超声波捕猎器是真的吗?:霉酚酸 [CAS:24280-93-1]合成路线图解??有机化学网

药物详细合成路线

Chemical Name： 6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-5-isobenzofuranyl)-4-methyl-4(E)-hexenoic acid Generic Name： 霉酚酸;Mycophenolic acid Other Names： Mycophenolic acid;NSC-129185;Melbex CAS： 24280-93-1 Formula： C₁₇H₂₀O₆ Mole Weight： 320.34535 structure： Company： Usage： Inosine 5-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) Inhibitors Route 1 The metal-ammonia reduction of 4,6-dimethoxy-m-xylene (I) gives 1,5-dimethyl-2,4-dimethoxy-1,4-cyclohexadiene (II), which by treatment with potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO is converted into the conjugated diene (III). The Dies-Alder reaction of (III) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (A), and subsequent elimination of the bridge affords dimethyl 3-methyl-4,6-dimethoxyphthalate (IV), which is selectively monodemethylated with BCl3 yielding the o-hydroxyphthalic ester (V). The hydrolysis and anhydrization of (V) gives 3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylphthalic anhydride (VI), which is reduced with Zn and HCl in acetic acid affording 4-methyl-5-methoxy-7-hydroxyphthalide (VII). The reaction of (VII) with allyl bromide (B) by means of K2CO3 in ether gives the allylic ether (VIII), which undergoes thermal rearrangement into 4-methyl-5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-6-allyl-phthalide (IX). The ozonolysis of (IX) affords the aldehyde (X), which by a Wittig condensation with 1-formylethylydenetriphenylphosphorane (XI) is converted into the new aldehyde (XII). A new Wittig reaction of (XII) with the phosphorane (XIII) gives the ethyl ester (XIV), which is finally hydrolyzed and partially reduced with diimide. Intermediates: Serial No. tert-butyl (2R)-2-[[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]methyl]-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (B) bromo(3-methyl-2-thienyl)magnesium (A) (I) (II) 1-({2-[5-(1-{[(2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)oxy]carbonyl}-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-4-phenylbutanoyl}oxy)-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (III) (IV) (V) 4-{2-[(2-{[2-(2,6-dioxo-4-morpholinyl)phenyl]oxy}ethyl)oxy]phenyl}-2,6-morpholinedione (VI) Octyl bromide; 1-Octyl bromide; 1-Bromooctane; Capryl bromide; n-Octyl bromide (VII) Ethylene glycol monooctyl ether; n-Octyl-monooxyethylene; Octylglycol (VIII) 4-Bromophenyl trifluoromethyl ether; 4-(Trifluoromethoxy)bromobenzene; 4-Bromo-(trifluoromethoxy)-benzene; 4-Bromo-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoroanisole; 4-Bromotrifluoromethoxybenzene; 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene (IX) 4-(methyloxy)-4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy]-1,1-biphenyl; methyl 4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy][1,1-biphenyl]-4-yl ether (X) 4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy][1,1-biphenyl]-4-ol (XI) 1-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-3-({4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy][1,1-biphenyl]-4-yl}oxy)-2-propanol (XII) 4-({2-[{[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}oxy)amino]-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]propyl}oxy)-4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy]-1,1-biphenyl (XIII) 4-({2-[{[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}oxy)amino]-3-hydroxypropyl}oxy)-4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy]-1,1-biphenyl (XIV) Reference 1:     Castaner, J.; Hillier, K.; Mycophenolic acid. Drugs Fut 1978, 3, 8, 594. Reference 2:     Wright, J.J.; Birch, A.J.; A total synthesis of mycophenolic acid. J Chem Soc 1969, 14, 788-789.
Route 2 The condensation of diethyl malonate (XV) with 3-methylpent-3-en-2-one (XVI) by means of sodium ethoxide in ethanol gives 5,6-dimethyl-4-ethoxycarbonylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (XVII), which is aromatized to 5,6-dimethyl-4-ethoxycarbonylresorcinol (XIX) by treatment with FeCl3 in refluxing acetic acid, or by bromination to 2-bromo-5,6-dimethyl-4-ethoxycarbonylresorcinol and debromination with H2 over Pd/C. The methylation of (XIX) with diazomethane or methyl iodide and K2CO3 gives the corresponding dimethyl ether (XX), which is hydrolyzed with NaOH affording 2,4-dimethoxy-5,6-dimethylbenzoic acid (XXI). This acid by reaction with SOCl2 gives the acyl chloride (XXII), which by reaction with NH3 is converted into the amide (XXIII). The reaction of (XXIII) with tert-butyl hypochlorite affords the N-chloroamide (XXIV), which is photolyzed to the intermediate iminolactone (XXV) and immediately hydrolyzed to 4-methyl-5,7-dimethoxyphthalide (XXVI). Intermediates: Serial No. [(3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-2,2-dimethyl-6-(4-phenethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)tetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl]methylsulfamate (XV) 3-[2-(hydroxyamino)-3-({4-[(trifluoromethyl)oxy][1,1-biphenyl]-4-yl}oxy)propyl]-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione (XVI) 1,1-dimethylethyl 3-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzoate (XVII) 1,1-dimethylethyl 3-aminopropylcarbamate (XVIII) 1,1-dimethylethyl 3-({[3-({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]amino}methyl)-4-fluorobenzoate (XIX) O-methyl-4-oxo-N-{[(phenylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}homoserine (XX) 1,1-dimethylethyl 3-({[3-({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl][4-(methyloxy)-4-oxo-2-({[(phenylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)butanoyl]amino}methyl)-4-fluorobenzoate (XXI) 1,1-dimethylethyl 3-({[2-amino-4-(methyloxy)-4-oxobutanoyl][3-({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]amino}methyl)-4-fluorobenzoate (XXII) 1,1-dimethylethyl 4-[3-({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]-2-[2-(methyloxy)-2-oxoethyl]-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-7-carboxylate (XXIII) 4-[3-({[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)propyl]-2-[2-(methyloxy)-2-oxoethyl]-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-7-carboxylic acid (XXIV) 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl-N-methylmethanamine; N-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-methylamine (XXV) methyl 2-(4-(3-aminopropyl)-7-{[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)(methyl)amino]carbonyl}-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-yl)acetate (XXVI) Reference 1:     Canonica, L.; et al.; Total synthesis of mycophenolic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 1971, 28, 2691-92. Reference 2:     Castaner, J.; Hillier, K.; Mycophenolic acid. Drugs Fut 1978, 3, 8, 594.
Route 3 The reaction of (XXVI) with HI and red P in acetic acid gives 4-methyl-5,7-dihydroxyphthalide (XXVII), which is condensed with methyl 6-bromo-4-methyl-4-hexenoate (XXVIII) by means of Ag2O in dioxane yielding the methyl ester (XXIX). The monomethylation of (XXIX) with diazomethane in benzene affords the methyl ester of mycophenolic acid (XXX), which is finally hydrolyzed with aqueous NaOH. Intermediates: Serial No. methyl 2-(4-(3-aminopropyl)-7-{[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)(methyl)amino]carbonyl}-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-yl)acetate (XXVI) (XXVII) (XXVIII) (XXIX) (XXX) Reference 1:     Castaner, J.; Hillier, K.; Mycophenolic acid. Drugs Fut 1978, 3, 8, 594. Reference 2:     Canonica, L.; et al.; Total synthesis of mycophenolic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 1971, 28, 2691-92.
Route 4 The cyclization of the 3-oxoglutarate (I) with the alkynal (II) gives the benzoate derivative (III), which is treated with CH3I and NaH to yield the dimethoxy benzoate (IV). The reduction o the formyl group of (IV) by means of NaBH4 affords the hydroxymethyl derivative (V), which is treated with MsCl and TEA to provide the mesylate (VI). The reduction of the mesylate group of (VI) by means of NaBH4 gives the methyl derivative (VII), which is cyclized by means of K2CO3 to yield the isobenzofuranone (VIII). The ozonolysis of the dimethylvinyl group of (VIII) affords the aldehyde (IX), which is oxidized with CrO3 to provide the carboxylic acid (X). The reaction of (X) with diazomethane gives the corresponding methyl ester (XI), which selectively demethylates with BCl3 in CH2Cl2 to yield mycophenolic acid methyl ester (XII). Finally, this compound is hydrolyzed with LiOH to provide the target carboxylic acid. Intermediates: Serial No. (XII) Reference 1:     Covarrubias-Zuniga, A.; Gonzalez-Lucas, A.; Dominguez, M.M.; Total synthesis of mycophenolic acid. Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 11, 1989.