鸡尾酒培训班:八大重点英语语法

一．独立主格

独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；

名词（代词）+形容词；

名词（代词）+副词；

名词（代词）+不定式；

名词（代词） +介词短语构成。　

独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

　　                        2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

　　                        3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

　　例如：

　  The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。

　　This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。

　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

2 with的复合结构作独立主格

　　表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：

　　     He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。

　  典型例题

　　The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　

　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　

注意:

1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。

2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。

典型例题：

　  Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

　  A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting

　  答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

　  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

二.1 倒装句之全部倒装

　  全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

　1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：

　　 Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。

　　 Here is your letter. 你的信。

　2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：

　　 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。

　　 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。

　   注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：

Here he comes.  他来了。　　　　

Away they went. 他们走开了。

2 倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

　1） 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：

　　 Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。

　　 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。

　　 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。

　   当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：

　　 I have never seen such a performance.

　　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例题　　

1）　Why can't I smoke here?

　　    At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted　　B.　smoking is permitted

C. smoking is it permitted　D.　does smoking permit

答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

　　    A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know

　      答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。

　      改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

3 以否定词开头作部分倒装

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要倒装。例如：

　  Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

　  Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。

　  No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。

典型例题

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began　　　　　 B.　has the game begun

C. did the game begin　　　 D.　had the game begun

答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but （also）, no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music。

4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装

　  用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例如：　　　　

　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。

　　If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。

典型例题

　  ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

　  ---I don't know, _____.

　  A. nor don't I care　　B. nor do I care　　C. I don't care neither　　D. I don't care also

答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定，C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。

　  注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：

　  Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。

---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。

5 only在句首倒装的情况。例如：

　 Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。

　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。

　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：

　 Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。

6 as, though 引导的倒装句

　  as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。但需注意：

　　1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

　　2） 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

　　  Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。

注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

14.7 其他部分倒装

1） so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。

2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：

　　May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。

3） 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：

　  Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。

典型例题：

1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　

A. man did know　 B. man knew　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know

答案为D.　否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。

2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　

A. didn't I realize　　B. did I realize　　C. I didn't realize　D. I realize

　  答案为B。

3） Do you know Tom bought a new car?

　    I don't know, ___.

　   A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　

　   C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also

答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

三 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：

　  Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。

　  注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：

　  The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

典型例题

　  The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were

答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：

　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。

　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：

　Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。

　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。

.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：

　  The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

.4 谓语需用单数

1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：

　   Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。

　   There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。

2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：

　   The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

　3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：

　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

　   Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。

5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：

All is right.　一切顺利。

All are present.　人都到齐了。

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：

　　 His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

　　 His family are music lovers.　他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

　   但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：

　　 Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：

　   A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

　   The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

　   A number of books have lent out.

　   The majority of the students like English.

.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：

　   Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

  2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：

A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：

　   Many a person has read the novel.　许多人读过这本书。

　   More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

 四. 虚拟语气

1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。

2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：

句型

条件从句

主句

一般现在时

shall/will + 动词原形

祈使句

情态动词一般现在时

   例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。

　 典型例题

　 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　

A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained

　 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

　  （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

　  （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

.2 非真实条件句

1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。

a. 与现在事实相反的假设

条件从句

主句

一般过去时（be用were）

should（would）等 +动词原形

例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。

含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.

b. 与过去事实相反的假设

条件从句

主句

过去完成时

should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词

      例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。

　    　    含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想

条件从句

主句

一般过去时

should/would等 + 动词原形

were+ 不定式

should+ 动词原形

      例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。

　          If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.

3 混合条件句

有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：

　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。

　 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

　　If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。

4 虚拟条件句的倒装

　　虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：

　  Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。

　  Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。

　  Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：

　　 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

　　 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

　　典型例题

　  _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。

5 特殊的虚拟语气词should

1）在主语从句中的应用

It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

It is

          可用的词有三类

that

（should）do

suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等

important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等

a pity, a shame, no wonder等

2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：

　I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。

　    He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

　    注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

　    判断改错：  （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.

（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

　                （错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.

　                （对） I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：

　　  My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。

　　  I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。

.6 wish的用法

1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

主句

从句

从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）

现在时

过去时

从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）

过去时

过去完成时

将来不大可能实现的愿望

将来时

would/could +动词原形

例如：I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。

　      He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。

　      I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：

　  I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。

　  I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。

.7 比较if only与only if

　　only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：

　　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响就好了。

　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

.8 It is （high） time that

　 It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：

　 It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。

　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.

9 need "不必做"和"本不必做"

　  didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。

　  needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

　  John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）

典型例题

　  There was plenty of time. She ___.

A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried

　  答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

　  Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

五.特殊词精讲

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing　停止做某事。例如：

　　They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他们停下来，抽了根烟。

　　I must stop smoking.　　　　　 我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

　  She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the side of the path.　

A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest

答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

8.4 regret doing/to do

regret to do　对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing　对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：

　　I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。

　　I don't regret telling her what I thought.　我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

---Well, now I regret ___ that.

A. to do　 B. to be doing　 C.　to have done　 D.　having done

答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

8.5 cease doing/to do

cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing　 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：

　　That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。

　　The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

8.6 try doing/to do

　 try to do　努力，企图做某事，try doing　试验，试着做某事。例如：

You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。

　  I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

8.7 go on doing/to do

go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing　继续做原来做的事。例如：

　 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。

　 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

8.8 be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.

她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

    She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

8.9 be interested doing/to do

　 interested to do　对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing　 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：

I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）

I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?

我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法）

8.10  mean to doing/to do  

　    mean to do　 打算、想，mean doing　意味着。例如：

　  　I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

　To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。

　8.11 begin（start） doing/to do

　  begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.

1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：

　  How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？

　2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：

　　I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。

　3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：

　　I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。

　4） 事物作主语时。例如：

　　The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了

六．感官动词 + doing/to do

感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：

　  I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）

　　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

　  典型例题

1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.　

　   A. grow　 B. grew　 C. was growing　 D. to grow

　   答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.　

　   A. playing　 B. to be playing　　C. play　　D. to play

　   答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

.七 非谓语动词

　　在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。

1）不定式

时态\语态

主动

被动

一般式

to do

to be done

完成式

to have done

to have been done

2）动名词

时态\语态

主动

被动

一般式

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

3）分词

时态\语态

主动

被动

一般式

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 动名词，　not + 现在分词

13.3 强调句结构

常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子，结构为It is（was）+ 被强调部分+ that （who） + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：

　 It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。

　 It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信，我才知道实际情形。

典型例题

1）It was last night ___ I see the comet.

A.　the time　B.　when　 C.　that　　D.　which

　  答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that （who））+ 主谓句。　强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。再如：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

　  　  强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

　      强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

　      强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （注意不用when）

　      强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.

A. that　B. when　 C. since　 D. as

　 答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。