香奈儿口红官网价格:素食是解决气候变迁最快的方法

第一章

1. SMTV“气候变迁公益广告：VIPs谈气候变迁” www.veganlove.org/bbs/tb.php/sos_video/17.

2. 此处是指2006年亨宁．史坦菲（Henning Steinfeld）等合着的报告《畜牧业的巨大阴影：环境问题与选择》，由联合国粮农组织出版。

3. 罗伯特．古德兰（Robert Goodland）和杰夫．安亨（Jeff Anhang）发现：畜牧养殖业每年排放325.64亿吨二氧化碳，占全球温室气体总排放量的51%。“Livestock and Climate Change,”World Watch Magazine, 2009.11 12, 10-19. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294

4. 同上注，第11页。

5. 这是因为把谷物喂给动物吃，人类再吃动物，丧失了90%谷物原有的能量。

6. 同注1。

7. Lucas Reijnders and Sam Soret, “Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Different Dietary Protein Choices,”The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2003), 664S-668S. http://www.ajcn.org/content/78/3/664S.full

8. World Food Organization, “Hunger Stats,” http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats.

9. UNEP, Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production. June, 2010. http://www.unep.fr/scp/publications/details.asp?id=DTI/1262/PA

10. 同注3，第15页。

11. Elke Stehfest et.al.,“Climate benefits of changing diet.”Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Climate-benefits-of-changing-diet.html .

12. 2008年5月斯德哥尔摩国际水资源研究所（SIWI）和国际水管理研究所（IWMI ）的研究报告《省水：从农地到餐桌》指出70％的净水是喂给牲畜喝的。http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Policy_Briefs/PB_From_Filed_to_Fork_2008.pdf 印尼国际林业研究中心指出，巴西境内被砍伐的亚马逊雨林，有60%至70%用作为养牛场。 见国际林业研究中心, “The Impact of the Growing Demand for Beef on the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil,”April 2, 2004, http://www.mongabay.com/external/brazil_beef_amazon.htm . 亦见Cees de Haan et al., Livestock and the Environment: Finding a Balance, Chapter 2. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/lead/toolbox/FAO/Main1/index.htm .

13. 专栏作家乔治．蒙贝尔特（George Monbiot）在2008年4月15日刊载于卫报（The Guardian）的文章中引用联合国粮农组织的统计指出：“今年有1亿吨的食物将被转换成车子的燃料，有7.6 亿吨原可以作为人类的食物，将被用于喂养动物。这些数量是全球粮食短缺的14倍。如果您关心饥荒，请少吃肉。” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/apr/15/food.biofuels?INTCMP=SRCH

14. 2009年2月荷兰环境评估研究院（PBL, The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency）发表一份新报告，其中包括对荷兰和国际政策在环境永续性方面的建议。报告指出，在对抗暖化上，如果全球的人少吃肉，可以节省20兆美元，即预估所需费用40兆美元的一半。如果在2050年之前，全球都采用无动物成分的纯素饮食，将可节省高达80%的经费。参见Elke Stehfest et al., “Climate benefits of changing diet”, Climatic Change 95 (2009): 83–102, http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Climatebenefits-of-changing-diet.html . 及SMTV专访荷兰环境评估委员会 “气候、空气及能源研究部门”主任罗浩斯（Joop Oude Lohuis）博士，谈“全球采用有机纯素饮食可以降低80%遏止气候变迁费用: PBL研究”。http://www.veganlove.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=95 .

15. 同上注。

第二章

16. 美国太空总署（NASA）气候科学家齐瓦利（Jay Zwally）指出全球暖化情况紧迫：“在2012年夏末，北极海可能出现几乎无冰的情况，比之前预测的提早很多。” “Arctic Ice could be gone in five years.” Telegraph, December 12, 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3318239/Arcticice-couldbe-gone-in-five-years.html .

17. 美国国家冰雪数据中心的科学家发现，2009年2月底，北极海冰只有不到10％的面积覆盖着两年厚的冰。“Arctic sea ice younger, thinner as melt season begins,” in Arctic Ice News and Analysis, April 6, 2009, http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2009/040609.html.

18. 美国国家冰雪数据中心主任马克．瑟瑞兹（Mark Serreze）博士说： “情况可能会急速恶化而通过临界点。我们正接近临界点，我们正眼看着它发生。” 引用自 R. Black,“Arctic Ice is ‘at tipping point.’ ”BBC News, August 28, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7585645.stm 美国国家冰雪数据中心也指出：“北极海冰覆盖面积通常在9月中旬达到每年的最低点。根据卫星资料，2008年9月时，海冰覆盖面积是2007以年来第二少的。2010年9月3日，海冰覆盖面积降到2009年以来季节性的最低点，成为有卫星纪录史上第三低的。

西北通道和北海航线大部分都没有海冰，使周游北极海变得可行。” “updated minimum Arctic sea ice extent,”September 27, 2010, http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2010/092710.html

19. Jonathan L. Bamber, “Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,”Science 324 （May 2009） : 901-903. [DOI: 10.1126/ science.1169335]. 网上摘要请参见 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/324/5929/901.short

20. 美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey）,“The Water Cycle: Water Storage in Ice and Snow.” http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleice.html .

21. The International Organization for Migration,“Migration, Climate Change, and Environmental Degradation: A Complex Nexus.” http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/complex-nexus.

22. 第三届联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）缔约国会议于日本京都举行。马尔代夫代表加尧姆（H.E. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom）呼吁世界领袖正视气候变迁：“马尔代夫是最小的国家之一，我们对世界的影响力或许不大，但是你们在此所决定要做或不做的事，对我国人民的命运有很大的影响，同时也会改变世界历史。”

23. “Methane Bubbling From Arctic Lakes, Now and At End Of Last Ice Age,”Science Daily, October 26, 2007, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071025174618.htm . 亦可查阅 “Scientists Find Increased Methane Levels in Arctic Ocean,” Science Daily, December 18, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081217203407.htm .近期发表的几份报告中，科学家记录了大量甲烷从俄罗斯西伯利亚东部和挪威史比兹伯根岛的海床中冒出。案例请查阅Judith Burns, “Methane seeps from Arctic sea-bed,” BBC News, August 19, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8205864.stm , 以及Steve Connor,“Exclusive: The Methane Time Bomb,” The Independent, September 23, 2009, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-themethane-timebomb-938932.html .

24. John Atcheson,“Ticking Time Bomb,” Baltimore Sun, December 15, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1215-24.htm.

25. 美国西北大学格雷戈里．瑞斯金（Gregory Ryskin）博士的研究指出： 2亿5千万年前，海里甲烷爆炸，导致90%的海洋物种和75%的陆上物种灭绝。他说：“如果这曾经发生过一次，就可能再 度 发生。” http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/methaneGeology.pdf

26. 例如，SMTV访问印度冰川学家杰格迪什．巴哈杜尔（Jagdish Bahadur）博士，讨论冰川消退和洪水、干旱等灾害的关系时，他说：“喜马拉雅山的冰川和地球上其他地方一样，因为全球暖化而处于消退状态。若继续以现在的速度融解，将导致大规模的洪水泛滥。冰川退缩会立即释放更多水，严重的干旱将接踵而至。” SMTV，“The Himalayan Glaciers are Disappearing”, March 25, 2009. http://www.veganlove.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=83&goto_url

27. 美国国家环境保护局（USEPA）,“Climate Change-Health and Environmental Effect: Extreme Events,” http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/extreme.html

28. Anne Minard,“No More Glaciers in Glacier National Park by 2020?” National Geographic News, March 2, 2009, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090302-glaciersmelting.html .

29. University of Colorado at Boulder press release, “Western Water Supplies Threatened by Climate Change: Warming climate could deplete reservoir storage in the Colorado River Basin by mid-century.”July 2009, http://geology.com/press-release/colorado-river-water-supply/.

30. “Loss of andes Glaciers Threatens Water Supply,” Tehran Times, November 28, 2007, http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=158041 .

31. Pew Oceans Commission, America’s Living Oceans: charting a Course for Sea Change: a Report to the Nation (2003), http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_report_detail.aspx?id=30009

32. Robert J. Diaz, and Rutger Rosenberg, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems,” Science 321 (2008), 926-929. http://www.precaution.org/lib/marine_dead_zones_growing.080815.pdf

33. “Big Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says,” National Geographic News, May 15, 2003. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0515_030515_fishdecline.html

34. “Oceans’ Fish Could Disappear by 2050,” Discovery News, May 17, 2010, http://news.discovery.com/earth/oceans-fish-fishing-industry.html.

35. Robert McClure报告 “Dead Orca is a Red Alert’,” Seattle Post Intelligencer, May 7, 2002, http://www.seattlepi.com/local/69418_whale07.shtml.

36. 例如，2009年2月7日澳大利亚维多利亚州的黑色星期六森林大火，创下该国森林大火死亡人数最高纪录：173人死亡，414人受伤。

http://www.abc.net.au/innovation/blacksaturday/#/stories/mosaic.

37. The World Bank, Republic of Peru Environmental Sustainability: A Key to Poverty Reduction in Peru June 01, 2007. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPERUINSPANISH/Resources/PERU_CEA_Full_Report_eng.pdf . Also see the World Bank, “Climate Change Aspects in Agriculture: Peru country Note”, January 2009, p. 3.

38. “Children Die in Harsh Peru Winter”, BBC News, July 12, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8146995.stm

39. 同注27。

40. “Thirty-Eight Percent of World’s Surface in Danger of Desertification” Science Daily, February 10, 2010, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100209183133.htm.

41. “Drought causes water shortage for five-million people in China,” Earth Times, August 23, 2009, http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/282501,drought-causes-water-shortage-for-5-million-people-in-china.html.

42. Australia Wildfire Death Toll Reaches 200,CBC News, February 17, 2009, http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/02/17/australia-wildfires.html.

43. 出自加州大学圣塔克鲁兹分校环境教育博士生丽莎?艾尔吉（Lisa M. Algee）的教学计划“何谓伐林？” http://kids.mongabay.com/lesson_plans/lisa_algee/deforestation.html .

44. World Wildlife Foundation, Deforestation, http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_forests/deforestation.

45. Yacov Tsur et al., Pricing Irrigation Water: Principles and Cases from Developing countries, Washington: Resource for the Future, 2004, 220.

46. Argentina has lost nearly 70% of its forests in a century, France 24, October 1, 2009, http://www.france24.com/en/20090926- argentina-has-lost-nearly-70-its-forests-century-

47. Rhett A. Butler,98% of Orangutan Habitat Gone in the next 15 Years, Mongabay. com, June 11, 2007 http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0611-indonesia.html. UNEP, The Last Stand of the Orangutan, http://www.unep.org/grasp/docs/2007Jan-LastStand-of-Orangutanreport.pdf.

48. 本书稍后会有更多关于黑碳的讨论。此处是指美国太空总署戈达德太空研究所与哥伦比亚大学的辛戴尔（Drew Shindell）及法路维吉（Greg Faluvegi）发现，50%的北极海冰融化是黑碳造成的，黑碳的暖化效能仅次于甲烷和二氧化碳。Drew Shindell and Greg Faluvegi,“Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century.”Nature Geoscience 2 (April 2009), 294–300. 网上摘要请参见http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n4/abs/ngeo473.html 同样的，德国莱布尼兹海洋科学研究中心气候研究员金利塞德指出，沉积于南北极雪冰表面上的黑碳会吸收更多太阳热能。 Noel Keenlyside,“Atmospheric science: Clean air policy and Arctic warming”Nature Geoscience 2 (2009): 243-244. 网上摘要请参见 http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n4/full/ngeo486.html.

49. Julia Whitty, Animal Extinction: A Great Threat to Mankind. The Independent, April 30, 2007. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/animal-extinction--thegreatest-threat-to-mankind-397939.html

50.IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Fourth Assessment Report: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, 2007, 212. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf .

51. 全球人道论坛，“Climate Change The Human Impact Report: The Anatomy of a Crisis”, http://www.eird.org/publicaciones/humanimpactreport.pdf .

52. Kevin Watkins et al., Human Development Report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis, United Nations Development Programme, 2006. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006.

53. FAO,“1.02 Billion People Hungry –One Sixth of Humanity undernourished –More than ever Before,”FAO Media Center, June 19, 2009. http://www.fao.org/news/story/0/item/20568/icode/en.

54. Megan Rowling,“Climate Change Causes 315,000 deaths a year-report,”Reuters, May 29, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLS1002309.

55. 同上注。

56. “Peru Health Ministry warns of possible dengue fever in Lima, insists on prevention,” andean Air Mail and Peruvian Times, March 2, 2009, http://www.peruviantimes.com/peru-health-ministry-warns-of-possibledengue- fever-in-lima-insists-on-prevention/021936.

57. 一般认为全球暖化导致更频繁的水灾和旱灾，使传染病扩散到原本没有防备的区域。例如，《华盛顿邮报》有篇报导指出，疟疾向高海拔扩散，在非洲和拉丁美洲高海拔区肆虐。霍乱在较暖海域扩张版图，登革热与莱姆病也正在北移。美洲大陆前所未见的西尼罗河病毒在七年前登陆后，美国和加拿大共有逾21,000人感染，造成800多人死亡。世界卫生组织已确认，过去30年来出现的新型疾病和死灰复燃的疾病已逾30种。一些专家表示，这是自工业革命以来人口大量集中城市后，首次看到疾病爆炸性的增长。 Doug Struck, “Climate Change Drives Disease To New Territory,” The Washington Post, May 5, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/04/AR2006050401931.html.亦见 Alyshah Hasham,“Climate change spreads infectious diseases worldwide,International News Services, http://www.internationalnewsservices.com/articles/1-latestnews/ 17833-climate-change-spreads-infectious-diseases-worldwide.

58. Scientists:Arctic is Screaming: Global Warming May Have Passed Tipping Point,Fox News, December 12, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,316501,00.html.

59. FAO,Livestock a major threat to environment: Remedies urgently needed. FAO Newsroom, November 29, 2006. http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html.

60. Peter Fricker,Care about the environment? Eat less meat,Global and Mail, Jan. 23, 2008. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/article661961.ece.

61. Jerry Mayer and John P. Holms eds., Bite-size Einstein: Quotations on Just About Everything from the Greatest Mind of the Twentieth Century. St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1996, p. 10.

第三章

62. IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report (2007), p. 212.

63. Kirk Smith,Methane Controls Before Risky Geo-engineering, Please,New Scientist 2714 (June 25, 2009). http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Contenu/Points-de-vues/Methanecontrols- before-risky-geoengineering-please/(theme)/268

64. 同注4。

65. 美国加州大学伯克利分校地球与行星科学系教授威廉?柯林斯（William Collins），早就指出甲烷会引发气候遽变：“锁在水冰晶体里的甲烷气体分子，其密度之高，到融冰时，体积会膨胀到其冰态体积的164倍之大，而其暖化威力比温室气体二氧化碳强72倍。” Peter Preuss, “Impacts: On the Threshold of Abrupt Climate Change.”Berkeley Lab News Letter, September 17, 2008, http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2008/09/17/impacts¬on-the-threshold-of-abrupt-climate-changes/.

66. 深海释放甲烷的更多详情，Cornelia Dean, “Study Says Undersea Release of Methane Is Under Way”, New York Times, March 4, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/science/earth/05methane.html , 以及Michael Fitzpatric,“Methane release looks stronger”, BBC News, January 6, 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8437703.stm . 北极湖泊区释放甲烷的更多详情，K. M. Walter et al., “Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: Isotopic implications for source pathways and ages,” Journal of Geophysical Research 113, G00A08, doi: 10.1029/2007JG000569 (2008), http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2008_Walter001.pdf 以及 K. M. Walter et al., “Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming”, Nature 443 (2006), 71-75. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7107/abs/nature05040.html .

67. Katey Walter,“Siberian Lakes Burp Time-Bomb Greenhouse Gas,” Science Daily, September 8, 2006. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060908094051.htm.

68. Peter Ward,“Impact From the Deep,” Scientific American, September 18, 2006. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=impact-from-the-deep&sc=I100322 亦可见SMTV专访彼得．华德博士“从历史中学习：彼得? 华德博士谈大灭绝与全球暖化” September 23, 2009, http://www.veganlove.org/pe/?wr_id=87&page=4&page=4#v 以及L.R. Kump, A. Pavlov and M. A. Arthur, “Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia”. Geology 33 (2005), 397–400.

69. 科学家发现，生产肉、蛋与乳制品的畜牧业，氧化亚氮排放量占全球人为排放总量的65%。 Steinfeld et al., Livestock’s Long Shadow, p. 114 (2006).

70. 针对此议题已有许多研究，尤以巴西里约热内卢州立大学海托尔．伊凡杰利斯塔（Heitor Evangelista）教授及其同侪，加州大学伯克利分校马克．杰克森（Mark Jackson）教授的研究，以及绿色和平组织与地球之友的研究为代表。记者 Lauren Morello的报道，“Cutting Soot Emissions May Slow Climate Change in the Arctic,” Scientific American, August 2, 2010. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cutting-soot-emissionsmay-slow-climate-change-in-the-arctic 及Randy Boswell的报道,“Soot Is Second Leading Cause of Climate Change: Study,” Ottawa Citizen, August 1, 2010. http://www.ottawacitizen.com/technology/Soot+second+leading+cause+climate+change+study/3349011/story.html?cid=megadrop_story#ixzz0vekfEf8s .

71.请见SMTV2008年7月1日专访美国加州大学伯克利分校 “全球环境健康”教授寇克．史密斯博士（Kirk Smith）。

http://www.veganlove.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_ video&wr_id=21.

72.Monica Bruckner, “The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone,” http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone.

73.SIWI and IWMI, “Saving Water from Field to Fork.” 亦见 Natural Resources Defense Council, “Facts about Pollution from Livestock Farms,” http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/ffarms.asp.

74.同注32。

75.南非开普敦大学巴贡（Bakun）博士与其同侪史卡拉?魏克斯（ScarlaWeeks）博士发现，非洲西南沿海沙丁鱼的滥捕可能是造成大西洋海床两种毒气――硫化氢和甲烷喷发的一个原因。

硫化氢有如腐蛋般的恶臭，早已长期困扰纳米比亚当地的居民，也毒害鱼群并形成缺氧的死亡海域。

参见andrew Bakun and Scarla J. Weeks, “Greenhouse gas buildup, sardines, submarine eruptions and the possibility of abrupt degradation of intense marine upwelling ecosystems” Ecology Letters (2004) vol.7, issue 11, 1015–1023 http://woldlab.caltech.edu/~tristan/silence/bakun_2004_eco_letters.pdf

76.Thomas Lane, “UN Official Warns on Fisheries Losses.” BBC News, May 21, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10128900.

77.美国康乃尔大学生态学家与退休名誉教授大卫?毕曼托(David Pimentel)警告，由于87%的净水皆用于畜牧业生产，美国很快将成为缺水的国家。Pimentel, “U.S. could feed 800-million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell ecologist advises animal scientists,” Cornell Science News, August 7, 1997, http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/aug97/livestock.hrs.html .

78.例如 Anne Minard, “No More Glaciers in Glacier National Park by 2020?” National Geographic News, March 2, 2009, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090302-glaciers-melting.html. 较学术性的报告：R. D. Moore et al., “Glacier change in western North America: influences on hydrology, geomorphic hazards and water quality,”Hydrological Process 23(2009), 42–61. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7162. http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/fountain/MyPapers/MooreEtAl2009_GlacierChangeWaterRunoff.pdf

79.此议题的权威之作是Marcia Kreith, Water Inputs in California Food Production, prepared for the Water Education Foundation, Sacramento, CA. 1991. http://www.sakia.org/cms/fileadmin/content/irrig/general/kreith_1991_water_inputs_in_ca_food_production-excerpt.pdf .

80. Marlow Vesterby and Kenneth S. Krupa, Major Uses of Land in the United States, 1997. Statistical Bulletin No. (SB973) September 2001 http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb973/sb973.pdf.

81. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), “Ten Years on: UN marks World Day to Combat Desertification,” June 17, 2004, http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/pressrel/showpressrel. php?pr=press01_06_04.

82. Yacov Tsur et al., Pricing Irrigation Water: Principles and Cases from Developing countries, 220.

83. Juliet Gellatley and Tony Hardle, The Silent Ark: A Chilling Exposé of Meat. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 1996.

84. Harvey Blatt, America’s Food: What You don’t Know about What You Eat. Boston: MIT Press, 2008, p.136.

85. 2008年8月SMTV的“全球暖化的科学解决之道”节目 http://www.veganlove.org/es/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_ video_es&wr_id=16.

86. 联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的科学家表示，清垦森林所排放的温室气体占全球总排放量的17.4%至1/3。 IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, Synthetic Report, Section 2, p.36 and Working Group Report, section 7, p.527.

87. John Robbins, Diet for a New America, How Your Food Choices Affect Your Health, Happiness and the Future of Life on Earth. Tiburon: H. J. Kramer, 1987, 摘录自 http://whitt.ca/soapbox/vegetarian.html.

88. Julie Denslow and christine Padoch, People of the Tropical Rainforest. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, 169.

89. The Greenpeace UK,“The Congo Rainforest of Central Africa,” http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/forests/congo

90. 美国罗德尔研究中心（Rodale Institute）的研究报告：“虽然二氧化碳的存留会受气候和土壤形态影响，大量的研究结果证实，如果全世界35亿亩的可耕地都转作有机农耕的话，将可吸收全球40％的碳排量。” Timothy LaSalle and Paul Hepperly,“Regenerative Organic Farming: A Solution to Global Warming”(2008), http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/files/Rodale_Research_Paper-07_30_08.pdf.

91. 美国芝加哥大学地球物理科学教授大卫．亚契（Dr. David Archer）接受SMTV的“全球暖化的科学解决之道”节目访问时提到： “显然，为了肉食而种植谷物喂食动物，会损失源自谷物90%的能量，因此，现有的农产量能够供给的人口数较少，这样的形态还需要更多的化石能源才能维持。” http://www.veganlove.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=16 拯救地球国际组织也汇整出生产肉食的高昂成本。例如，生产1磅的牛肉汉堡，需耗费下列资源的总和： (1) 12磅谷物（可制作8条面包或24盘意大利面）； (2) 55平方英尺雨林（尤其在生产1磅牛肉的过程中，约有 600磅珍贵的生物体被摧毁，包含20至30种植物，超过100种昆虫和数十种鸟类、哺乳类和爬虫类）; (3)2,500加仑水（可以生产超过50磅水果和蔬菜）。

Earth Save International,“The Hamburger Poster.” http://www.earthsave.org/support/hamburgerSMALL.jpg.

92. 同注87，第367页。

93. 根据国际自然及自然资源保育联盟的研究，全世界30%的哺乳类、鸟类和两栖类正因为人类活动而濒临绝种危机，The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report, 2005, http://maweb.org/en/Reports.aspx 逾100万种生物会在未来的50年内消失。此外，国际自然及自然资源保育联盟所监控的45,000种生物之中，40%在2008年时即已濒临绝种。“IUCN Red List reveals world’s mammals in crisis,”IUCN News release, October 6, 2008, http://www.iucn.org/search.cfm?uNewsID=1695

94. 美国会计总局早已证实牲畜产生的排泄物比人类多出130倍，猪产生的排泄物约为人类的3倍，牛约为人类的21倍， Animal Agriculture Waste Management Practice, 1999, http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99205.pdf

95. F. Ackerman and E. A. Stanton, Climate Change – the Costs of Inaction: Report to Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2006, http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/econ_costs_cc.pdf . 以及 F. Ackerman, Climate Change: The Costs of Inaction: Testimony presented to: United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 2009. http://www.e3network.org/opeds/Ackerman_testimony_April22.pdf

96. B. Barrett and A. Lim, “Japan to suffer huge climate costs.” Our World 2.0 (United Nations University), June 30, 2009. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/japan-examines-costs-of-climate-change/

97. 同注14，Elke Stehfest et al., “Climate benefits of changing diet.” The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 2009. http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Climate-benefits-of-changing-diet.html

98. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2010 update: A Report From the American Heart Association,”Circulation, 2010; 121; e46-e215 p. e206. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/121/7/e46.

99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, “Diabetes: Success and Opportunities for Population-Based Prevention and Control: At a Glance 2010” http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/ddt.htm .以及 F.G. Jansman et al.,“Cost considerations in the treatment of colorectal cancer,”PharmacoEconomics 25, 537-562 (2007). 网上摘要请参见 http://ideas.repec.org/a/wkh/phecon/v25y2007i7p537-562.html

100. 这些段落摘录自SMCH于2009年7月7日接受记者班恩．墨南（Ben Murnane）的访谈内容，此次访谈已于2009年7月12日刊登于爱尔兰周日独立报（Irish Sunday Independent），标题名为“紧急呼吁拯救地球”。 访谈影片请见 http://www.veganlove.org/wow/?wr_id=365&page=9&page=9#v

101. Foodwatch,“Organic: A Climate Saviour? The Foodwatch report on the greenhouse effect of conventional and organic farming in Germany.” May 2009. http://foodwatch.de/foodwatch/content/e6380/e24459/e24474/foodwatch_report_on_the_greenhouse_effect_of_farming_05_2009_ger.pdf

102. 同上注。

103. Gowri Koneswaran and Danielle Nierenberg, “Global Farm Animal Production and Global Warming: Impacting and Mitigating Climate Change”(discussion section), Environmental Health Perspectives 116 (2008), 578–582, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367646 104. William Lambers, “25,000 die of hunger each day,” History News Network (George Mason University), October 7, 2007, http://hnn.us/articles/27396.html .

第四章

105. 2008年1月SMCH参加美国洛杉矶视讯会议时，回答关于她希望给世界领袖们的信息。此段落为她回答的部分内容。

106. 至2010年9月为止，全球禁烟国家数量已达94个。

107. Worldwatch Institute, “Matters of Scale -The Price of Beef,” World Watch Magazine, Jul/Aug 1994. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/791

108. 近年来，即使在农场获利创新高的情况下，美国拨给农场的补贴金仍居高不下，政府每年直接补贴农夫约200亿至250亿美元。根据 2006年美国农业部年度财政预算，畜牧用谷物补贴就占超过35%。

在2003至2004年间，美国每年在畜牧用玉米及黄豆上花费36亿美元，补贴造成畜牧用谷物价格低于成本的情况。Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy, Trade and Global Governance Program, “Below-Cost Feed Crops: An Indirect Subsidy for Industrial Animal Factories,” June 2006, http://www.worc.org/userfiles/IATP%20cheap%20grain.pdf

109. Gail A. Eisnitz 在Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry, (Human Farming Association, 2006) 一书中指出，一个汉堡可能含有超过100头牛的肉，而一头受感染的牛可污染高达16吨牛肉。

110. The Editors of AlterNet.org, AlterNet.org Editors, “The Seven Deadly Myths of Industrial Agriculture: Myth Three,” September 5, 2002, http://www.alternet.org/story/13904

111. 时至2008年，已有11家有机农场在当地运作，Helen Kilbey, “South Africa, Cape Town Goes Organic”, AllAfrica.com, January 14, 2008, http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/news/southern_africa/south_africa_cape_town_goes_organic.html. 以及“From the Ground Up: Organic Gardening Fuels a Food Revolution”, AllAfrica.com, January 9, 2008, http://allafrica.com/specials/organic_food_sa

112. 进口自坦桑尼亚的一种新型肥料，已帮助肯尼亚的农夫降低土壤酸化问题，并将玉米的每公顷产量提高30%。乌干达，由于韩国答应在当地兴建一座有机肥料工厂，农产量预期可以提高。

Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Kenya, “Farmers to Reap Maximum Benefits from Organic Fertilizer,” http://www.kilimo.go.ke/index.php?option=comcontent&view=article&catid=149%3Anews&id=266%3Afarmers-to-reap-maximumbenefits-from-organic-fertilizer&Itemid=46

113. 有机食品长期以来被认为是个缝隙市场，同时也是给富有消费者的奢侈品，然而丹麦的研究人员发现，在2020年之前，即使欧洲及北美食物出口区内50%的农地改为有机耕作，对于撒哈拉以南的非洲地区的食物供给，亦是安全无虞。“Researchers: Organic Push won’t hurt world food supply”, USA Today, May 5, 2007。ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/organicag/OFS/press4.pdf

114. 国际有机运动联盟表示，目前全球有机食品及饮品约有500亿美元的市场。而且从2000至2007年，每年增长10%至20%，这个次区块为发展中国家制造了一个独特的出口机会，因为97%的营收来自经济合作发展组织的成员国，而其中80%的生产国是非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的发展中国家，UNEP, “Organic Agriculture in Uganda” http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/SuccessStories/OrganicAgricultureinUganda/tabid/4655/language/en-US/Default.aspx . 以及UNEP, “Environment-Led Green Revolution Key to Future Food Security in Africa,”Press Release, May 14, 2009, http://www.grida.no/news/press/3680.aspx

115. Ivette Perfecto et al.,“Organic Agriculture and the Global Food Supply,” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, 86–108 (2007). http://agr.wa.gov/Foodanimal/Organic/Certificate/2008/NewsRelease/BadgleyResearchPaper.pdf

116. “Organic farms best for wildlife,”BBC News. August 3, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4740609.stm

117. Al Meyerhoff, “The loss of billions of bees raises questions about our pesticide controls,” Los Angeles Times, July 30, 2008, http://beediary.wordpress.com/tag/ccd

118. Timothy LaSalle, “Organic farming could stop global climate change,” The Tree Hugger, October 10, 2010, http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/10/organic-faming-could-stop-global-climate-change.php

119. C. Benbrook, “Simplifying the Pesticide Risk Equation: The Organic Option,”State of Science Review of the Organic Center, March 8, 2008, http://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/Organic_Option_Final_Ex_Summary.pdf

120. FAO, Organic Agriculture and Food Security (2007). ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/organicag/ofs/OFS-2007-5.pdf

121. 参见注14。此处指荷兰环境评估研究院为荷兰政府及国际政策制订建议所做之研究。

122. 联合国国际农业发展基金会的研究，“The Adoption of Organic Agriculture Among Small Farmers in Latin America and the Caribbean,” April 2003, Report No. 1337. http://www.ifad.org/evaluation/public_html/eksyst/doc/thematic/pl/organic.htm

123. 同注14。

124. John Robbins, “The Pig Farmer”, April 2010, 请至 http://www.johnrobbins.info/blog/the-pig-farmer ，亦可见John Robbins, The Food Revolution: How Your Diet Can Help Save Your Life and Our World.

125. European Parliament,“2050, The Future begins today– Recommendations for the EU`s future integrated policy on climate change.”April 2, 2009, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/file.jsp?id=5626312

126. Jens Holms, “The EU Parliament calls meat a Climate Threat,” February 4, 2009. http://jensholm.se/2009/02/04/the-eu-parliament-calls-meat-a-climate-threat

127. chris Mason,“Belgian city plans｀veggie′days,”BBC News, May 12, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8046970.stm

128. Candra Malik,“Prince charles Gives $2.8b to Preserve Rain Forests,” July 30, 2009. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/prince-charlesgives-28b-to-preserve-rain-forests/321249

129. “Who’s Up for a Low Carb Diet?”Sustainable Development Commission (Northern Ireland), June 18, 2009, http://www.sdcommission.org.uk/news.php/246/ireland/whos-up-for-a-low-carb-diet

130. 同上注。

131. 参见英国农业及乡村发展部乡村管理处于2008年8月出版的《优良农业操作规章》，文中提供优良管理办法，来避免水污染、空气污染和土壤污染。http://www.dardni.gov.uk/code_of_good_agricultural_practice_cogap_august_2008.pdf.

132. Hawaii State Legislature,“Requesting the Board of Education to Develop a Policy to Include Vegetarian and Vegan Meal Options in All School Menu Plans,”Report HCR59 HD1, offered on November 2, 2009. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2009/Bills/HCR59_HD1_.HTM.

133. City of Cincinnati, Climate Protection Action Plan-the Green Cincinnati Plan 35, July 19, 2008, 209-211, http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/cmgr/downloads/cmgr_pdf18280.pdf.

134. Jennifer Duck, “Bringing Home the Bacon, Vegan Style,” ABC News, May 4, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=3139687&page=1 , 亦 “Dennis Kucinich Celebrates Vegan Earth Day With A Special VEGGIE Message”, http://vegdaily.com/2009/07/dennis-kucinichcelebrates-vegan-earth-day-with-a-special-veggie-message/

135. Jason Tomassini, “Senator goes vegetarian for week,” Gazette.Net, April 29, 2009, http://www.gazette.net/stories/04292009/takonew183650_32520.shtml . 亦见Kailey Harless, “Raskin’s Revolution,”VegNews.com, May 4, 2007, www.vegnews.com/ web/articles/page.do?pageId=688&catId=1.

136. Meatless Monday,“Baltimore Schools Go Meatless,” http://www.meatlessmonday.com/baltimore-schools/

137. The San Francisco Vegetarian Society, San Francisco is First U.S. City to declare Mondays asVeg Day, April 7, 2010. http://www.vegsource.com/news/2010/04/san-francisco-is-first-us-city-todeclare- mondays-as-veg-day.html

138. 参阅台湾环境资讯协会-环境资讯中心，“百万人联署吃素抗暖化” http://e-info.org.tw/ node/33565.

第五章

139. 统计数字出自国民参与志愿服务现况调查 (NSGVP)，共计访问 2,389位年龄介于15至24岁的加拿大人，Susan Pedwell, “I want to make a difference,” Canadian Living, http://www.canadianliving.com/life/community/i_want_to_make_a_difference.php.

140. “ 世界观察研究所”的研究指出，畜牧业的温室气体排放量占全球总排放量的51%。请参见注3。

141. 注90，第1页。

142. The Iowa Pork Producers Association, “USDA to buy more pork,” November 11, 2009, http://www.iowapork.org/Newsroom/ NewsForProducers/USDAporkbuy/tabid/1504/Default.aspx. 亦见The National Pork Producers Council（NPPC）’s Capital Pork Report（November 2009）, http://nppc.org/uploadedfiles/cprNOV-6.pdf.

143. 同注129。

144. 请至SMTV网站（http://www.veganlove.org）参考更多力行环保之道。

145.例如SMTV纪录片“悠乐（越南）旱作农耕”，可免费在网上观赏 http://www.veganlove.org/bbs/tb.php/pe/79 “Growing Fruits and Vegetables in Sand - One Story From Âu Lac （Vietnam）,” http://www.veganlove.org/bbs/tb.php/pe/72 .

146. http://www.veganlove.org/sos-flyer/

147. 截至2011年1月底，创立于2008年3月7日的Loving Hut纯素连锁餐饮 已在全世界开设221家分店。