超世纪战神迅雷下载:Bashar al-Assad's inner circle - Focus discus...

来源：百度文库编辑：九乡新闻网时间：2024/04/27 17:36:19

Bashar al-Assad's inner circle

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2011-5-2 10:56
File photo of Syrian president Cashar al-Assad

Although Bashar al-Assad inherited Syria's presidency on his father's death in 2000, analysts say he does not have Hafez al-Assad's absolute grip on power. He is surrounded by military and intelligence figures, most of whom are either related to the president or are members of his minority Alawite community.

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2011-5-2 10:53
Maher (left) is said to have helped persuade Bashar (right) to put an end to talk of reform

Maher al-Assad, Republican Guard chief

The president's youngest brother is believed to be the second most powerful man in Syria. He heads the Republican Guard, the elite force which protects the regime from domestic threats and is the only one permitted to enter Damascus.

After studying business at the University of Damascus, Maher followed his older brother Basil into the military. Some thought he would be named Hafez's successor after Basil's death in 1994, but he was too young and Bashar was chosen.

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2011-5-2 11:15
The US said Asef Shawkat was a fundamental contributor to Syria's policy to foment terrorism

Asef Shawkat, deputy chief of staff of the armed forces

Gen Shawkat was considered one of the president's top security chiefs.

However, he was replaced in 2010 as head of Military Intelligence and made deputy chief-of-staff of the armed forces. Although he was also promoted, opposition figures said he was seen to have been at fault in the 2008 assassination of Hezbollah military commander Imad Mughniyeh in an area of Damascus that fell under his responsibility.

The US said Asef Shawkat was a fundamental contributor to Syria's policy to foment terrorism Analysts disagreed, however, saying there was no political significance and that preparations were in fact being made to appoint Gen Shawkat chief-of-staff of the armed forces or defence minister.

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2011-5-2 11:15
Rami Makhlouf has been a target of the protests as much as the president and his brother

Rami Makhlouf

A first cousin of Bashar Assad, Mr Makhlouf is arguably the most powerful economic figure in Syria. He has been the subject of persistent accusations of corruption and cronyism, and analysts say no foreign companies can do business in Syria without his consent.

There are unconfirmed reports that the president is planning to press Mr Makhlouf to reduce his Syriatel holdings to make way for foreign investment, as a symbol of his broader reform effort.

In 2007, the US imposed sanctions on Mr Makhlouf's brother, Hafez, for his connection with efforts to reassert Syrian control over Lebanon.

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At the end of March, crowds attacked a branch of Syriatel in the southern city of Deraa

Abdul Fatah Qudsiya, head of Military Intelligence

Gen Qudsiya is the head of Military Intelligence, the paramount security agency in Syria, which has a reputation for ruthless efficiency and whose leaders have wielded considerable influence over presidents.

As well as strategic and tactical intelligence, the agency has a critical role of ensuring the leadership's physical security and the loyalty of the army.

Jamil Hassan, head of Air Force Intelligence

Maj Gen Hassan replaced Abdul Fatah al-Qudsiya as head of Air Force Intelligence in 2009. Though smaller than Military Intelligence, AFI is seen by some as the elite agency of Syria's intelligence empire. The agency owes its power to Hafez al-Assad, who was air force chief before coming to power in a coup. It has a leading role in operations against Islamist opposition groups, as well as covert actions abroad.

Zuhair Hamad, deputy head of the General Security Directorate (State Security)

Gen Hamad is deputy to Ali Mamlouk, the head of the powerful General Security Directorate (State Security), which plays an important role in quelling any internal dissent. Gen Hamad was previously led its Special Intelligence Unit.

Opposition sources said Gen Hamad monitored newspapers, television channels and websites covering Syria, and wrote daily reports for high-ranking officials. He often summoned journalists for "clarification".

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Gen Ali Habib is decorated war veteran

Ali Habib Mahmoud, minister of defence

Gen Habib was appointed defence minister in 2009, replacing Hassan Ali Turkumani. He previously served as chief-of-staff of the armed forces and is a decorated war veteran - he fought in the 1973 October War against Israel and led forces against Israeli troops invading Lebanon in 1982.

Mohammed Nasif Kheirbek, deputy vice-president for security affairs

Gen Kheirbek is a member of the Alawite Kalabiya tribe, to which President Bashar al-Assad belongs. Their families are also connected by marriage - a relative is married to one of Rifaat al-Assad's daughters.

leaked US diplomatic cable described Gen Kheirbek as Syria's "point-man for its relationship with Iran". It said designating him could "heighten Syrian and regional concerns about the [government's] willingness to accommodate an expansionary Iranian agenda".

Ali Mamluk, head of the General Security Directorate

Lt Gen Mamluk is the influential head of the General Security Directorate (State Security). He has served in the post since 2005, during which he was involved in some of the most sensitive issues concerning Syria. Before that he was deputy head of Air Force Intelligence.

A leaked US classified diplomatic cable discussing whether to impose financial sanctions on Gen Mamluk in 2007 said he was well known for his "objectionable activities regarding Lebanon, and his suppressing Syrian civil society and the internal opposition". The embassy in Damascus said sanctions against Gen Mamluk would "resonate well" in the country.

Hisham Ikhtiar, director of the National Security Bureau (NSB)

Gen Ikhtiar is the head of the Baath Party Regional Command's National Security Bureau (NSB), which co-ordinates the work of Syria's intelligence agencies and formulates recommendations for the president. Between 2001 and 2005, he was in charge of the General Security Directorate.

In 2006, the US imposed financial sanctions on Gen Ikhtiar for "significantly contributing to the Syrian government's support for designated terrorist organisations".

Dhu al-Himma Shalish, head of Presidential Security

Gen Shalish is Bashar's cousin is head of Presidential Security. He once owned SES International, which the US government alleged in 2005 was a "vehicle to put military goods into the hands" of former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein and his regime.

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2011-5-2 11:16
Rustum Ghazali was tasked with protecting Syrian interests in Lebanon between 2002 and 2005

Rustum Ghazali

Gen Ghazali was the chief of Syrian Military Intelligence in Lebanon when Rafik Hariri was assassinated.

He reportedly used his influence to ensure former President Emile Lahoud's term of office was renewed, while Lebanon's military chiefs allegedly reported to him. (From BBC)

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