server”, filelist “/scripts/control.ora”, schedule “user” type “user backup”, 选择所有时间范围。

2. 建立NetBackup policy，用于备份 Oracle database
建立policy “oracle_full”, backup type “oracle”, client “oracle_server”, script “/scripts/hot_database_level0.sh”，schedule自己定。

3. 如果需要，建立NetBackup policy用于备份archivelog，方法同上，脚本另写。

二、Oracle服务器上的工作
1. 在 “oracle_server”上，编辑“/scripts/hot_database_level0.sh”文件，加入下行，在rman指令结束符“}”前：
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch00 TYPE disk;
COPY CURRENT CONTROLFILE to '/scripts/control.ora';
RELEASE CHANNEL ch00;

2. 在 “/scripts/hot_database_level0.sh”相关行（快结束的地方），加入：
/usr/openv/netbackup/bin/bpbackup -p oracle_control_file -s user –t 0 /scripts/control.ora

3. 如果另外有archivelog的备份，重复以上1、2步骤，加在archivelog备份的脚本中。

4. 改变oracle参数（可选，Oracle9i使用spfile的话通过oracle指令修改）
(1) shutdown oracle
(2) 编辑 $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initSID.ora, 设置
CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME=365
(3) startup oracle


scripts举例：

#!/bin/sh
# $Header: hot_database_backup.sh,v 1.9 2002/02/06 16:48:56 lstrub Stab $
#
#bcpyrght
#***************************************************************************
#* $VRTScprght: Copyright 1993 - 2002 VERITAS Software Corporation, All Rights Reserved $ *
#***************************************************************************
#ecpyrght
#
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#                          hot_database_backup.sh
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  This script uses Recovery Manager to take a hot (inconsistent) database
#  backup. A hot backup is inconsistent because portions of the database are
#  being modified and written to the disk while the backup is progressing.
#  You must run your database in ARCHIVELOG mode to make hot backups. It is
#  assumed that this script will be executed by user root. In order for RMAN
#  to work properly we switch user (su -) to the oracle dba account before
#  execution. If this script runs under a user account that has Oracle dba
#  privilege, it will be executed using this user's account.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Determine the user which is executing this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

CUSER=`id |cut -d"(" -f2 | cut -d "" -f1`

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Put output in ;.out. Change as desired.
# Note: output directory requires write permission.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

RMAN_LOG_FILE=${0}.out

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# You may want to delete the output file so that backup information does
# not accumulate.  If not, delete the following lines.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

if [ -f "$RMAN_LOG_FILE" ]
then
        rm -f "$RMAN_LOG_FILE"
fi

# -----------------------------------------------------------------
# Initialize the log file.
# -----------------------------------------------------------------

echo >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
chmod 666 $RMAN_LOG_FILE

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Log the start of this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

echo Script $0 >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo ==== started on `date` ==== >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Replace /db/oracle/product/ora81, below, with the Oracle home path.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ORACLE_HOME=/oracle/app/oracle/product/8.1.7
export ORACLE_HOME

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Replace ora81, below, with the Oracle SID of the target database.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ORACLE_SID=ora81
export ORACLE_SID

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Replace ora81, below, with the Oracle DBA user id (account).
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ORACLE_USER=oracle

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set the target connect string.
# Replace "sys/manager", below, with the target connect string.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TARGET_CONNECT_STR=/

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set the Oracle Recovery Manager name.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

RMAN=$ORACLE_HOME/bin/rman

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Print out the value of the variables set by this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

echo >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "RMAN: $RMAN" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "ORACLE_SID: $ORACLE_SID" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "ORACLE_USER: $ORACLE_USER" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "ORACLE_HOME: $ORACLE_HOME" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Print out the value of the variables set by bphdb.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

echo  >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "NB_ORA_FULL: $NB_ORA_FULL" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "NB_ORA_INCR: $NB_ORA_INCR" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "NB_ORA_CINC: $NB_ORA_CINC" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "NB_ORA_SERV: $NB_ORA_SERV" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo   "NB_ORA_POLICY: $NB_ORA_POLICY" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# NOTE: This script assumes that the database is properly opened. If desired,
# this would be the place to verify that.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

echo >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# If this script is executed from a NetBackup schedule, NetBackup
# sets an NB_ORA environment variable based on the schedule type.
# The NB_ORA variable is then used to dynamically set BACKUP_TYPE
# For example, when:
#     schedule type is                BACKUP_TYPE is
#     ----------------                --------------
# Automatic Full                     INCREMENTAL LEVEL=0
# Automatic Differential Incremental INCREMENTAL LEVEL=1
# Automatic Cumulative Incremental   INCREMENTAL LEVEL=1 CUMULATIVE
#
# For user initiated backups, BACKUP_TYPE defaults to incremental
# level 0 (full).  To change the default for a user initiated
# backup to incremental or incremental cumulative, uncomment
# one of the following two lines.
# BACKUP_TYPE="INCREMENTAL LEVEL=1"
# BACKUP_TYPE="INCREMENTAL LEVEL=1 CUMULATIVE"
#
# Note that we use incremental level 0 to specify full backups.
# That is because, although they are identical in content, only
# the incremental level 0 backup can have incremental backups of
# level >; 0 applied to it.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

if [ "$NB_ORA_FULL" = "1" ]
then
        echo "Full backup requested" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
        BACKUP_TYPE="INCREMENTAL LEVEL=0"

elif [ "$NB_ORA_INCR" = "1" ]
then
        echo "Differential incremental backup requested" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
        BACKUP_TYPE="INCREMENTAL LEVEL=1"

elif [ "$NB_ORA_CINC" = "1" ]
then
        echo "Cumulative incremental backup requested" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
        BACKUP_TYPE="INCREMENTAL LEVEL=1 CUMULATIVE"

elif [ "$BACKUP_TYPE" = "" ]
then
        echo "Default - Full backup requested" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
        BACKUP_TYPE="INCREMENTAL LEVEL=0"
fi


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Call Recovery Manager to initiate the backup. This example does not use a
# Recovery Catalog. If you choose to use one, replace the option 'nocatalog'
# from the rman command line below with the
# 'rcvcat ;/;@;' statement.
#
# Note: Any environment variables needed at run time by RMAN
#       must be set and exported within the switch user (su) command.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Backs up the whole database.  This backup is part of the incremental
#  strategy (this means it can have incremental backups of levels >; 0
#  applied to it).
#
#  We do not need to explicitly request the control file to be included
#  in this backup, as it is automatically included each time file 1 of
#  the system tablespace is backed up (the inference: as it is a whole
#  database backup, file 1 of the system tablespace will be backed up,
#  hence the controlfile will also be included automatically).
#
#  Typically, a level 0 backup would be done at least once a week.
#
#  The scenario assumes:
#     o you are backing your database up to two tape drives
#     o you want each backup set to include a maximum of 5 files
#     o you wish to include offline datafiles, and read-only tablespaces,
#       in the backup
#     o you want the backup to continue if any files are inaccessible.
#     o you are not using a Recovery Catalog
#     o you are explicitly backing up the control file.  Since you are
#       specifying nocatalog, the controlfile backup that occurs
#       automatically as the result of backing up the system file is
#       not sufficient; it will not contain records for the backup that
#       is currently in progress.
#     o you want to archive the current log, back up all the
#       archive logs using two channels, putting a maximum of 20 logs
#       in a backup set, and deleting them once the backup is complete.
#
#  Note that the format string is constructed to guarantee uniqueness and
#  to enhance NetBackup for Oracle backup and restore performance.
#
#
#  NOTE WHEN USING TNS ALIAS: When connecting to a database
#  using a TNS alias, you must use a send command or a parms operand to
#  specify environment variables.  In other words, when accessing a database
#  through a listener, the environment variables set at the system level are not
#  visible when RMAN is running.  For more information on the environment
#  variables, please refer to the NetBackup for Oracle Admin. Guide.
#
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

CMD_STR="
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME
export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID=$ORACLE_SID
export ORACLE_SID
$RMAN target $TARGET_CONNECT_STR nocatalog msglog $RMAN_LOG_FILE append << EOF
allocate channel for maintenance type disk;
change archivelog all validate;
release channel;
RUN {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch00 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch01 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch02 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch03 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch04 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
BACKUP
    $BACKUP_TYPE
    SKIP INACCESSIBLE
    TAG hot_db_bk_level0
    FILESPERSET 7
    # recommended format
    FORMAT 'bk_%s_%p_%t'
    DATABASE;
    sql 'alter system archive log current';
RELEASE CHANNEL ch00;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch01;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch02;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch03;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch04;
# backup all archive logs
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch00 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch01 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch02 TYPE 'SBT_TAPE';
BACKUP
   filesperset 20
   FORMAT 'al_%s_%p_%t'
   ARCHIVELOG ALL DELETE INPUT;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch00;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch01;
RELEASE CHANNEL ch02;
#
# Note: During the process of backing up the database, RMAN also backs up the
# control file.  This version of the control file does not contain the
# information about the current backup because "nocatalog" has been specified.
# Too include the information about the current backup, the control file should
# be backed up as the last step of the RMAN section.  This step would not be
# necessary if we were using a recovery catalog.
#
ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch00 TYPE disk;
COPY
    CURRENT CONTROLFILE to '/scripts/control.ora';
RELEASE CHANNEL ch00;}
EOF
"
# Initiate the command string

if [ "$CUSER" = "root" ]
then
    su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$CMD_STR" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
    RSTAT=$?
else
    /usr/bin/sh -c "$CMD_STR" >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
    RSTAT=$?
fi

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Log the completion of this script.
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

if [ "$RSTAT" = "0" ]
then
    LOGMSG="ended successfully"
/usr/openv/netbackup/bin/bpbackup -p oracle_control_file -s user -t 0 /scripts/control.ora
else
    LOGMSG="ended in error"
fi

echo >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo Script $0 >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo ==== $LOGMSG on `date` ==== >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE
echo >;>; $RMAN_LOG_FILE

exit $RSTAT