阿道夫.莉莎:有史以来十种最精巧的间谍装置

有史以来十种最精巧的间谍装置编辑本段回目录

"间谍的世界并非孤立的存在，”托马斯·博加特说，他是国际间谍博物馆（International Spy Museum）的历史学家。

That became even evident this week when The FBI announced the arrest of 10 alleged Russian spies living and working in the United States and a couple of years ago, when the CIA released World War II era personnel files, including one for chef Julia Child, who did admin work for the intelligence service back when she was Julia McWilliams.

这种论调在间谍风波的大前提下显得更为明了，就在本周，FBI宣布指控并逮捕了10名俄罗斯间谍，这些人在美国已经工作生活了好几年；另外，CIA也于本周解密了一批二战时期的人事档案，其中就包括了烹饪大师朱莉娅·蔡尔德（Julia Child）的秘密经历，她曾在后方的情报机关干过行政工作，其原名是朱莉娅·麦克威廉姆斯（Julia McWilliams）。

And because spies live and work among us, they need every day objects to conceal their secret files and transmissions.

因为间谍就工作和生活在我们中间，因此他们需要利用一些日常物品去隐藏自己的秘密文件和发射装置。

In the previous century, technology we may find quaint today was invaluable for covert operations. The broadest collection of these gadgets can be found at The International Spy Museum, one of a few spy museums in the world. The Central Intelligence Agency also has a museum in Langley, but it can only be visited with an invitation. There is, however，a virtual tour.

这些我们现在看起来有些奇趣精巧的玩意在上个世纪可都是隐秘行动中不可或缺的法宝。现如今，这些奇巧的小工具都被收藏在国际间谍博物馆，它是世界上少数几个展示间谍相关物品的博物馆之一。虽然中央情报局在兰利市（Langley）也有一家类似的博物馆，但参观者必须受邀才能得以进入，而且还只能享受一趟虚拟式的参观之旅。

While you wait on that special invitation, Boghardt shines a light on 10 famous -- and infamous -- spy gadgets housed at the International Spy Museum, which is open to the public:

与其傻等着CIA的特邀，还不如跟着博加特参观一下国际间谍博物馆中10种臭名颇为响亮的间谍工具呢，以下将为你逐一解密。

Getty Images/Colin Anderson

盖蒂图片社/Colin Anderson

10. Lipstick Pistol

10.口红手枪

"It's a classic," Boghardt says of this 4.5 millimeter single-shot weapon, presumably taken from a KGB agent in the mid-1960s. While it's unclear whether this dangerous "kiss of death" was ever used, a cyanide pistol was used for assassination in that era. These covert weapons are surviving examples of the "active measures" that were taken in this time period, unlike many of their intended targets.

“这东西堪称经典，”博加特说，这支口红实际上是一把口径4.5毫米的单发手枪，来自于上世纪六十年代的一位克格勃特工。人们尚不清楚这支危险的“死神之吻”是否开火过，在那个年代用于暗杀的微型手枪一般是装配氰化物的。这些隐秘武器是冷战时期情报机关采用“主动措施”的幸存例证，而那些预定的暗杀目标们则早已成为了枪下之鬼。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

9. Coat Camera

9.纽扣照相机

This little camera, Model F-21 issued by the KGB around 1970, was concealed in a buttonhole and has a release that the wearer presses from a pocket. Just squeeze the shutter cable and the fake button opens to capture an image.

这架微型的Model F-21照相机是克格勃在上世纪七十年代所使用的间谍工具，它被隐藏在扣眼中，使用者通过口袋中的机关打开扣眼，再挤压快门线缆就可以进行拍照了。

Hidden, portable cameras could be used at public events such as political rallies without detection. Boghardt notes that the Spy Museum's director Peter Earnest, who worked for many years in the CIA on intelligence, has used one of these cameras.

这种隐藏的便携式照相机可以在一些公共场合如政治集会时使用。博加特说，国际间谍博物馆的馆长皮特·恩斯特（Peter Earnest）曾在CIA负责过多年的情报工作，他就曾用过这样的照相机。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

8. Microdot Camera

8.微粒照相机

In the 1960s, the East German foreign intelligence service HVA issued this tiny camera, which takes photos of documents and uses a chemical process to shrink the text down so that a block of text appears no bigger than a period. This way agents could hide secret messages in plain sight. Boghardt points to an infamous incident involving microdots: Dusko Popov, a double agent during World War II, gave microdots to the FBI that mentioned German interest in Pearl Harbor. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover didn't trust Popov, however, so he never passed the information to president Franklin D. Roosevelt.

上世纪六十年代，东德的对外情报部门HVA发明了这种极微小的照相机，它可以用来拍摄文档照片，还可以利用化学手段将一卷文字缩至很小。通过这种方法，特工们可以毫无顾虑的对秘密信息进行隐藏。关于微粒照机的使用，博加特还特意提及了一个臭名昭著的间谍事件：杜思科·波波夫（Dusko Popov）是二战时期的双面间谍，他将微粒相机的情报交给了FBI，情报中透露说德国人对珍珠港很感兴趣，但由于FBI局长埃德加·胡佛（J. Edgar Hoover）不信任波波夫，结果这份情报并没有呈交给当时的美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福（Franklin D. Roosevelt）。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

7. Shoe with Heel Transmitter

7.鞋跟发射器

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Western diplomats in Eastern Europe avoided buying suits there, preferring to mail order clothing and shoes from the West. In Romania, the secret service used this to their advantage, working with the postal service to install a transmitter in shoe heels. Boghardt says that the recording device was discovered during a routine room sweep that revealed a signal, but the signal disappeared when all the diplomats left the room.

上世纪六十至七十年代间，驻东欧的西方外交人员一般会尽量避免在当地购买衣服和鞋子，他们更偏爱从西方邮寄。罗马尼亚的情报机关就利用了这一点，他们同邮电部门勾结，在邮寄鞋子的鞋跟处安装发射器。博加特说，这个记录装置是在无意中被发现的，当时例行的房屋扫描捕捉到了一个信号，但是当房间里的外交人员离开房间后，信号就消失了，通过推断，终于在某个人的鞋跟处发现了这个发射器。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

6. Enigma Cipher Machine

6.英格玛密码机

Messages sent over the wireless in the World War II era could be intercepted so the Germans used a cryptographic device. On the surface, the Enigma cipher machine looked like a regular typewriter, but it wasn't. A keyboard was linked to rotors, powered by an electric current, which transposed every keystroke several times. Corresponding messages went out in Morse code and required keys, which changed daily, to decipher -- get it? "De-cipher. " Which is exactly what the Allies did, cracking a code the Germans thought was unbreakable.

二战时，通过无线电传输的情报会被敌方拦截，因此德国人发明了一条密码装置。从表面看，英格玛密码机就像是一台普通的打字机，但实际上它却另有用途。它的键盘与电流驱动的转子相连，在每次击键时，转子会多次转换。相应的信息以莫尔斯码输出，同时解码还需要密钥，而密钥是每天变换的。尽管德国人认为这一套密码装置是无坚不摧的，但在盟军的努力之下，最终它还是被破解了。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

5. Cipher Disk

5.密码盘

It's tempting to think that spy gadgets aren't all that old, but even Caesar encoded messages using cryptography. This disk dates back to the Civil War, when it was used by the Confederate side -- CSA stands for Confederate States of America.

不要以为所有的间谍装置都是在近代发明的，实际上早在凯撒时代，人们就利用密码对信息进行加密。上面所展示的圆盘要追溯到南北战争时期，它是南方同盟所使用的间谍工具——圆盘上面的CSA即代表美利坚同盟国（Confederate States of America）。

It's pretty obvious how the device works: rotate the inner wheel to displace the letters. M = G, P = J, etc. Simple to crack, right? Not if the message is written in a language you don't know. Spies were tricky like that.

这套装置的工作原理很简单：转动内部转轮对字母进行替换，比如M等同G，P等同J等等。看上去很容易破解对不对？但如果信息是用你所不熟悉的语言写成的，怎么办？间谍们可都是相当狡猾的。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

4. Bulgarian Umbrella

4.保加利亚雨伞

A Bulgarian secret agent used an umbrella just like this one on a London street to kill Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov in 1978. A standard umbrella was modified internally to inject poison into its target with the press of the trigger. In Markov's case, the umbrella contained a ricin pellet, which is next to impossible to trace.

1978年，一位保加利亚的特工就利用了像这样的一把雨伞在伦敦街头暗杀了保加利亚异见人士乔治·马科夫（Georgi Markov）。通过对一把标准的雨伞内部进行改造，只要一按机关，雨伞就会向目标注射毒药。马科夫被刺杀时，伞里面装的是蓖麻毒素小球，这种小球在进入人体以后基本不会留下什么痕迹。

The museum displays a replica, made specially in Moscow for the collection. Boghardt says that in 1991, a room full of similar deadly umbrellas was uncovered in Bulgaria.

国际间谍博物馆中展示的是一件复制品，是为了收藏在莫斯科专门订制的。1991年，在保加利亚曾发现有个房间，堆满了类似这种致命的雨伞。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

3. Pigeon Camera

3.鸽子照相机

It's a bird, it's a plane, it's a spy satellite! Before the dawn of aerial photography, pigeons did the job. Flying over enemy territory with a camera on autoshoot, pigeons could provide crucial information without getting lost along the way. Beyond photography, the birds also carried messages at times when radio communication was spotty or down. Pigeons sent through enemy fire up until the 1950s had a 95 percent success rate and were duly decorated with medals of honor for their service.

它既是一只鸟，也是一架间谍卫星！在航空摄影刚起步以前，承担这项工作的是鸽子。带着可以自动拍照的照相机飞过地方的领空，鸽子可以在不迷路的情况下为人类获得关键的情报。除了摄影之外，在无线电不够灵光的时候，鸽子也可以被用来传递情报。在上世纪五十年代以前，鸽子穿越敌方火线的成功率高达95%，为了表彰其忠心耿耿的服务，人类真应该为它们颁发一枚荣誉勋章。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

2. Tree Stump Bug

2.树桩窃听器

This tree stump bug used solar power to function continuously in a wooded area near Moscow during the early 1970s. The bug intercepted communications signals coming from a Soviet air base in the area and then beamed them to a satellite, which then sent the signals to a site in the United States. Solar power meant that no risky battery changes were needed. Nevertheless, the KGB discovered this green bug so the museum's copy is a replica.

上世纪七十年代早期，莫斯科附近的森林地区经常会发现能利用太阳能供能的树桩窃听器。这种窃听器能截获往来于附近苏联空军基地的通讯信号，并将信号传输至卫星，卫星会再将信号转发回美国境内。可以利用太阳能意味着不需要冒险为其换电池，但最终克格勃还是发现了这些树桩窃听器，博物馆中展出的只是一个复制品。

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆

1. Dog Doo Transmitter

1.狗便便发射器

Dog doo? Really? Boghardt says this, er, doohickey has a hollowed-out space inside, ideal for holding a message so that case officers and sources could communicate without raising suspicion. Doo tends to be left alone, which is why beacons disguised as tiger excrement were used to mark targets in Vietnam, Boghardt says. One of the risks is obviously that such a device would be thrown away or discovered by someone accidentally.

狗便便？有没有搞错？但没什么好奇怪的，的确就是狗屎。这种小玩意中间是空的，可以藏情报。通过这种装置，情报机关人员和线人们可以互相传达消息且不用担心会引起怀疑。博加特说，由于粪便随处可见，因此在越战的时候，用来标记目标的指向标经常被伪装成老虎排泄物的模样。这种伪装的风险也是显而易见的，因为狗便便会被人随意扔掉，或碰巧发现里面的玄机。

"Accidents happened all the time," the historian says. "That's one of the challenges of being a spy or case officer."

“意外无处不在，”博加特说。“这只不过是特工或谍报人员要面临的考验之一。”

International Spy Museum

国际间谍博物馆