阿修罗转世为人的性格:什么引发了伦敦骚乱？

伦敦（CNN）——经过数天的骚乱和抢劫后，警方的重拳出击终于使伦敦平静下来。但是，骚乱仍然在不断地蔓延到英国的其他城市。

Where did the rioting begin?

 Q1：骚乱从哪里开始？

In Tottenham, north London, an ethnically diverse area where locals had been protesting Saturday about the death of 29-year-old Mark Duggan, a black man who was shot in a police operation on Thursday.

    骚乱开始于伦敦北部的托特纳姆区。该地区为多种族混居区，当地居民8月6日开始示威，抗议当地一名29岁的黑人男子马克·达根8月4日被警察射杀。

Where has the rioting taken place?

 Q2：截至目前，哪些地方已发生骚乱？

In several areas of London and other major British cities, such as Birmingham and Gloucester in central England, Manchester, Salford, Liverpool and Nottingham further north and Bristol in the southwest.

目前，骚乱已蔓延至伦敦的多个地区；以及英国中部的伯明翰、格洛斯特；北部的曼彻斯特、索尔福德、利物浦、诺丁汉；西南部的布里斯托尔等主要城市。

After the initial outbreak in Tottenham overnight on Saturday, violence also spread on Sunday the north London suburb of Enfield, Brixton in the south and Oxford street in central London, the capital's main shopping district.

6日夜间在托特纳姆区首先爆发骚乱后，暴力活动于7日扩散至伦敦北部的埃菲尔德、南部的布里克斯顿、和市中心的主要购物区牛津街。

On Monday afternoon large gangs roamed Peckham and Hackney in east London, looting shops, attacking buses and setting cars and shops alight.

8日下午，大批骚乱分子在伦敦东部的佩卡姆和哈克尼两个地区游荡，他们洗劫商店、袭击公交车、并对私家车和商店放火。

Later on Monday trouble spread to the leafy London suburb of Croydon, where several buildings, mainly shops, were set on fire. In Enfield, a large Sony distribution center was torched.

骚乱于8日晚些时候蔓延到伦敦郊区的克里登，当地许多建筑和主要商店被纵火焚烧。索尼公司位于埃菲尔德的一个大型配送中心被纵火焚烧。

On Monday evening rioting erupted in affluent Battersea in southwest London, where -- in what has now become a familiar pattern -- gangs of masked youths looted shops. Many other trouble flashpoints were reported across the city.

8日夜间，伦敦西南部的富裕地区巴特西也爆发骚乱，众多蒙面青年洗劫商店，而这种蒙面方式现在骚乱中已十分常见。据报道，整个城市当晚充斥着星星点点的骚乱活动。

On the same night, there were reports of violence in Liverpool, Birmingham and Bristol.

利物浦、伯明翰和布里斯托尔当晚也有暴力活动发生。

另据媒体报道，伦敦其他一些地区7日晚、8日凌晨也发生了骚乱和抢劫，包括伦敦南部的布里克斯顿、北部的埃菲尔德和市中心的主要购物区牛津街。

Tuesday night saw an uneasy calm restored in London after the police presence was more than doubled. But rioting continued in other major cities.

在至少两倍警力现身后，伦敦骚乱于9日晚暂时得以平息。但是其他各主要城市的骚乱仍在继续。

Why did the riots spread?

Q3：骚乱为何蔓延？

Police say the subsequent riots in other parts of London and the UK are copycat events conducted by opportunists and criminals.

英国警方称，其它地区和城市后来发生的骚乱是投机主义者和犯罪分子的效仿之作。

What options do the police have to quell the unrest?

Q4：警方有哪些手段来平息事态？

The police introduced special powers in four areas of London on Sunday -- Lambeth, Haringey, Enfield and Waltham Forest -- allowing stop and search without reasonable suspicion in a bid to keep rioters off the streets.

伦敦警方7日在伦敦的朗伯斯、夏灵基、埃菲尔德、沃尔瑟姆森林等四个地区动用了特别手段，允许警察在无合理怀疑的情况下就可以制止暴徒和进行搜查。   

In theory, parliament could invoke powers to implement curfews, use water canons or even call in the armed forces.

理论上，议会可以宣布实施宵禁，动用高压水炮，甚至召集军队。

However, senior politicians and police officers have said that these options are unlikely to be used unless the situation got significantly worse.

但是，资深政治家和警方高官都表示，除非事态严重恶化，否则不会动用这些手段。

In 1981 police used CS gas for the first time to control civil unrest in mainland Britain during the Toxteth riots in Liverpool, northwest England.

1981年，英国警方在利物浦的“Toxteth骚乱”中，第一次动用催泪瓦斯控制动乱场面。

Are there enough police officers?

Q5：警力是否够用？

A video report from Battersea in south London on Monday evening showed gangs of youths roaming the streets, smashing and looting shops with apparent impunity. The Sky News reporter who shot the scenes on his mobile phone said he could not see a single policeman. There were similar reports from other parts of London leading to claims that there were not enough police to keep the peace.

英国天空电视台的一名记者8日晚间用手机在伦敦南部的巴特西区拍摄了一段视频。视频显示，一群一群的年轻人在街上游荡，到处进行打砸抢，但他们显然没有受到任何惩罚。这名记者说，他在现场没有看到一个警察。伦敦其它地区也传出类似报道，称没有足够的警力来维持治安。

The deployment of 16,000 police officers on Tuesday night appeared to work, but if this needed to be sustained over a longer period, it could create problems.

9日晚共有16000名警察值勤。但是，警方不太可能在更长时期内保持这个大的警力配备。

Several hundred additional officers have been drafted into London from neighboring counties including Kent, Essex, Surrey, Northamptonshire, Sussex and Thames Valley Police, whose officers patrolled London's central shopping district on Monday evening.

另外，还有几百名警员已从肯特郡、埃塞克斯郡、萨里郡、泰晤士河谷等邻近地区被调到了伦敦，他们8日晚在伦敦市中心商业区巡逻。

The head of London's Metropolitan Police has called for all Specials -- volunteer police officers -- to report for duty, as the capital's law enforcement resources are stretched thin. It was also announced that all police leave has been cancelled.

伦敦警察队负责人还说，鉴于首都的执法力量已经捉襟见肘，伦敦警察队负责人还召集所有志愿警员报到上班。同时，所有休假的警察都已被要求回岗加班。

How did Mark Duggan die?

Q6：马克·达根是怎么死的？

Officers from Operation Trident -- the Metropolitan Police unit that deals with gun crime in London's black communities -- stopped the cab Duggan was travelling in during a pre-planned operation.

 伦敦警察队负责调查黑人社区涉枪犯罪的三叉戟行动组当时拦截了马克·达根乘坐的出租车。

Duggan, a father of four, died of a single gunshot wound to the chest, an inquest at north London Coroner's Court heard on Tuesday.

验尸报告称，这位四岁小孩的父亲被枪击中胸腔致死。

There was a suggestion that officers could have come under fire from the car carrying Duggan.

也有人称，在达根乘坐的出租车被拦截时，警察遭到了来自出租车内的射击。

However, the Independent Police Complaints Commission said Tuesday that there is no evidence Duggan opened fire at officers.

但是，英国警察独立监察委员会8日表示，没有证据显示达根曾对警察开火。

Why did the police want to arrest him?

Q7：警察为什么要逮捕达根？

Trident officers, backed up by a CO19 detachment -- the Metropolitan Police's specialist gun unit -- were conducting a "pre-planned" operation to arrest Duggan.

 三叉戟行动组当时正在执行一个预先策划好的行动，目的是要逮捕达根。

There have been conflicting reports about Duggan's background. Some have painted him as a suspected gang member, others as a loving family man unlikely to become involved in violence.

关于达根的背景，存在各种不同的报道。有的报道达根涉嫌加入黑社会组织，有的报道则把他描绘成爱家庭的好男人，说他不太可能卷人暴力活动。

Police say he was carrying a loaded firearm at the time of his shooting.

警方则称，达根当时带着一把装有弹药的武器。

Was social media a factor in spreading the violence?

Q8：社交网络推波助澜？

London's Deputy Assistant Commissioner Steve Kavanagh said that smart phones and social networks like Twitter had been used by criminals to liaise. "It's a group of individuals using modern technology to cause chaos," he said.

伦敦警察局副局长史蒂夫·卡瓦纳说，像推特这样的智能手机和社交网络已经被犯罪分子用来互相联络。“一群人利用现代技术制造了动乱。”他说。

Other reports say BlackBerry's messaging service was a popular means of communication to spread news about the violence.

还有报道称，黑莓的信息功能也曾经常被用来散布有关暴力活动的消息。

Are there any parallels with previous riots in north London?

Q9：这次伦敦骚乱与1985年托特纳姆骚乱有相似之处吗？

Only superficially, but some might argue that today, as in 1985 when riots erupted in Tottenham, there is a racial element to the troubles.

总地说来，二者只是表面上有些相似。但一些人认为，和1985年托特纳姆骚乱一样，这次的伦敦骚乱也有种族因素。

In 1985 Floyd Jarrett, who was of Afro-Caribbean origin, was stopped by police near the Broadwater Farm estate in Tottenham on suspicion of driving with a forged tax disc, a legal requirement for almost all cars in the UK.

1985年，由于怀疑车上载有一张伪造的税务光盘，警方要求加勒比黑人弗洛伊德·贾瑞特在托特纳姆一个农场附近停车。而这是英国所有汽车都必须遵守的规定。

A few hours later officers raided the nearby home of his mother, who collapsed and died during the raid. Like the recent troubles, it was a protest outside Tottenham Police Station which sparked the 1985 conflict.

几个小时后，警察突袭了他母亲位于附近的住所。不幸的是，贾瑞特的母亲在突袭过程中突然死亡。与今年的伦敦骚乱一样，托特纳姆警察局外随后爆发了一个针对此事的示威，继而引发了1985年大骚乱。

Police officer Keith Blakelock was stabbed to death by a gang during the riots as he tried to protect fire crews.

在当年的一次骚乱中，警察基思·布雷克洛克在试图保护灭火队员时，被暴徒刺死。

Is there a connection with the riots in the UK last year?

Q10：这次骚乱与去年的英国学生骚乱有关系吗？

No. They were student riots against tuition fee rises, although they were also marred by a certain amount of violence. But there was no looting and the protests were organized and publicized in advance. The protests were also mainly concentrated in London as students wanted to demonstrate against politicians.

没有关系。那次是学生为抗议学费上涨而进行的示威活动。虽然他们也有一些暴力活动，但是那次没有发生洗劫商店，示威者也没有事先被组织起来。 

What next?

 Q11：接下来会发生什么？

The IPCC is conducting an investigation into Duggan's death. Colin Sparrow, deputy senior investigator for the IPCC, told an inquest into the death on Tuesday that their "complex investigation" could take four to six months.

英国警察独立监察委员会正对达根的死因展开调查。副高级研究员柯林·斯巴罗8日说，这项“复杂的调查”将持续6个月之久。

The IPCC commissioner said in a written statement: "[We are] investigating not only the actions of the officer firing the shots but also the planning, decision making and implementation of the police operation. Our lines of enquiry include the bullets fired and any firearms used and recovered."

英国警察独立监察委员会负责人则在一份书面声明中表示：“（我们）的调查不仅涉及警察开火的行为，也包括警方行动的策划、决策和执行。我们将调查当时发射的子弹、以及所有用过和回收的枪支。”