九乡新闻网腐草为萤 歌词:精彩语法复习讲义
来源：百度文库 编辑：九乡新闻网 时间：2024/05/04 23:56:45
1．时态；2．语态；3． 情态动词；4．名词；5、非谓语动词；6、主谓语的一致；7、虚拟语气；8、倒装句；9、名词性从句；10、定语从句；11、状语从句。
第三节 时态
一、概述
在作谓语的动词用来表示动作（或情况、状态）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言，其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的，因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。
下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。
二、各时态详解
1、一般现在时
一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。
The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。
Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。
We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。
2、现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？
Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。
They are publishing a new version of the playscript(剧本) by Taso Yu this autumn. 今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。
3、一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。
They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。
The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老师要我做完作业才能回家。
4、一般过去时
一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词be 根据人称有was和were两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。
It’s a pity(憾事) that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。
Many people died in the tsunami(海啸) that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。5、现在完成时
现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：
Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。
The area has suffered from disastrous(悲伤的) floods throughout its history.这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。
注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：
现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如：
Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。
I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。
They took us to see the chemical fibre(纤维) mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。
Before daybreak（黎明，拂晓） they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。
No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。
He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。
8、一般过去将来时
一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：
When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction（反应，反作用） would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
9、一般将来完成时
一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：
After we finish this text, we‘ll have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。
By the next month, I‘ll have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。
They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。
10、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由have（has）been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：
I’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。
It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。
Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？
She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。
11、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour（倾盆大雨） had caused landslides（山崩） in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。
At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。5、现在完成时
现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：
Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。
The area has suffered from disastrous(悲伤的) floods throughout its history.这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。
注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：
现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如：
Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。
I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。
They took us to see the chemical fibre(纤维) mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。
Before daybreak（黎明，拂晓） they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。
No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。
He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。
8、一般过去将来时
一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：
When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction（反应，反作用） would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
9、一般将来完成时
一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：
After we finish this text, we‘ll have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。
By the next month, I‘ll have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。
They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。
10、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由have（has）been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：
I’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。
It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。
Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？
She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。
11、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour（倾盆大雨） had caused landslides（山崩） in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。
At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。第四节 情态动词
情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：
（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式
（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式
（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法
一、一般情态动词
1、情态动词的完成式：
⑴ 情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：
Since the ditch(沟，沟渠) is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。
You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。
⑵ 当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldn’t加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：
You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是而恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。
You should have finished your compositon(写作，作文) by yesterday.你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。
⑶ needn’t have v-ed
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have wakened me up; I don’t have to go to work today.你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。
注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。
2、情态动词的进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：
The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。
She shouldn’t be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.
He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.
3、情态动词的完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。
They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。
二、特殊情态动词
除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。
The soldier would sooner die than surrender(投降). 这个战士宁死不降。
If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。
这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。
I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。
三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构
They must be in the library, aren’t they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？
They must have gone to the library, haven’t they? 他们一定去图书馆了，对吧？
They must have been to the library yesterday, didn’t they? 他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？
Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？
Don’t move, will you? 请你别动！
Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？
Let’s go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？
He used to live in the countryside, didn’t/usedn’t he? 他过去住在农村，对吧？第五节 被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
英语中主要有十个被动语态.
二、被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”结构的区别
1、如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
例如:The glass is broken．玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）
2、如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：
The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）
The door is locked．门锁着。（系表结构）
The door has already/just been locked．门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）
The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）
3、被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态：
The machine is being repaired. 机器正在修。
A new school will be built here. 这里将要建一所新学校。
4、常用的过去分词结构如下：
过去分词作形容词引出的介词不一定都是by, 因此我们许注意常用的固定搭配：
be acquainted with be annoyed with
be contented with be covered with
be disgusted with be gratified with
be satisfied with be exhausted with
be ashamed of be beloved of
be convinced of be made of
be tired of be amazed at
be astonished at be disappointed at
be surprised at be terrified at
be absorbed in be caught in
be interested in be devoted to
be known to be involved in
三、被动语态的考点
1、不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
It took place before liberation.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2、下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；let (出租)等。如：
I was to blame for the accident. 那件事故我应该承担责任。
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
有些常用经典被动句型：
It is said that… 据说 …
It is reported that… 据报道 …
It is believed that… 大家相信 …
It is hoped that… 大家希望 …
It is well known that… 众所周知 …
It is thought that… 大家认为 …
It is suggested that… 据建议 …
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 …
It has been decided that… 大家决定 …
It must be remember that…务必记住的是 …第六节 主谓一致
主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即：语法形式一致；概念一致（语言内容上一致）；毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致）。另外，根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致，还有指代一致。
一、语法形式一致
1、单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：
Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。
What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。
2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如：
The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的。
The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。
3、有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：
Neither likes the friends of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。
Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。
4、当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如：
The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。
The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包。
5、当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。
A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。
6、由one and a half + 复数名词或the majority of + 名词作作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如：
The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏品都容易修理。
7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如：
There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里还有好多水。
There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多鸡蛋。
8、由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。
Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。
9、如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：
Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。
Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。
10、定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如：
He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 被选出来代表该组的人他是其中之一。
“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.“镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。二、概念一致（语言内容上一致）
1、有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：
His family is going to move. 他准备搬家。
His family are very well. 他家人身体都好。
2、有些表示总体意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：
The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. 警察正在搜寻一位肤色黝黑、长胡子的高个子男人。
3、有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
Politics is a complicated business. 政治学是一门复杂的东西。
Here is the news. 下面播送新闻。
4、用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如：
Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 每个男孩、女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。
Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多姑娘小伙子都见过。
The old workers and the young each have their own tools.青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。
5、表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：
Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 二十里地可是个不近的路程。
Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. 三品脱还不至于把我灌醉。
the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The departed was a good friend of his. 死者是他的一位好友。
三、毗邻一致（就近原则）
1、由连词or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如：
Either you or he is no telling the truth. 不是你就是他没讲真话。
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.不仅开关，连那些老化了电路都已经更换了。
2、在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如：
There is a desk and four benches in the office. 办公室有一张桌子，四条长凳。
There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室有两把椅子一张桌子。
四、代词的指代一致
指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。也是考试中的一个常考点。
1、当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如：
If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. 如果有人找我，就说我一会回来。
Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每个人都认为自己是宇宙的中心。
2、由neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如：
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都没错，对吧？
Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they? 汤姆和杰克都来了，对不对？
3、当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one’s;当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。例如： One should never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes.当朋友犯了疏忽的小错时不要老指责朋友的过失。
One can’t be too careful, can you (one)? 一个人无论怎么样小心都不为过，对不对？
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.第七节 倒装
谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前。
一、全部倒装
1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。
There stands a stone bridge across the river.
There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.
2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：
Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer’s voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。
At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。
3、以 here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装：
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。
但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。
4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。
Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。
Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。
但：Away they went.
5、在表达祝愿的句子里：
Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people!中美人民的友谊万岁！
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
6、在强调表语时
Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。
Such is the case. 情况就是这样。 二、部分倒装
1、省略 if 的虚拟条件句中
Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话，我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。
Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.没有空气和水，世界上就不会有生命。
2、在以 so（肯定）和 neither, nor（否定）的句子中
He didn’t fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未来。
I’ve had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，别人也会有啊。
Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有传染力，同样信任也具有传染力。
3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner ... than …, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case.，采用部分倒装。
Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。
Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。
4、句首状语由 only+副词，only+介词短语，only+状语分词时
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。
Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。
5、在强调宾语时
Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设作出更大的贡献。
Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。
6、在某些句型中
a. 以as 引出的让步状语从句
Poor as he was, he was honest. 他尽管贫穷，但很诚实。
Poor as I am, it is beneath me to steal. 我虽然穷，还不屑于去偷。
Much as I admire him as a writer, I don’t like him as a man. 他作为作家我虽然敬慕他，但作为人我不喜欢他。
Try as he may, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他很努力，然而其工作却不令人满意。
b. 连词不位于句首的某些让步从句（把动词原形置于句首）
Object though you may, they will go on as usual. 尽管你反对，他们仍然我行我素。
c. 在某些相当于让步从句的固定结构中，动词置于句首
Be it right or wrong, we’ll still go. 无论对错，我一如既往。
d. 在 so ... that 的结构中, so 位于句首
So fast does the light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.光传播的很快我们无法测量其速度。
So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs. 他说话的声音很高连楼上的人都听得见。
So astonished was he that he could scarcely contain himself for joy.他如此吃惊竟然控制不住自己的喜悦之情。第八节 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句中的应用，条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用
虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况，这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是：现在；过去；将来。
1、表示现在的虚拟式
If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去。
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。
2、表示过去的虚拟式
If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come. 如果她不是病了，可能会来的
3、表示将来的虚拟式
If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题。
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.如果没有空气，就不会有生物。
二、错综时间的虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。
换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。
如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。
If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.
（从句指过去，主句指现在）。如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。
If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。
如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。
If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （从句指现在，主句指将来）
如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了。
三、含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是：but for, without, otherwis等。如：
But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。
I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用
1、wish后的宾语从句（would rather (sooner) 后也是如此）
I would rather they came tomorrow. 我宁愿他们明天来。
How I wish it wasn’t raining now. 如果现在不下雨该多好呀！
I wish I had not been to yesterday’s party. 我要不去参加昨天的宴会就好了！
但would rather 后没有主语则应使用零不定式.
2、suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句
They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.他们要求侵略者立刻撤退。
I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.我提议应该制定一个交计划的最后期限。
3、 it is desired, it’s suggested, it’s requested, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that, it has been decided that 等之后的主语从句：
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他前往。
It’s required that Mr. Lee (should) give a performance at the party. 要求李先生在晚会上出个节目。
It’s desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 要求我们在今晚前把一切准备好。
4、在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea 等后面引出的表语从句和同位语从句中：
The order came that all villagers evacuate from the village. 要求所有村民撤退的命令下达了。
I second Xiao Li’s motion that we set up a special board to tackle the problem. 小李提议成立一个特别委员会处理此问题，我附议。
5、在下列句型中要用 should +动词原形。如：it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder
It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 很可惜，他这个人竟然这么自大。
It’s strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 奇怪的是他竟看不到自己的缺点。
6、as if, as though 引起的从句，其用法同 wish 构成的宾语从句一样
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 我清楚地记得这件事就象昨天刚刚发生的。
It seems as if it were spring already 似乎现在已经是春天的样子了。
7、以 lest, for fear that, in case 引出的从句，动词多用 should + 动词原形，表示 “惟恐”的意思。
He took an umbrella with him lest it should rain. 他带上雨伞以免下雨。
He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
他把所有的重要文件全部烧毁以免落入敌人的手中。
Here’s some money in case you should need it. 这是点钱以免你用地着。
8、在 if only 引出的感叹句中
If only I hadn’t lost it! 如果我要不丢该多好！
If only I could see him once! 再能看到他一次该有多好！
Oh, if he only knew how we miss him! 噢，希望他能知道我是多么思念他！
9、在 it is high time that 之后的定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气。 It is time that we went (should go) to bed. 现在该上床了。
It’s high time that we (should) put an end to this controversy.现在该是结束这场争辩的时候了。
10、用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中。
I never expected that the new apartment should be so small. 没料到这桩新公寓竟这么小。 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度。 尽管英语中有陈述语气（indicative mood）、祈使语气（imperative mood）、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)等，但是在我国中高级英语考试中考的最多的是虚拟语气。 虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：
a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。
b. 与客观事实相反的情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告等意思，表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显的标志。具体考点如下：
考点一： if 句型 （共有三种句型）
1. 与现在的事实相反
从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形
If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.
2. 与过去的事实相反
从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋ 现在完成时
If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.
3. 与将来的事实相反
从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形
If it should / were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.
4. 虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。
Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam.
5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，（例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在）谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。
If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
考点二： wish 句型 表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化： 表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）； 对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时 + 动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式； 表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式 + 动词原形（如might do）。”
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.
同例： 在as if / as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：
He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.
He talks as if he were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是老板。
If only I were free now. （注意：if only…后面可以不加主句 ）
考点三： 在强制性语气的宾语从句中， 即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：
suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move（动议，规定），direct（命令），maintain（坚持），decide，ask
I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.
I prefer that you (should) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。
注意一： 以上动词的名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等）后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.
His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.
注意二：以上这类动词中有的动词有时不表示建议、命令、劝告等，则其宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.
考点四： It is / was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。 这类形容词包括：
important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的, 明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory（义务的；强制的；强迫的）, crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (命令的, 强制的, 必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的, 必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested
It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.
It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。
It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.
注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊等形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
考点五： 在 would rather…, would sooner…, had rather…, would just as soon…, would prefer… 意为“宁可，但愿”。 从句用虚拟语气，若 It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.
It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.
It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.
表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。
I would rather that you painted the room green.
I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
考点六： It’s (about / high / good) time that…，表示“该是。。。的时候了”, 含有“晚一点” 的意思, 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句通常用一般过去时。
It’s time you went to bed.
It’s high time that we took action.
考点七： 在lest that …, for fear that…, in case that … 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用 should +动词原形。
He put his coat over the child for fear (lest) that he should catch cold.
He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.
比较：
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot （该句陈述某一事实）
考点八： 含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式来表达。 如：without, but for, otherwise, or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等。
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.
I wouldn‘t have succeeded without your help.
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
第三节 时态
一、概述
在作谓语的动词用来表示动作（或情况、状态）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言，其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的，因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。
下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。
二、各时态详解
1、一般现在时
一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。
The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。
Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。
We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。
2、现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？
Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。
They are publishing a new version of the playscript(剧本) by Taso Yu this autumn. 今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。
3、一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。
They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。
The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老师要我做完作业才能回家。
4、一般过去时
一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词be 根据人称有was和were两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。
It’s a pity(憾事) that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。
Many people died in the tsunami(海啸) that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。5、现在完成时
现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：
Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。
The area has suffered from disastrous(悲伤的) floods throughout its history.这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。
注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：
现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如：
Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。
I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。
They took us to see the chemical fibre(纤维) mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。
Before daybreak（黎明，拂晓） they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。
No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。
He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。
8、一般过去将来时
一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：
When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction（反应，反作用） would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
9、一般将来完成时
一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：
After we finish this text, we‘ll have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。
By the next month, I‘ll have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。
They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。
10、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由have（has）been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：
I’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。
It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。
Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？
She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。
11、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour（倾盆大雨） had caused landslides（山崩） in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。
At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。5、现在完成时
现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：
Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。
The area has suffered from disastrous(悲伤的) floods throughout its history.这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。
注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：
现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如：
Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。
I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。
6、过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。
They took us to see the chemical fibre(纤维) mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。
7、过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。
Before daybreak（黎明，拂晓） they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。
No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。
He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。
8、一般过去将来时
一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：
When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction（反应，反作用） would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
9、一般将来完成时
一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：
After we finish this text, we‘ll have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。
By the next month, I‘ll have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。
They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。
10、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由have（has）been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：
I’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。
It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。
Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？
She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。
11、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour（倾盆大雨） had caused landslides（山崩） in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。
At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。第四节 情态动词
情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：
（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式
（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式
（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法
一、一般情态动词
1、情态动词的完成式：
⑴ 情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：
Since the ditch(沟，沟渠) is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。
You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。
⑵ 当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldn’t加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：
You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是而恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。
You should have finished your compositon(写作，作文) by yesterday.你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。
⑶ needn’t have v-ed
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have wakened me up; I don’t have to go to work today.你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。
注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。
2、情态动词的进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：
The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。
She shouldn’t be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.
He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.
3、情态动词的完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。
They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。
二、特殊情态动词
除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。
The soldier would sooner die than surrender(投降). 这个战士宁死不降。
If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。
这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。
I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。
三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构
They must be in the library, aren’t they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？
They must have gone to the library, haven’t they? 他们一定去图书馆了，对吧？
They must have been to the library yesterday, didn’t they? 他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？
Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？
Don’t move, will you? 请你别动！
Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？
Let’s go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？
He used to live in the countryside, didn’t/usedn’t he? 他过去住在农村，对吧？第五节 被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
英语中主要有十个被动语态.
二、被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”结构的区别
1、如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
例如:The glass is broken．玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）
2、如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：
The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）
The door is locked．门锁着。（系表结构）
The door has already/just been locked．门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）
The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）
3、被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态：
The machine is being repaired. 机器正在修。
A new school will be built here. 这里将要建一所新学校。
4、常用的过去分词结构如下：
过去分词作形容词引出的介词不一定都是by, 因此我们许注意常用的固定搭配：
be acquainted with be annoyed withbe contented with be covered withbe disgusted with be gratified withbe satisfied with be exhausted withbe ashamed of be beloved ofbe convinced of be made ofbe tired of be amazed atbe astonished at be disappointed atbe surprised at be terrified atbe absorbed in be caught in be interested in be devoted tobe known to be involved in三、被动语态的考点
1、不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
It took place before liberation.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2、下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；let (出租)等。如：
I was to blame for the accident. 那件事故我应该承担责任。
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
有些常用经典被动句型：
It is said that… 据说 …
It is reported that… 据报道 …
It is believed that… 大家相信 …
It is hoped that… 大家希望 …
It is well known that… 众所周知 …
It is thought that… 大家认为 …
It is suggested that… 据建议 …
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 …
It has been decided that… 大家决定 …
It must be remember that…务必记住的是 …第六节 主谓一致
主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即：语法形式一致；概念一致（语言内容上一致）；毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致）。另外，根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致，还有指代一致。
一、语法形式一致
1、单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：
Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。
What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。
2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如：
The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的。
The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。
3、有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：
Neither likes the friends of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。
Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。
4、当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如：
The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。
The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包。
5、当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。
A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。
6、由one and a half + 复数名词或the majority of + 名词作作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如：
The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏品都容易修理。
7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如：
There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里还有好多水。
There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多鸡蛋。
8、由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。
Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。
9、如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：
Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。
Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。
10、定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如：
He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 被选出来代表该组的人他是其中之一。
“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.“镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。二、概念一致（语言内容上一致）
1、有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：
His family is going to move. 他准备搬家。
His family are very well. 他家人身体都好。
2、有些表示总体意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：
The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. 警察正在搜寻一位肤色黝黑、长胡子的高个子男人。
3、有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
Politics is a complicated business. 政治学是一门复杂的东西。
Here is the news. 下面播送新闻。
4、用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如：
Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 每个男孩、女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。
Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多姑娘小伙子都见过。
The old workers and the young each have their own tools.青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。
5、表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：
Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 二十里地可是个不近的路程。
Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. 三品脱还不至于把我灌醉。
the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The departed was a good friend of his. 死者是他的一位好友。
三、毗邻一致（就近原则）
1、由连词or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如：
Either you or he is no telling the truth. 不是你就是他没讲真话。
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.不仅开关，连那些老化了电路都已经更换了。
2、在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如：
There is a desk and four benches in the office. 办公室有一张桌子，四条长凳。
There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室有两把椅子一张桌子。
四、代词的指代一致
指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。也是考试中的一个常考点。
1、当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如：
If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. 如果有人找我，就说我一会回来。
Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每个人都认为自己是宇宙的中心。
2、由neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如：
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都没错，对吧？
Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they? 汤姆和杰克都来了，对不对？
3、当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one’s;当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。例如： One should never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes.当朋友犯了疏忽的小错时不要老指责朋友的过失。
One can’t be too careful, can you (one)? 一个人无论怎么样小心都不为过，对不对？
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.第七节 倒装
谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前。
一、全部倒装
1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。
There stands a stone bridge across the river.
There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.
2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：
Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer’s voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。
At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。
3、以 here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装：
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。
但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。
4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。
Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。
Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。
但：Away they went.
5、在表达祝愿的句子里：
Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people!中美人民的友谊万岁！
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
6、在强调表语时
Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。
Such is the case. 情况就是这样。 二、部分倒装
1、省略 if 的虚拟条件句中
Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话，我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。
Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.没有空气和水，世界上就不会有生命。
2、在以 so（肯定）和 neither, nor（否定）的句子中
He didn’t fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未来。
I’ve had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，别人也会有啊。
Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有传染力，同样信任也具有传染力。
3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner ... than …, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case.，采用部分倒装。
Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。
Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。
4、句首状语由 only+副词，only+介词短语，only+状语分词时
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。
Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。
5、在强调宾语时
Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设作出更大的贡献。
Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。
6、在某些句型中
a. 以as 引出的让步状语从句
Poor as he was, he was honest. 他尽管贫穷，但很诚实。
Poor as I am, it is beneath me to steal. 我虽然穷，还不屑于去偷。
Much as I admire him as a writer, I don’t like him as a man. 他作为作家我虽然敬慕他，但作为人我不喜欢他。
Try as he may, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他很努力，然而其工作却不令人满意。
b. 连词不位于句首的某些让步从句（把动词原形置于句首）
Object though you may, they will go on as usual. 尽管你反对，他们仍然我行我素。
c. 在某些相当于让步从句的固定结构中，动词置于句首
Be it right or wrong, we’ll still go. 无论对错，我一如既往。
d. 在 so ... that 的结构中, so 位于句首
So fast does the light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.光传播的很快我们无法测量其速度。
So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs. 他说话的声音很高连楼上的人都听得见。
So astonished was he that he could scarcely contain himself for joy.他如此吃惊竟然控制不住自己的喜悦之情。第八节 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句中的应用，条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用
虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况，这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是：现在；过去；将来。
1、表示现在的虚拟式
If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去。
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。
2、表示过去的虚拟式
If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come. 如果她不是病了，可能会来的
3、表示将来的虚拟式
If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题。
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.如果没有空气，就不会有生物。
二、错综时间的虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。
换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。
如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。
If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.
（从句指过去，主句指现在）。如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。
If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。
如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。
If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （从句指现在，主句指将来）
如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了。
三、含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是：but for, without, otherwis等。如：
But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。
I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用
1、wish后的宾语从句（would rather (sooner) 后也是如此）
I would rather they came tomorrow. 我宁愿他们明天来。
How I wish it wasn’t raining now. 如果现在不下雨该多好呀！
I wish I had not been to yesterday’s party. 我要不去参加昨天的宴会就好了！
但would rather 后没有主语则应使用零不定式.
2、suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句
They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.他们要求侵略者立刻撤退。
I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.我提议应该制定一个交计划的最后期限。
3、 it is desired, it’s suggested, it’s requested, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that, it has been decided that 等之后的主语从句：
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他前往。
It’s required that Mr. Lee (should) give a performance at the party. 要求李先生在晚会上出个节目。
It’s desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 要求我们在今晚前把一切准备好。
4、在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea 等后面引出的表语从句和同位语从句中：
The order came that all villagers evacuate from the village. 要求所有村民撤退的命令下达了。
I second Xiao Li’s motion that we set up a special board to tackle the problem. 小李提议成立一个特别委员会处理此问题，我附议。
5、在下列句型中要用 should +动词原形。如：it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder
It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 很可惜，他这个人竟然这么自大。
It’s strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 奇怪的是他竟看不到自己的缺点。
6、as if, as though 引起的从句，其用法同 wish 构成的宾语从句一样
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 我清楚地记得这件事就象昨天刚刚发生的。
It seems as if it were spring already 似乎现在已经是春天的样子了。
7、以 lest, for fear that, in case 引出的从句，动词多用 should + 动词原形，表示 “惟恐”的意思。
He took an umbrella with him lest it should rain. 他带上雨伞以免下雨。
He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
他把所有的重要文件全部烧毁以免落入敌人的手中。
Here’s some money in case you should need it. 这是点钱以免你用地着。
8、在 if only 引出的感叹句中
If only I hadn’t lost it! 如果我要不丢该多好！
If only I could see him once! 再能看到他一次该有多好！
Oh, if he only knew how we miss him! 噢，希望他能知道我是多么思念他！
9、在 it is high time that 之后的定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气。 It is time that we went (should go) to bed. 现在该上床了。
It’s high time that we (should) put an end to this controversy.现在该是结束这场争辩的时候了。
10、用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中。
I never expected that the new apartment should be so small. 没料到这桩新公寓竟这么小。 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度。 尽管英语中有陈述语气（indicative mood）、祈使语气（imperative mood）、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)等，但是在我国中高级英语考试中考的最多的是虚拟语气。 虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：
a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。
b. 与客观事实相反的情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告等意思，表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显的标志。具体考点如下：
考点一： if 句型 （共有三种句型）
1. 与现在的事实相反
从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形
If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.
2. 与过去的事实相反
从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋ 现在完成时
If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.
3. 与将来的事实相反
从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形
If it should / were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.
4. 虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。
Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam.
5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，（例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在）谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。
If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
考点二： wish 句型 表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化： 表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）； 对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时 + 动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式； 表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式 + 动词原形（如might do）。”
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.
同例： 在as if / as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：
He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.
He talks as if he were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是老板。
If only I were free now. （注意：if only…后面可以不加主句 ）
考点三： 在强制性语气的宾语从句中， 即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：
suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move（动议，规定），direct（命令），maintain（坚持），decide，ask
I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.
I prefer that you (should) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。
注意一： 以上动词的名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等）后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.
His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.
注意二：以上这类动词中有的动词有时不表示建议、命令、劝告等，则其宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.
考点四： It is / was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。 这类形容词包括：
important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的, 明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory（义务的；强制的；强迫的）, crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (命令的, 强制的, 必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的, 必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested
It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.
It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。
It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.
注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊等形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
考点五： 在 would rather…, would sooner…, had rather…, would just as soon…, would prefer… 意为“宁可，但愿”。 从句用虚拟语气，若 It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.
It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.
It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.
表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。
I would rather that you painted the room green.
I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
考点六： It’s (about / high / good) time that…，表示“该是。。。的时候了”, 含有“晚一点” 的意思, 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句通常用一般过去时。
It’s time you went to bed.
It’s high time that we took action.
考点七： 在lest that …, for fear that…, in case that … 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用 should +动词原形。
He put his coat over the child for fear (lest) that he should catch cold.
He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.
比较：
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot （该句陈述某一事实）
考点八： 含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式来表达。 如：without, but for, otherwise, or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等。
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.
I wouldn‘t have succeeded without your help.
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
不定式和动词-ing 形式都可以作宾语，为了方便记忆，现总结一些技巧和口诀：
1．通常只能接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词(或动词短语)：
建议抵制享受——(suggest， advise； resist； enjoy)
考虑承认冒险——(consider； admit； risk)
避免推迟实践——(avoid； delay； practise)
期待成功完成——(look forward to； succeed in； finish)
2．通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词：
agree (同意)； offer (提出)； intend， plan (打算，计划)； demand， ask (要求)； promise (答应)； help (帮忙)； prepare (准备)； decide (决定)； refuse (拒绝)； dare (敢于)； choose (选择)； wish，hope，want， expect (希望，想要)； fail （不能；忘记）； pretend (假装)； manage (设法)； determine （决心）