九乡新闻网阿尔法脑波音乐在线听:高中英语基础语法讲座（二）
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高中英语基础语法讲座（一）
Hello, everyone. Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.
欢迎大家参加英语语法系列讲座。
First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”
对你来说，学习英语最大的困难是什么？
对于这个问题，许多同学的回答是“语法”。中国学生为什么容易犯英语语法错误，从而觉得英语语法难学，甚至对之产生某种恐惧心理呢？这主要有两个原因：
一是汉语的语法相对简单，而中国学生在学习英语时习惯用汉语进行思维，在运用英语时套用汉语的语法；
二是对于英语语言的接触和分析不够：学习英语要多阅读、多听，对于一个英语句子，要分析其所以然，这样就能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点。汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。希望大家对英语语法充满信心，对学好英语充满信心。
下面我们从英语语法的难点和核心？动词？开始英语语法的学习。
一、 英语动词的时态
（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：
英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。
例如：在“中国是个伟大的国家。”和“中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。”这两句话当中，汉语的“是”没有变化，而是用“曾经”这个词来表达时间的不同。
China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。
在这几句中，动词be的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
再如，“他经常帮助我。”“他昨天帮助我了。”和“他一直在帮助我。”这三句话当中，汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化，而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区别。英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。
He often helps me.他经常帮助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。
He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。
在这几句中，动词help的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
（二）英语动词的形式：
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同）
举例
一般加-s
Help---helps; read---reads
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es
Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es
Try, study --- tries, stuides
与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：
词尾变化
举例
词尾读音
动词后面加-ed
Help---helped Work---worked
Watch---watched
清辅音之后读[t]
Want---wanted need---needed
[t] ,[d]之后读[t]
Turn---turned play--played
元音和浊辅音（[d]除外）之后读[d]
以不发音的“e”结尾的词，加-d
Love---loved
Serve---served
结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-ed
Study---studied
Try---tried
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-ed
Stop---stopped
Drop---dropped
清辅音之后读[t]
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆，同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则，即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表：
词尾变化
举例
一般加-ing
Look---looking, try---trying
以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ing
Write---writing, dance---dancing
以一个辅音字母（x除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing
Begin---beginning, swim---swimming,
Run---running, sit---sitting
以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ing
Die---dying, lie---lying
为了学习的方便，人们把时间分为四个阶段：“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例，列表如下：
时态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在时
Does; do
Am/is/are+doing
Has/have+done
Has/have+been doing
过去时
Did
Was/were+doing
Had done
Had been doing
将来时
Shall/will+do
Shall/will be +doing
Shall/will have + done
Shall/will+have been doing
过去将来时
Should/would/+do
Would/should+be doing
Should/would + have done
Would/should + have been doing
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成：通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数
第二人称单数
第三人称单数
Have
Have
Have
Has
Be
Am
Are
is
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
动词be 与 have（表示“拥有”）：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式
疑问式
Be
Have
Be
Have
I am not (I’m not)…
I have not (haven’t)…
Am i…?
Have i…?
You are not (aren’t)…
You have not (haven’t)…
Are you…?
Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)…
He has not (hasn’t)…
Is he …?
Has he …?
动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式
肯定回答
否定回答
Am I not (aren’t i)…?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t
动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”)：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式
疑问式
Be
Have
Be
Have
I am not (I’m not)…
I have not (haven’t)…
Am i…?
Have I …?
You are not (aren’t)…
You have not (haven’t)…
Are you …?
Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)…
He has not (hasn’t)…
Is he …?
Has he …?
动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式
肯定回答
否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
注意：have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词（以study为例）一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要加助动词do/does）
否定式
疑问式
I do not (don’t) study
Do I study
You do not (don’t) study
Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study
Does he study
否定疑问句式
简单回答（肯定/否定）
Do I not (Don’t I) study…?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…?
Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…?
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
（2）用法：
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He has an uncle.他有个叔叔。
Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。
It is fine today.今天天气好。
You look pale.你脸色苍白。
He is good at music.他擅长音乐。
He knows a lot of English.他英语懂的很多。
这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
Water boils at
October 1st is our National Day.
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。）
Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。（英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。）
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they come. 他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如：
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着。
Now please translate the following sentences into English:
1）见到你我很高兴。
I am very glad to see/meet you.
2）李华只懂一点英语。
Li Hua only knows a little English.
3）他们每天晚上看电视。
They watch TV every evening.
4）我坐飞机走，明天早晨六点到那里。
I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.
5）你多久给你的母亲写一封信？
How often do you write to your mother?
6）你的朋友看起来很年轻。
Your friend looks very young.
7）汤姆经常在床上看书。
Tom often reads in bed.
8）你在发音方面有困难吗？
Do you have any trouble with pronunciation?
2、现在进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例：
否定式
疑问式
I am not studying
Am I studying?
You are not studying,
Are you studying?
He is not studying.
Is he studying?
（2）用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如：
I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。
They are learning English. 他们正在学习英语。
Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗？
有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如：
More and more people are paying attention to their health.
越来越多的人在关注健康。
He is translating a novel. 他在翻译一本小说。
2）有些动词，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如：
Flight 1095 is landing soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end is coming. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to
3）现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如：
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。
You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老爱说那样的话。
She is always complaining. 她总是喜欢抱怨。
4）在一定的上下文中，后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合，可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实，而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如：
He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头，因为他在为他的孩子担心。
She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批评他，想纠正他的坏习惯。
She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。（结果）
翻译练习：
1）新生下星期到。
The new students are arriving next week.
2）那边出了什么事？
What is happening over there?
3）那辆汽车怎么停在门外？
Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate?
4）他们正在看电视里的足球赛。
They are watching a football match on television.
5）他老爱开玩笑。
He is always joking.
6）我们从国外进口机器，我们在学习新的科学技术。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.
3、现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式
疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied….
Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied….
Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied….
Has he studied…?
否定疑问式
简单回答（肯定/否定）
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…?
Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…?
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解，因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响，很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上，这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to
They have gone to
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
翻译练习：
1）他们已经答复了我们的信。
They have already answered our letter.
2）自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.
3）他刚把他的名字告诉我。
He has just told me his name.
4）你到过杭州吗？ 到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。
Have you ever been to
5）他在海外住了很长时间了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time.
4、现在完成进行时
（1）构成：第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词；其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning. 我从早上8点钟一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours. 雨一直下了三个小时了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书？
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如：
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读）
I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读的）
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters. 我已经写完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in. 既然我们已经打扫完房间，我们可以把东西搬进来了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom, but we haven’t finished yet. 我们一直在打扫教室，但还没干完。
翻译练习：
1）你整个早晨在学习什么？
What have you been studying all the morning?
2）你已经参加过期末考试了吗？
Have you taken your final examination?
3）学生们一直在为高考准备功课。
The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination.
4）我们从小就认识。
We have known each other since childhood.
5）1949年以来，王先生一直在这所学校教物理。
Mr. Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.
6）雨一直下了一个星期。
It has been raining for a week.
5、一般过去时
（1）构成：一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式
疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study….
Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study….
Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study….
Did he study…?
否定疑问式
简单回答 （肯定/否定）
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…?
Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Di you not (Didn’t you) study…?
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…?
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
（2）用法：一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况，其中包括习惯性动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的？
I used to go to school early. 我过去总是很早去学校。
He always went to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
Li Hong lived in
注意：在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语，表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语，那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
翻译练习：
1）他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。
He left for
2）你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的？ 我六点钟醒的，可是到七点才起床。
What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ？I woke up at six o’clock, but did not get up until 7.
3）星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。
A foreign friend visited our school on Monday.
4）我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。
I used to get up at six when I was at middle school.
5）周总理曾经常在这里办公。
Premier Zhou used to work here.
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be 的过去式 ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2）过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用，表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty,
翻译练习：
1）我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。
I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school.
2）我母亲做饭的时候，我父亲在抽烟。
While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.
3）我正在写东西，小明把灯关了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.
4）夕阳西下，天渐渐黑下来了。
The sun was setting. It was getting dark.
5）你走进他们的房间时，他们正在听广播吗？
Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?
6）她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么？
What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had + 过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前）
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦？ （“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前）
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited
2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I had lived in
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to
3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
4）此外，过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
翻译练习：
1）很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.
2）张华说他的笔记本丢了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.
3）他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。
He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
4）他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束（feel at home）。
When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.
8、过去完成进行时
（1）形式：had been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式
疑问式
I shall/will not study….
Shall I study…?
You will not study….
Will you study…?
He will not study….
Will he study…?
否定疑问式
简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…?
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…?
Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….?
Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. ?他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用be going to替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade? ？I ___ (plant) some trees. (am going to plant)
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I ___ (help) you carry it. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I ___ (go) and get it for you. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me? ？I ____. (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)
10、将来进行时
（1）构成：shall/will be + 现在分词
（2）用法：将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候，我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时，我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。
一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来，那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢？将来进行时不表示个人意愿，强调主观上感觉某事即将发生，并对这一事情有着期待，感情色彩较浓，强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述，强调事实或意愿。
翻译下列句子：
1）下月这个时候，我们将呆在南京了。
This time next month we shall be staying in
2）在今天下午的会议上，你们讨论这个计划吗？
Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon?
3）你会见到我的兄弟吗？
Will you be seeing my brother?
4）下学期你教我们吗？
Will you be teaching us next term?
5）你来的时候，我们将在开会。
When you come we shall be having a meeting.
6）下周这个时候，我们将在考试。
This time next week we shall be taking our exams.
11、过去将来时
（1） 由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
（2）过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如：
They asked me if I would go to
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告诉他马上离开，但他不。
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
（3）其他表示过去将来时的结构：
1）were/was going to + 动词原形，表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生，多用于口语。如：
I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。
I was sure (that) they were going to do that. 我确信他们要做那件事。
2）were/was to + 动词原形，表示安排，命令或后来将要发生的事。如：
He didn’t know he was to become famous later on. 他不知道以后他会出名。
They were to receive salaries from the government. 他们将接受政府的工资。
She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。
3）were/was about to + 动词原形，表示正要、即将发生的事。如：
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人刚要开始，但是珍妮先说话了。
He was about to say something more, but then checked himself. 他正要再说点什么，却又打住了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他一直等到她即将离开。
12、将来完成时
（1）构成：shall/will + have + 过去分词
（2）用法：将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作，这一动作也可能继续进行。例如：
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候，小明会做完他的工作（或作业）。
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月，这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。
By Sept. 2008
翻译练习：
1）七月份你们再来时，他们就搬进新房子里去了。
When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.
2）到下一个五一节，我们在一起的时间就很长了。
By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.
3）我相信，在你到那儿之前，这些困难他已经解决了。
I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.
4）到明年七月，我就大学毕业了。
By July next year, I will have graduated from college.
二、关于动词时态的几点说明
1、一般不用进行时的动词，它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
（1）表示心理状态的词：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。
I don't agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。
（2）感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。例如：
I see him now; he’s talking to a girl. 我看见他了，他正在和一个女孩说话。
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 军舰属于海军，坦克属于陆军。
The tea tastes fresh. 这茶味道很新鲜。
It sounds strange, but it is true. 听起来很奇怪，但这是真的。
2、下列句型常用一般现在时表示现在进行时
Here/There+动词+名词主语：
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃声响了。
Here/There+代词主语+动词：
Here he comes! 他来了！
There he goes！ 他走了！
在make sure (certain) 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时：
There aren’t many seats left for the concert; you’d better make sure that you get one today. 这场音乐会剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天订妥一个位子。
I’m leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window. 我现在走了。 你务必把窗户关上。
3、将来时常用的表达方式
（1）单纯将来时用shall/will+动词原形表示。如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十岁了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十号。
（2）“be going to +动词原型 ”这种形式用于人时表示打算，意图，也表示说话者确信无疑；用于物时表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他们打算七月份结婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生说他们打算明年买辆新车。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 将有一场暴风雨。
Look！It’s going to snow. 看，要下雪了。
（3）“be to +动词原形 ”表示命令，安排，疑问句中表示征求意见。例如：
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in
Am I to set to work? 要着手工作吗
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/来吗？
（4）“be about to +动词原形 ”表示即刻就要发生的动作。例如：
They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他们正出去的时候开始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要扬帆起航了。
（5）现在进行时可表示将来。主要是表示“来，去，留，住，开始，结束 ”等意义的动词，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to
The poor dog is dying. 那条可怜的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲剧就要结束了/开始了。
4、现在完成时的用法
现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响，是个现在时态，不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用；常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前为止)，up till now (直到现在)， up to the present (直到现在) 等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited
5、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时：
It is five years since I left middle school.（以现在为依据） 我离开中学到现在已经有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.（以过去为依据） 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他们已经挣了两千五百万美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。
注意：动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想过（或我本想）在那里见她。
6、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句（主要是宾语从句等名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
（1）主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是（过去是，将来要做）一个教师。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他们会告诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。
（2）主句是过去时态时，从句的时态要注意下列几点：
A. 从句与主句动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
B. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
C. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
但是，如果从句有具体的过去时间状语，尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前，有时仍用一般过去时。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告诉我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。
另外，从句说的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告诉我你是个作家。
除了宾语从句外，其他名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）一般也要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选用适当的时态。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天没有今天这样热。
三、几个常用时态的比较
1、一般现在时与现在进行时
（1）一般现在时用以说明客观事实，或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行，因此它表示动作含有暂时性（即动作的持续时间是有限的）和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories. 那位作家是写儿童小说的。（说明客观事实）
The writer is now writing a story. 那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。
She is kind. 她很善良。（指她一贯心地善良）
She is being kind. 她现在显得很善良。（表示暂时性，平时她并不善良）
Tom types his own letters. 汤姆自己用打印机打信。（说明经常性）
Tom is typing his own letters today. 汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信（表示暂时性、未完成）
（2）有些动词，如：like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等，不能用于进行时，即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如：
I know him. 我认识他。（不说：I am knowing him.）
Jenny likes this green coat. 珍妮喜欢这件绿大衣。（不说：Jenny is liking…）
某些动词既可用于一般现在时，又可用于现在进行时，但意义有所不同。试比较：
I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong. 我觉得（=认为、相信）你是对的/有点不对头。（这个意思不用进行时 ）
I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样？
I think you’re right. 我认为你是正确的。
He is smelling the meat. 他正在闻肉。
The meat smells bad. 这肉有臭味了。
I see (=understand) what you mean. 我明白你的意思。
I see the fish now. 我看见那条鱼了。
I’m seeing (=consulting ) a doctor. 我正在看医生（即看病）。
I’m seeing (=visiting) a friend of mine. 我正在看一个朋友。
某些表示身体感觉的词（如 hurt, ache, feel等），用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别，只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如：
How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。
My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。
I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
（3）一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩；现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如：
He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。（无感情色彩）
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。（表示强烈的感情色彩）
Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。
She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。
2、一般过去时与现在完成时
（1）一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况，和现在不发生联系，它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
We have visited a power station. 我们参观了发电站。（现在对电站有所了解）
We visited a power station last week. 上周我们参观了发电站。（只说明事实）
I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（还没有找到）
She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。（现在找到与否，没有说明）
（2）有些时间状语，如 this morning, tonight, this month等，既可以用于一般过去时，也可以用于完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：
I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时仍是四月）
I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时四月已过）
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时仍是上午）
I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时是下午或晚上）
3、一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，往往表示动作已结束；而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较：
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚在给她的朋友写信。（信不一定写完）
I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。（指已经看完了）
I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。（指看了一些）
I often went swimming while I was living in
I was running downstairs when I saw her. 我正往楼下跑的时候看见了她。
I ran downstairs and found her gone. 我跑下楼梯，发现她走了。
4、一般过去时和过去完成时
（1）一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：
The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。
He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。
（2）有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：
He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he returned.
The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：The train left before I got to the station。
（3）描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away. 他站起来，拿起书包，戴上帽子，离开房间走了。
She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周，但是什么也没有看见。
He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。
由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不对应；通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态；时态混用或串用（如在描写过去的经历时，有时用现在时）；不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误，这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。
四.、助动词和情态动词
第一部分 助动词
汉语中只有助词，而没有助动词。这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。英语的助动词，就是起辅助作用的动词，本身没有独立的词义，不能单独做谓语，在句子中只起语法作用，和实意动词一起构成谓语（叫复合谓语），表达否定，疑问，时态，语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表：
原形
现在式
过去式
过去分词
现在分词
作用
Be
Am, is, are
Was, were
Been
Being
构成各种进行时态和被动语态
Have
Has, have
Had
——
——
构成各种完成时态
do
Does, do
Did
——
——
构成疑问句和否定句、加强语气，代替前面相同的动词
Shall
——
Should
——
——
构成各种将来时态
Will
——
would
——
——
（一）助动词be的用法
1、跟现在分词构成各种进行时态：
They are playing war games with toy guns and toy tanks. 他们正在用玩具枪和玩具坦克玩战争游戏。
We were playing video games on TV last night. 昨晚我们在电视上玩电子游戏。
2、跟过去分词构成被动语态：
He’s not respected by the press. 他们不受报界的尊重。
We were taught how to use a computer last year. 去年教过我们怎样用计算机。
（二）助动词have的用法
have后面跟过去分词构成各种完成时态:
We’ve known each other since three years ago. 我们从三年前就认识了。
He’s been to
（三）助动词do的用法
1、帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否定式：
Do you know John? 你认识约翰吗？
Mary didn’t come to see me yesterday. 玛丽昨天没来看我。
You like this picture, don’t you? 你喜欢这张画，不是吗？
2、代替前面已经提到过的动词，避免重复：
Do you smoke? ？Yes, I do. 你抽烟吗？-是的，我抽。
I smoke. So does he. 我抽烟。他也抽。
He doesn’t like it. Neither do
They went swimming yesterday. So did we. 他们昨天去游泳了。我们也去了。
3、帮助加强谓语动词的语气：
I do like you. 我真的喜欢你。
She/He does like you. 她/他确实喜欢你。
She/They/We did go swimming yesterday. 她/他们/我们昨天确实去游泳了。
If you do know, answer me in a loud voice so that all may hear. 如果你的确知道，就大声回答我，以便大家都能听见。
be, have, do 都能做实意动词用：
These are computers. 这些是计算机。
We’re having breakfast. 我们正在吃早饭。
I did some washing last night. 我昨晚洗了衣服。
（四）助动词shall和will的用法
1、助动词shall/will构成一般将来时；should/would构成过去将来时
We shall/will be rich, if we succeed. 我们将很富有，如果我们成功的话。
They will be rich, if they succeed. 他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。
They said they would be rich, if they succeeded. 他们说他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。
2、shall 用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中，来征求意见，表示“要不要……”
Shall I go now? 要我现在就走吗？
Shall we invite her, too? 我们也邀请她吗？
Shall the house be insured against fire? 要给房子保火险吗？
Shall the reporters wait outside or what? 要记者们在外面等还是怎样？
3、shall 用于所有人称，表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈的感情。例如：
You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到了明天，你会得到答复的。
If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas. 如果他表现好，在圣诞节就会得到一块新表。
You shall suffer for this. 你会为这事吃苦头/付出代价的！
I don’t want to be hard on them; they shan’t be pressed. 我不想难为他们；不会过于逼迫他们的。
They hope to undermine our unity; they shall fail. 他们希望破坏我们的团结：他们不会成功的。
If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party. 你们小孩要是不听话，就不让你们参加晚会。
As a man sows, so he shall reap. 善有善报，恶有恶报。（谚语）
Then you shall come; and you will come too, Ruth, won’t you? 那你得来；Ruth，你也来好吗？
4、would 可以表示过去的习惯，类似used to:
He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here. 他在这里的时候，星期天就来看我。
The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon. 那只狗常常整个下午躺在那里的太阳底下。
When we were children, we would go skating every winter. 小的时候，每年冬天我们都去滑冰。
5、will可以表示“愿意、肯、会、固执”等意义，而非将来:
I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason. 我打算和你讲理，但是你就是不讲理。
I will pay you for it. 我会付给你钱买下它的。
Go where you will. 到你愿意去的地方。
She won’t so much as look at David. 她连看都不看一眼大卫。
We’re going on a climbing trip. Come if you will. 我们要去爬山。你愿意的话就跟我们一起来。
6、will可以表示倾向、习惯（总是会，老是等意思），在否定句中可以表示“不肯、不能”等意思:
Boys will be boys. 男孩子总归是男孩子。
A wise man changes his mind; a fool never will. 聪明人会改变自己的思想，而傻子却不会。
Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning. 有时候猫会整个下午躺在那里。
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水是不会混合在一起的。
She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come back. 她总是在那里坐上好几个小时，等她儿子回来。
This machine won’t work. 这台机器不工作了/坏了。
These things will happen. 这样的事情总是会发生的。
第二部分 情态动词
情态动词有一定的意义，表示人的看法和态度，不表示动作或状态，因而不能单独做谓语，必须和实意动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化。把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句；在其后加上not或never等否定词就构成否定句。如：
My mother can drive. 我妈会开车。
My mother can’t drive. 我妈不会开车。
Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗？
Can’t your mother drive? 你妈不会开车吗？
You needn’t look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。
常用的情态动词有can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。
（一）can/could 的用法
1、表示具备某种“能力”，但不一定做事情。仅仅表示有能力而已。can表示现在；could表示过去。如：
The nine-year old boy can swim across the river. 那个九岁的男孩能游过那条河。
Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗？
I could do such things then, but I can’t now. 我那时候能做这样的事情，但现在不能了。
We couldn’t get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。
2、表示“请求”（疑问句中）、“允许”。Could 比 Can 委婉；两者都指现在。回答一律用 can 或 cannot, 也可以用mustn’t. 如：
Can /could I smoke here? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
Yes, you can. 是的，你可以。
No, you cannot smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。
You can go now. 你现在可以走了。
Could you lend me $55 你能借给我55美圆吗？
Yes, of course. 当然可以。
No, I cannot/I’m sorry I cannot. 不，不行/对不起，恐怕不行。
Could you tell me where John is? 你能告诉我约翰在哪儿吗？
3、表示“可能性”。 但是并不牵涉到是否真会发生：都可以表示现在和将来，只是could的语气更加不肯定。如
That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。
Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。
That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother. 你去接电话好吗？可能是你妈妈。
What can/could they be doing? 他们可能会在干吗呢？
Could/Can they be chatting in his office? 他们可能在他办公室里聊天吗？
No, they can’t/couldn’t be doing that now. 不， 现在他们不可能在做那事。
（二）may/might 的用法
1、表示允许或请求允许；might语气更礼貌：
May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗？
You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。
She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。
He told me I might go and see him any time. 他和我说我可在任何时候去见他。
can/could和may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can最直截了当；could 礼貌客气；may 既尊重又婉转礼貌；might 带者太多的虚礼，所以很少使用。如：
直截了当
Can I
Ask you for help?
礼貌客气
Could i
尊重婉转
May i
（虚礼）尊重婉转
Might i
对所有这些问句的肯定回答：
Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.
对所有这些问句的否定回答：
No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not.
2、表示可能性，是“也许”之意。这时may和might无时间上的差别，只是might在语气上更不肯定一些。如：
You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。He said that the news might be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。
They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。
We may be buying a new house. 我们也许要买个新房子。
表示可能性时，may/might不用于疑问句，可用can/could或别的说法。如：
Is it likely to rain, do you think? 会下雨吗，你认为？（不说May it rain?）
Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗？
（三）must的用法
1、表示义务、命令或劝告，是“必须”之意。对自己、对别人均可：
We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。
You must tell me the truth. 你必须和我说实话。
Patients must use medicine according to the doctor’s orders. 病人用药必须遵医嘱。
在回答由must引起的问题时，如果是否定回答，多用needn’t 或 don’t have to，表示“不必、没必要”；而mustn’t表示“绝对不行、不可以”的意思，有时用来回答can或may开头的问句，表示口气很强的不允许：
Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they don’t have to/they needn’t. 女士们必须着连衣裙吗？不，不必。
Can/May I come in? No, you can’t/mustn’t. 可以进来吗？不行/绝对不行。
must 仅用于表示现在和未来。其他时态用have to。但在间接引语中可用must表示过去:
I had to leave early because I wasn’t feeling well. 我不得不早点离开，因为我觉得不舒服。
You’ll have to take care of the child. 你将不得不照顾这个孩子。
She has had to work over ten hours a day. 她一直不得不每天工作十几个小时。
They decided they must stop smoking. 他们决定他们必须戒烟。
He asked me if he must leave at once and I told him he didn’t have to. 他问我是否他必须马上离开，我告诉他不必。
2、表示推测，是“肯定、一定”之意。此时，must只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could：
There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。
Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗？
There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗？
He must be over sixty now. 他肯定六十多岁了。
He can’t/couldn’t be sixty now. 他现在不会是六十岁。
Can/Could he be over sixty now? 他现在会有六十多岁吗？
They must be watching the news now. 他们这会儿肯定在看新闻。
They can’t/couldn’t be watching the news now. 他们这会儿不可能在看新闻。
Can/Could they be watching the news now? 他们这会儿可能在看新闻吗？
我们先对表示“推测”的表达法作一个总结：
（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t 不可能。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。
（2）对已经过去的情况的推测：must, may, might, can’t/couldn’t 这些词后面分别加上have + 过去分词，表示“一定…”，“可能…”， “也许…”，“不可能…”。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。
（四）need的用法
作为情态动词，need一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。
You needn’t try to explain. 你不需要解释。
She needn’t come tomorrow. 她明天不必来。
Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我们需要在这儿住下来吗？
Need 作为实意动词比作为情态动词常用的多。实意动词need 可用在所有句型中。
She needs to come tomorrow. 明天她需要来。
You don’t need any help from others. 你不需要别人的任何帮助。
He doesn’t need to borrow money. 他不需要借钱。
Do they need this? 他们需要这个吗？
Plants need sun light in order to grow. 植物需要阳光才能生长。
You don’t need to work so hard. 你不需要这么样地努力工作。
Your shoes need cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的鞋子需要清洁。
The job doesn’t need much attention or time. 这份工作很省心省事。
What he needs is a good beating. He needs a good beating. ?需要好好揍他一顿。
（五）dare的用法
情态动词dare通常用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句中，表示“敢”的意思：
Dare he swim across the river? 他敢游过这条河吗？
He dare not come to see me. 他不敢来见我。
I dare not say so. 我不敢这样说。
She dare not go out of the house. 她不敢走出房间。
How dare you be so rude! 你竟敢如此无礼！
If you dare speak to me like this again, you’ll be sorry. 如果你胆敢再和我那样说话，你会感到遗憾的。
实际上，在现代英语中，dare往往用做实意动词：
Do you dare to ask her? 你敢问她吗？
He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。
I would never dare to jump down from the wall. 我永远也不敢从那堵墙上跳下来。
Does anyone dare to call me a liar? 有谁敢说我是个说谎者吗？
（六）should/ought to的用法
两者大多数情况下可以互换。
1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。ought to的否定式为ought not to /oughtn’t to。如：
You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says. 你应该更多的注意你律师的话。
They shouldn’t allow parking here. The street is too narrow. 这里不应该允许停车，街道太窄了。
This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”.
这个词拼写错了，还应该有一个 “s”。
I should go slowly here. It’s a built-up area. 这里我应该慢点儿走。这个地区建筑物多。
2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。
You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s already eight o’clock. 你不该还在睡觉，都已经八点了。
This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。
If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚点的话，JOHN现在马上就应该到了。
3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意 思 是“应该已经”。有时表示“应该做而没有做”，是“本应该”的意思；“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事情”，是“本不该”的意思，因而它们都含有责备的语气：
He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。
One should have been asleep and the other on watch. 本应该一个睡觉，另一个站岗。.
You should not have asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。
4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情：
What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了？－我怎么知道？
It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。
Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你？
第三部分“情态动词＋have+ done”的含义
1、Must have done的含义。“must have＋过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经….”，只用于肯定句中。例如：
The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。
He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。
若要表示否定，要用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”，意 思 是“不可能”：
The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。
2、 May/might have done 的含义。“may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“也许已经┅，可能已经…”。用于肯定或否定句中。疑问句中用can或could. “might(不是may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以…”的意思，含有责备的口气，用来批评人。例如：
He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。
She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。
You might have told me earlier. 你本可以早点告诉我的。（埋怨责备）
Don’t do that again. You might have been fired. 别那么干了，会把你解雇的。（责备，警告）
You might have succeeded if you had tried. 假如你尝试过，或许已经成功了。（虚拟语气，不满）
3、needn’t have done的含义。“needn’t+ have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需要做的事”。 可译成“大可不必”，“本来不需要”。例如：
I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。（实际上已经借了）
You needn't have come so early. 你不必那么早来嘛。
4、can/could have done：用来谈过去的情况
（1）在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能，这时它们没有时间上的差别，只是could的语气更弱一些：
Who could have taken them? 谁会把它们拿走了呢？
Where can he have gone? 他可能到哪儿去了呢？
He can’t have taken it home. 他不可能是带回家去了。
She couldn’t have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。
I don’t see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出我当时还有别的做法。
Who could have supposed you were going to do such a thing? 谁会想到你会做出这样的事情。
Nobody could have foreseen such a calamity. 这样的灾祸谁也不会预想到。
（2）could have done(但不是can)在肯定句中，表示“那时本来可以…；差点就要…”，有时用来进行婉转地批评（与might同意，但语气更强一些）：
We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion. 这个问题我们本来是可以更合理得解决的。
He could have told her, but he did not choose to. 他本来可以告诉她的，但他不愿这样做。
When she heard the news, she could have cried. 听了这消息，她简直要哭出来了。
I could have died laughing. 我简直要笑死了。
You could have been more considerate. 你其实可以想的更周到一些。
We could have started a little earlier. 我们其实可以更早一些动身的。
The result could have been better. 结果本可以更好一些。
5、should/ought to have done的含义。 “should/ought to have＋过去分词”表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”；“should not/ought not to have＋过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。例如：
You shouldn’t /oughtn’t to have come here alone at such a late hour. 你这么晚的时候本不一该一个人来这里的。（实际是一个人来的）
She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。（实际上不是）
You should have come here ten minutes earlier. 你本应该早１０分钟来才是。
The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。
6、might, may, must表示推测时的区别: may，might, must可表示 推 测“可能”.根据表示可能性的大小，我们把这三个词排列为：might
It might rain tomorrow. (将来)明天可能下雨。
They might be watching TV now. (现在)他们可能正在看电视。
Jane might have visited the
He may have something important to do. (现在)他可能有更重要的事要做。
They may have been to
There must be something wrong with him. (现在)他肯定出问题了。
He must have made a mistake. (过去)他一定是犯了个错误。
第四部分 几个用法的区别
1、 can 和be able to的区别。can在表示“能力”时与be able to同义。但是can的时态形式不如be able to多。在一般将来时和现在完成时中只能用be able to。如：
She will be able to dance in a week. 她再过一星期就会跳舞了。
Nobody has ever been able to do it. 从来没有人能够做这事。
在过去时中，could表示具备某种能力，但不一定做事；而was able to表示努力设法去做谋事，成功后说明有能力，相当managed to do或succeeded in doing。这时，could和was able to是不能互换的。例如：
When he was a boy, he could swim across the river in fifteen minutes. 他小时侯，15分钟就能游过那河。（could表示能力，但不一定这么做）
He was able to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.
=He managed to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.
=He succeeded in swimming across the river in fifteen minutes last week.
上周他15分钟就游过了那河。（was able to表示真这样做了，而且成功了。这里不能用could）
2、must与 have to的比较。 Must 强调主观意志，也就是说，必要性来自说话者的主观意志。 have to 强调客观因素。例如：
He must stop smoking. 他必须戒烟。（说话人认为他必须）
This is an awful film. ？We really must go. 这部电影糟透了-我们一定要离开这里。（说话人认为必须）
You have to go and see the boss. 你一定得去见见老板。（客观因素）
Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. 天主教徒星期天必须去做礼拜。（客观因素，如教规等 ）
注意：must not表示“绝对不可”; don’t have to（或 haven’t got to ）表示“不必，没必要”，两者意思极为不同。英国英语中常用needn’t来代替 haven’t got to 或don’t have to,如：
You mustn’t tell Jenny. =Don’t tell Jenny. 你一定不要告诉珍妮。
You don’t have to tell Jenny. =You can if you like but it isn’t necessary. 你不必非要告诉珍妮。
3、need 作为情态动词与行为动词的区别。作为情态动词，need 无过去式和将来时，故用had to, will have to替代，主要用在否定句、疑问句、条件句中，意思是“有必要”。例如：
He need not come at once. 他不必马上就来。
If you need go there, please tell me now. 如果你需要去那儿，请告诉我。
Need he come at once? 他必须马上回来吗？
（回答要用must, have to, ought to, should等。例如：Need he come at once? Yes, he must/ought to /should/has to. No, he needn’t /doesn’t have to /mustn’t.）needn’t have done表示“本来不必做某事而实际上已经做了”。例如：
We needn’t have waited for him. 我们本来不必等他的。（实际上已等他了）
用作实义动词时，need可用于肯定句、 否定句和疑问句，是“需要”之意。如：
You need to wash your hands. 你需要洗手。
Does he need to take the medicine four times a day? 他需要每日服药四次吗？
We didn’t need to see him at all. 我们根本不必要看他(实际上也没去看他，请比较needn’t have done的用法)
need做实义动词时，后面的宾语如果是动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，如果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似need的这种用法，还有require, want等。例如：
The dinning room needs cleaning every day. =The dinning room needs to be cleaned every day. 食堂需要天天打扫。
My shoes need repairing. = My shoes need to be repaired. 我的鞋需要修理。
4、would与 used to 的区别 .would 可表示反复发生的动作或某种倾向。used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。例如：
She used to work into the night. 过去她常工作到深夜。（现在不了）
She would work into the might. 以前她常工作到深夜。（不表示现在不了）
People used to think that the sun went round the earth. 以前人们总认为太阳是围绕地球转的。（现在不这样认为了）
I used to smoke quite a lot, but I have given it up. 我过去抽烟很凶，现在戒了。
情态动词的重点和难点是：情态动词之间的区别；表示“推测”的表达方式；以及“情态动词+have+过去分词”的含义。
五、被动语态
（一）简介
在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
Saddam is being tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。
More and more people use computers now.（主动语态）
Computers are more and more widely used now.（被动语态）
English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)
（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
（三）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：
时态
动词形式
一般现在时
Am/is/are given
一般过去时
Was/were given
一般将来时
Shall/will be given
现在进行时
Am/is/are being given
过去进行时
Was/were being given
过去将来时
Should/would be given
现在完成时
Has/have been given
过去完成时
Had been given
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如：
“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗？”“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”
The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。
Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗？
The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
（四）被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。例如：
I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。
These fighters are imported from
That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。
2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the
还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：
It is said that……. 据说
It is reported that……. 据报道
It is hoped that……. 希望
It is believed that……. 人们相信
It is announced that……. 据宣布
it is (well) known that……. 众所周知
It has been decided that……. 已经决定
It is supposed that……. 人们认为
It is suggested that……. 有人建议
It must be remembered that……. 务必记住
It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然
（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项
一是时态不能改变；二是变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动：把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语放在by的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。例如：
They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。
A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。
The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当心老鼠。
We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我们受到警告，要当心老鼠。
如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。
The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。
The president was asked some questions by the reporters. （ 变间接宾语为主语）
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. （变直接宾语为主语）
We have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。
He has been given a job. （变间接宾语为主语）
A job has been given (to) him. （变直接宾语为主语）
（六）含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词：
The timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。
This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。
This dictionary must be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管好。
（七）不能用于被动语态的动词
1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：
Everybody wanted
We like everybody to say what they think. 我们喜欢让人人都说出他们的看法。
Do you wish me to stay？ 你希望我留下吗？
Will you help me (to) do the work? 你可以帮助我做干活吗？
The war broke out in 1937. 战争爆发在1937年。
This car belongs to me. 这车是属于我的。
He has a good job. 他有个好工作。（不说A good job is had by him.）
They have a large house. 他们有所大房子。
I’ll have him come early. 我要让他早来。
Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me. 尽管我喜欢那件连衣裙，但穿着不合适。（不说Though the dress is liked by me, I’m not fitted by the dress.）
We lack manpower at the moment. 我们现在缺少人手。(不说Manpower is lacked by us at the moment.)
My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars. 我花了790美元买这台计算机。
She resembles her father. 她像她父亲。（不说her father is resembled by her.）
3、短语动词中有些用于被动结构，有些不可以。但没有规律可循，只能个别掌握：
I was very well looked after when I was working there. 我在那里工作的时候，得到很好的照顾。
An overpass is being put up at the corner of the street. 在那条街的拐角处正在建起一个过街天桥。
Everybody agreed with me. 大家都同意我的意见。（不能说 I was agreed with by everybody.）
I walked into the house. 我走进房子。（不能说The house was walked into.）
I broke into the house. 我破门而入那栋房子。（却可以说The house was broken into by me.）
4、反身代词和each other, one another作宾语时不能变为被动。例如：
They acknowledged themselves to be defeated. 他们承认他们自己被击败了。
She praised herself. 她自我表扬。
He ruined himself. 他毁了自己。
5、下列及物动词有特殊的宾语，也不能变为被动语态：
The police officer shouted his loudest to stop the car. 警官用最大的声音喊叫，想叫住那辆车。
The famous actress breathed her last. 那位著名的女影星咽气了。
She nodded her approval. 她点头同意。
I smiled my thanks. 我微笑致谢。
He wishes to be somebody. 他想成个人物。
He enjoys taking pictures. 他喜欢摄影。
Keep silence, please. 请保持安静。
They usually take a walk after supper. 他们通常晚饭后散步。
（八）关于被动语态的几点说明
1、有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。例如:
School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。
The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆星期天不开放。
The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。
My pen writes well. 我的钢笔好使。
The cloth washes well. 这料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。
The book hardly sells. 这书买不出去。
The door will not shut/lock. 门关/锁不上。
Am I to blame? 我该受责备吗？
The house is to let. 房子要出租。
The story is interesting to read. 这故事读起来很有趣。
The film is worth seeing. 这片子值得一看。
Your shirt needs washing. 你的衬衫该洗了。
2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
They made him go. 他们让他去。
He was made to go. 他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。
3、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。
In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁了。
4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如：
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing football. 踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折买了这些书，省了两百美元。
5、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered) 你的花园需要浇水。
Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生，您的衣服要烫吗？
The car wants servicing. 这汽车要检修。
（九）练习
1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]
1）He gave me a present.
I was given a present by him.
2）My sister made the soup.
The soup was made by my sister.
3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
The manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers.
4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.
5）The police will surely arrest the thieves.
The thieves will surely be arrested by the police.
6）My brother will repair my bike for me.
My bike will be repaired by my brother.
7）You must clean your watch once a year.
Your watch must be cleaned once a year.
8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.
You were not told (that) the job could be done by Xiao Wang.
9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.
My dictionary cannot be found. It has been taken by someone.
10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.
Her bag cannot be found. It must have been taken by someone.
11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.
The teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story.
12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.
Mr. Green was asked by the Association to make a speech.
13）The government is sending him abroad.
He is being sent abroad by the government.
14）He told me to wait here for him.
I was told to wait here for him.
15）Mr.
Mr. Hopkins’ wallet has been found.
16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.
The new machine was invented by the workers themselves.
17）They set up this hospital in 1950.
This hospital was set up in 1950.
18）Tom broke the window.
The window was broken by Tom.
19）Did you write the letter?
Was the letter written by you?
20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.
This kind of watches are not made in
21）People call him Little Old Man.
He is called Little Old Man.
22）John answered all the questions.
All the questions were answered by John.
23）The farmer was ploughing the field.
The field was being ploughed by the farmer.
24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.
English is spoken in almost all the countries of the world.
25）The wind blew the clouds away.
The clouds were blown away by the wind.
26）We shall paint the room.
The room will be painted.
27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?
Must all the exercises be done?
28）I am going to ring Tom up.
Tom is going to be rung up.
29）Everyone expects that he will win.
It is expected that he will win.
He is expected to win.
30）Did you finish your composition in class?
Was your composition finished in class?
31）Do you wash your clothes very often?
Are your clothes washed very often?
32）Have they paid you the money?
Have you been paid the money?
Has the money been paid to you?
33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.
We were given an English lesson by Mr. Wang.
An English lesson was given to us by Mr. Wang.
34）He told his brother the news.
His brother was told the news.
2、将下列句子变成主动语态：
1）What were you told to do?
What did they tell you to do?
2）They were made to learn the poem by heart.
The professor made them learn the poem by heart.
3）The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked.
He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner.
4）It must have been done by an artist.
An artist must have done it.
5）The business has been taken over by his competitors.
His competitors have taken over the business.
6）Such customs should be done away with.
We should do away with such customs.
7）Why haven't the letters been written?
Why haven't you written the letters?
8）It must be done at once.
You must do it at once.
9）I ought to have been told sooner.
You ought to have told me sooner.
10）I wasn't told that he had been dismissed.
They didn't tell me that they had dismissed him.
3、用被动语态翻译以下句子（做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再看用什么谓语动词，然后看用什么时态。这些是汉译英的关键。）
1）没有人强迫你去做那项工作。
You are not forced/compelled to do the work.
2）这个班由布朗先生教英语。
The class is taught English by Mr. Brown.
3）那棵大树被风刮倒了。
That big tree was blown down by the wind.
4）这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。
This classroom is heated by two stoves.
5）这篇文章是汤姆写的吗？
Was the article written by Tom?
6）你会得到老师们的帮助。
You will be helped by the teachers.
7）恐怕你要挨批评了。
I am afraid you will be criticized.
8）那封信已由王林写好。
The letter has been written by Wang Lin.
9）电影放映之前，票已全部售出。
All the tickets had been sold out before the film began.
10）试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗？
Must all the questions on the paper be answered?
11）我们学校正在修建一个新的化学实验室。
A new chemistry lab is being built in our school.
12）电视机关上了。
The television has been turned off.
13）在生产中可以很好地利用原子能。
Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production.
14）大家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。
It is well known that matter is in constant motion and constant change.
15）有人看见他和李红在一起。
He was seen with Li Hong.
16）据报道，一两天内有大雨。
It is reported that there will be a heavy rain in a day or two.
17）林肯在竞选参议员失败后两年，当选为美国总统。
Two years after he was defeated in the Senate race, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the
18）他父亲被派到南京出差去了。
His father has been sent to
19）-新方案实行了吗？
-没有，还在计划中。听说还在提出各种建议。
-新方案完成时就要采取下一个步骤了。
-Has the new program been started yet?
-No, it is still being planned. It is said that suggestions are still being made.
-The next step will be taken when the new program is worked out.
20）-那个电话是什么时候打的？
-我想是昨天晚上打的。
-When was the telephone call made?
-I think it was made last night.
六．虚拟语气
多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。
英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：
而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。
学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
（一）虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…” “要是…”等。
请看一个句子：
If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。
这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。
请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：
1） If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。（说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。）
这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：
She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party. 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会，所以我不会去。
2） If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。
这句话主句谓语动词用“should ＋ have + 过去分词”形式，从句用过去完成时，对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设，表示与过去事实相反的情况，其含义是：
She didn’t invite me yesterday, so I didn’t go to the party. 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会，因此我没有去。
3） If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。
这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词也用过去将来时，表示的意思是，“邀请我”的可能性较小，对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是：
It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。
从以上例句可以看出：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系，在学习时应注意加以区别，不要混淆。
现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下：
1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式（be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表：
条件状语从句的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中，I，he，she，it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中，一定要用were，不能用was.
I (we)should+动词原形
主语+would (might,could)十动词原形
1、例句：
If I were you, I should study English.
(fact: I am not you, so I shall not study English.)
If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
(fact: He does not have time, so he will not attend the meeting.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.
(fact: They take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning.
(fact: You often go to bed late, so you are always sleepy in the morning.)
If this were the case, it would be very awkward.
(fact: This is not the case, so it is not awkward.)
Now let’s do some translation:
要是没有虚拟语气，英语就会容易多了。
If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be much easier.
如果我是你，我就在房屋周围种些树。
If I were you, I would (should) plant some trees around the house.
如果我把头发染成蓝色，人人都会笑话我。
If I dyed my hair blue, everybody would laugh at me. Or: I would (should) be laughed at by everybody.
要不是她这么忙，她就会出席今天下午的会议了。
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.
2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+过去分词。见下表：
条件状语从司的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+主语+had+过去分词
i(we)should+have+过去分词
主语+could (might,could)+have ＋ 过去分词
例句：
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
(fact: You did not take my advice, so you have failed in the examination.)
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.
(fact: I did not have more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again.)
He would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in time. (fact: He didn’t see the doctor in time, so he has not recovered from his illness.)
If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday, we could have met her at the station.
(fact: We didn’t know that she was to arrive yesterday, so we could not meet her at the station.)
You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
(fact: We didn’t drive in turn, so you have got so tired.)
Now let’s do some translation:
要是有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。
If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.
如果你服从命令的话，灾难就不会发生了。
If you had obeyed the order, the disaster could not have happened.
假如你早接受了那个有经验的老工人的意见，你的试验就不会失败了。
If you had taken the old experienced worker’s advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the experiment.
如果我知道你要来的话，我就去机场接你了。
If I had known that you were to arrive, I would have met you at the airport.
如果我的律师上周六在这里，他就会阻止我去了。
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
要是她工作更努力些，她本是成功的。
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
会上我没有见到你妹妹。如果她来了，她就见到我哥哥了。
I didn’t see your younger sister at the meeting. If she had come, she would have met my elder brother.
3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：（见表）
条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)
主句的动词形式
(1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)，通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用.
(2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形
(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形
I(we)should+动词原形
主语+would (might, could)+动词原形
请看以下句子：
1）If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off. (说明：The weather has been very changeable these days.) 条件状语从句的谓语动词用现在时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。
2）If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (说明：The weather has been very good these days.) 条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大。
3）If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就推迟)。条件状语从句的谓语动词用should＋动词原形，说明下雨的可能性很小或没有可能，如果下雨，那将是出乎意料的。
4）If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.这句话与上一句意思几乎一模一样。
If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him.
If she were to miss the train tomorrow, she might come back and start off again the day after tomorrow.
万一你失败了，你准备怎么办？
If you should fail, what would you do?
要是我明天真的见到她，我就把真相告诉她。
If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth.
万一明天下雨，会议就推迟。
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
我打赌巴西会赢得世界杯。要是巴西输了，我就请你搓一顿。
I bet
4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。
For example:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。)
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
If I were you, I would have gone home.
Now let’s do some translation:
如果她过去没有刻苦训练的话，就不会跑得这么快。（从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况）(Fact: She has trained very hard, so she is able to run very fast now.)
If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run so fast.
如果你当初每天都练习说英语的话，你的英语就会说得很好。（从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况） （fact: You didn’t practice speaking English very hard every day, so you can’t speak English very well ）
If you had practiced speaking English every day, you would speak English well enough.
5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式：
1）条件状语从句省略if：在书面语中，如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首，谓语主语之前，用 “Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。当然，如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.
Now let’s look at some examples:
If I were to do it, I’d do it some other way. →Were I to do it, I’d do it some other way.
If you should fail, try again. →Should you fail, try again.
If you had been here earlier, you would have seen him. →Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
但是，If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.这句话if 就不能省略。
而且，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略了if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说：
Were it not for the expense, I would go to
但不能说：Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to
Please do not use “if”：
如果我是你，我每天早上就早起床。
Were I you, I would get up early every morning.
假如你昨天早十分钟到达火车站，你就赶上火车了。
Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could have caught the train.
要是明天有会议，我就会来。
Should there be a meeting, I would come.
2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。（可以改为条件状语从句）。例如：
Without air, there would be no living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
Without electricity human life would be quite different today.
Now let’s do some translation. 请用介词短语代替条件状语从句。
要不是你的帮助，我就失败了。
But for (except, without) your help, I would have failed.
如果没有恰当的控制手段，核反应堆就会爆炸。
Without proper means of control, a nuclear reactor would explode.
3）用其他方式代替条件状语从句（可以改写为条件状语从句。）例如：
It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.
She would have come, but she wasn’t informed, nor invited. （用but.）=She would have come, if she had been informed or invited.
A more responsible person would not have left the work half done. 一个更负责的人是不会把工作做到一半就不管的。(用比较级) ＝If you (he, she) were more responsible, you (he, she) would not have left the work half done.
Now let’s do some translation:
聪明一点的人是不会干出这等蠢事的。
A wiser man would not have done such a foolish thing.
我应该早点写完这封信，但我一直很忙。
I should have written the letter earlier. But I have been very busy.
要能登上珠穆朗玛峰，那经历该多棒！
It would be a fantastic experience to climb up to
6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句
表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略，而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。
1）省略条件从句，如：
It would be very nice.
You could have done it yourself. (省略If you had wanted to.上下文可以看出You didn’t want to.) (Fact: You didn’t do the work yourself because you didn’t want to.)
I wouldn’t smoke. (省略If I were you.) (表面上说我，实际上说你。这是一种委婉的表达法。（Fact: You smoke very often. I advise you not to smoke any more.）
2）省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略主句，这种句子常表示一种“已不能实现”的愿望，主要用于If only 引导的感叹句中。
For example:
If only he were here!
If only I knew more!
If only he had stayed with us!
Now let’s do some translation:
要是我听了他的建议就好了！
If only I had taken his advice!
我如果是一只鸟就好了！
If only I were a bird.
快用If only 造三个句子，表达你的愿望！
If only I could live in a big apartment!
If only I were a billionaire!
If only I could marry her/him!
（二）虚拟语气的其他句型和用法
1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”；对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：
I wish it were Spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
Now let’s do some translation using “wish”:
我要是Jane 就好了。
I wish I were Jane.
他真希望自己生活在中世纪。
He really wishes that he were living in the Middle Ages.
但愿北京整年是秋天。
I wish it were autumn in
要是你能同我们一起过寒假就好了。
We wish you would spend the winter vacation with us.
我要是没有买这辆车就好了。
I wish I had not bought this car.
Now, it’s time for you to make three wishes about your present, future, and past..
I wish I were twenty years younger.
I wish I could work for an NGO.
I wish I had studied law in college.
注意：wish 与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：
We hope we will succeed. (We don’t know if we will succeed.)
We wish we would succeed. (We know we can hardly succeed.)
2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时，如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去，则谓语动词用had＋过去分词形式；如果指的时现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were)；指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间，与主句的时态没有关系。
For example:
Some metals look at first sight as though they were gold.
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in the
He always sounds as if he would help you.
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.
Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.
看她的样子，好像生病了。
She looks as if/though she were ill.
他走起路来就好像他是国王。
He walks as if he were a king.
他表现得若无其事。
He acted as if nothing had happened.
即使天塌下来，他也不会辞职。
He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.
3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“（现在）该…”。For example:
It is time we left/should leave.
It is high time that you got married.
It is time that I bought a car.
Now it is time that you made some sentences by using this pattern. Think about what you should do now.
该你用这个句型造几个句子了。
It is high time that I should lose some weight.
It is time that I bought an apartment.
It is time that we took a rest.
4、在 I would rather (that)…句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”，表示说话人的意愿。
For example:
I’d rather I were in the rain now.
I’d rather you did not tell him.
5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”，但suppose 是动词，不是连词。如：
Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?
Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the
Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare
6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中，表示“怕…”“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should 可以省略。如：
She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold.
The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged.
Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building.
7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词，如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move（提议）后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形，should 可以省略，而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如：
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed.
The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down.
Now let’s do some translation:
总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。
The general manager insisted that the project be carried out as planned.
省长请求再给他一次机会。
The governor requested that he be given another chance.
美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。
The
最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。
The Supreme Court ruled that this case be retried.
医生建议，即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。
Doctors suggest that people should not stay up late even on holidays.
注意：suggest 表示“暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Insist后面强调的是事实时，宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。如：
The neighbor suggested that his wife was having an affair.
He insisted that he was right.
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词，或在这些动词用作名词时，名词之后的从句用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should 可以省略。从句的引导词that 不能省略。这与上述第7项类似。如：
He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.
Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We suggest that education not be industrialized.
The president’s decision is that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time. =The president decided that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time.
9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中，that 之后的从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should 可以省略，但引导词that 不能省略。如：
It was suggested that he attend the conference.
It was requested that the trial be openly reported.
10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中，that 引导的从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should ＋ 动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。
For example:
It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.
It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.
It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting.
另外，在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如：
May you be happy!
May you succeed!
Long live the People’s Republic of
Everybody leave the room!
You had better not resign.
I would rather not tell you.
总之，虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点，因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多，动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时，也要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化，大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种：
一种是动词用过去式，过去分词式，或过去将来式，这主要是用if…, wish, suppose的情况；
一种是动词用should+动词原形（should可以省略），这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句，以及It is important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句；
一种是动词用过去式，如It is (high) time (that)…和I would rather 后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律，如把虚拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。
Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned about subjunctive mood:
一、单项选择：
1. The teacher demanded that the exam ___before eleven.
a. must finish b. would be finished c. be finished d. must be finished
2. She made the demand that she ____ at once.
a. leave b. leaves c. left d. to be left
3. He is talking so much about
a. had been b. has been c. was d. been
4. Mother insisted that the child’s hands ___ before dinner.
a. should wash b. be washed c. would wash d. had washed
5. The young man insisted that he ___ nothing wrong and ____ free.
a. did; set b. had done; should be set c. do; be set d. had done; must be set
6. Mother suggested that I ___ my homework first before watching TV.
a. did b. do c. shall do d. have done
7. My suggestion was that the meeting ____ off till next week.
a. to put b. be put c. should put d. be putting
8. The suggestion has been made ___the basketball game ___ put off.
a. for; to b. that; be c. which; should be d. to; being
9. The commander ordered that the wounded ___ to hospital right away.
a. to be sent b. be sent c. send d. should send
10. The order came that the medical suppliers ____ to the village without delay.
a. would be sent b. should send c. be sent d. must be sent
11. They requested that he ____ on the radio
a. spoke b. speaks c. speak d. would speak
12. It is important that we ___ wild animals.
a. will protect b. should protect c. shall protect d. are protecting
13. It is necessary that the problem ____ at once.
a. solves b. should solve c. should be solved d. will be solved
14. It is strange that he ____ interest in much of his research.
a. should have lost b. would lose c. had lost d. will lose
15. Had you listened to the doctor, you ___ all right now.
a. are b. were c. would be d. would have been
16. ___ I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.
a. Could b. Should c. Might d. Must
17. ___ to do the work, I should do it some other way.
a. If were I B. I were c. Were I d. Was I
18. ___ today, he would get there by Friday.
a. Would he leave b. Was he leaving c. Were he to leave d. If he leave
19. ____ your letter, I would have written back two days ago.
a. If I received b. Should I receive c. Had I received d. If I could have received
20. ____, he would have passed the exam.
a. If he were to study b. If he studied hard
c. Had he studied hard d. Should he study hard
21. Should it rain, the crops ___.
a. would be saved b. would have been saved c. will be saved d. had been saved
22. You ___ earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
a. would come b. should have come c. may come d. have come
23. He treated me as though ___ his own son.
a. I am b. I would be c. I was d. I were
24. He smiled as if he ____ my thought.
a. read b. was reading c. had read d. has read
25. I ____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.
a. would lend b. would have lent c. could lend d. may have lent
26. He talks as if he ____.
a. knows all about it b. has known all about it c. knew all about it d. knowing all about it
27. “Have you ever been to
a. have b. will c. do d. had
28. Where is Xiao Zhang? I wish I ____ him at once.
a. can find b. will find c. could find d. could have found
29. I wish I ___ there then.
a. was b. were c. had been d. would be
30. It is time we ___ to bed.
a. must go b. will go c. went d. have gone
31. If I ____ you, I would try again.
a. am b. was c. were d. be
32. _____, all the students would hear.
a. If the teacher had spoken louder b. If the teacher will speak louder
c. Had the teacher spoken louder d. If the teacher spoke louder
33. What should we do if it ____ tomorrow?
a. should snow b. would snow c. snow d. will snow
34. If you _____ 5 minutes earlier, you _____ him.
a. should come; had seen b. came; would see
c. come; will see d. had come; would have seen
35. If only I ____ my watch.
a. hadn’t lost b. haven’t lost c. didn’t lose d. don’t lose
36. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
a. may not make b. might have not made
c. shouldn’t have made d. might not have made
37. He ____ the test, but he wasn’t careful enough.
a. could have passed b. were able to pass c. must have passed d. might be able to pass
38. We ____ the work on time without your help.
a. hadn’t finished b. didn’t have finished c. couldn’t have finished d. can’t have finished
39. If you ____ at school, you _____ a college student now.
a. had studied hard; would have been b. should have studied hard; should have been
c. had studied hard; would be d. would study hard; must have been
40. If only I ____ as young as you are!
a. being b. am c. be d. were
二、改错
1. I wish that it is true.
答案：is 改为were
2. The doctor suggests that she will not smoke.
答案：will 改为should, 或去掉will
3. She insists that they must give her a receipt.
答案：must 改为should, 或去掉must
4. Bill wished that he is more interested in his work.
答案：is改为were
5. He would be a good sportsman now if he trained regularly.
答案：trained 前面加上had
6. I wish that somebody teaches me to sew.
答案：teaches 改为taught
7. I wish that you saw the charming opera yesterday.
答案：saw 改为had seen
8. This is not my dictionary. If it is mine I will lend it to you.
答案：第二句话改为If it were mine I would lend it to you.
9. If my watch were not slow yesterday, I would not have been late.
答案：were not 改为 had not been
10. If she had worked hard enough, she would pass the English exam.
答案：would pass 改为would have passed
11. If we could finish our work a little earlier today, we shall go to see the film.
答案：shall 改为should
12. What would be happened, if there were no sun, air or water?
答案：be happened 改为happen
13. Should the weather fine, we might go on a trip.
答案：fine 前面加上be
14. If it were not rain tomorrow, they might went to the Great Wall.
答案：rain 前面加上to, went 改为go
15. Long lives our motherland!
答案：lives 改为live
七、非谓语动词
Hello, everyone. 请看下面的翻译练习：
1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like cooking. ”
本句中，“like”（喜欢）是谓语。“cooking”（做饭）是宾语，用动名词形式。又如：“ He likes cooking. ”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语的人称、数而变化，但动名词作宾语时是不变的。
2、对我来说，学英语不容易。“ It' s not easy for me to learn English.”
3、从太空看，地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.”
请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中，做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾语、主语和状语，但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中，“做饭”变成了cooking, “学”变成了to learn，“看”变成了seen. 动词形式发生了变化，而且必须发生变化，因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”，又叫“非限定性动词”,他们没有人称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别，也是中国人学英语的一个难点，同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意的是：英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构，即一个谓语，如果单句中出现了另外的动词，这些动词就要改变形式。
以上英语句子中cooking, to learn, seen 等具有动词特征，但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式，就叫动词的非谓语形式，也叫非谓语动词。
我们再比较 “I like cooking.” 与 “He likes cooking.”这两句话主语不同，谓语动词like形式变了，但意义没有变化。而cooking 没有任何变化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn English.” 和 “It is not easy for him to learn English.” “对我”for me, “对他”for him之后的 “to learn”没有任何变化。可以看出，非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的，它们不受人称和数的限定，所以又叫“非限定动词”。
动词在句子中除了充当谓语外，还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时，就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种：
（1）动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)
（2）分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)
（3）动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)
动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化（以write为例）：
形态
主动
被动
动词不定式
一般
To write
To be written
进行
To be writing
完成
To have written
To have been written
完成进行
To have been writing
现在分词和动名词
一般
Writing
Being written
完成
Having written
Having been written
一般
written
一、 动词不定式
其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to是不定式符号，无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for引出，加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者，则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语，就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征，但又不是谓语动词，所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语，而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者，所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether）等后面加不定式构成不定式短语，可做主语，表语，宾语等。
（一）作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中，往往用 it 作形式主语，而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如：
To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.
象那样死去是一件可怕的事。（ it 作形式主语，把真正的主语to die like that放在后面）
To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself.
有自知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie.
撒谎并非总是容易。
Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。
It’s against nature to remain single. 保持单身是违反自然的。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that.
一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。（for a dog是不定式的主语）
For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything.
一个人什么都知道是不可能的。
For his brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea. 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。
It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了，那可太不应该了。
It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation. 我们不接受邀请不合适。（否定）
It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation. 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。
但是，下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出：
careless粗心的，clever聪明的，cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的 ，naughty淘气的，nice好的，polite礼貌的，right正确的，rude无礼的 ，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong错误的，等等。
为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢？
因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 ＋of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何，可以改写为：“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如：
1、 It is difficult for me to learn English. 更强调学英语很难，不能写成
I am difficult to learn English. （这句话含有逻辑错误。）
2、 It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time. =You are unwise to go to the
It’s very kind of you to come to see us off. =You’re kind to come to see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。
It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to drink and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。
It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals. John杀害动物真是残忍之极。
It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to her. Jack对她说这个，很无礼/礼貌。
（二）作宾语及宾语补语。
1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有：afford负担得起，agree同意，arrange安排，ask要求，attempt试图，beg乞求，begin开始，choose选择，claim声称，consent同意，dare敢，decide决定，decline谢绝，desire欲想，demand要求，determine决心，expect期待，fail失败，forget忘记，hate讨厌，help帮助，hope希望，intend打算，learn学习，like喜欢，long渴望，manage设法，mean打算，need需要，offer主动提出，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，prepare准备，pretend假装，promise答应，refuse拒绝，remember记得，seek寻求，seem好像，tend倾向，threaten威胁，undertake承担，volunteer志愿，want想要，wish希望等。
I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。
He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。
My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when she was in her twenties.
我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。
2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where还有whether等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有：ask询问，advise建议，consider考虑，decide决定，discover发现，discuss讨论，explain解释，find out查明，forget忘记，inquire打听，know知道，learn学会，remember记得，show演示，tell告诉，teach教，think想，understand懂得，wonder想知道，等等。例如：
I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。
They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。
此外，这种不定式结构还可作主语，表语，和介词宾语等。
How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer. 怎样过幸福生活是个很难回答的问题
The question is whom to choose for the position. 问题是这个位置选谁。
That was a discussion about how to increase their strength. 那是一次关于怎样增强他们力量的讨论。
He said nothing about what to do with her. 关于拿她怎么办，他啥也没说。
She asked my suggestion just now about where to go for her holidays. 关于去哪里度假，她刚才征求了我的意见。
3、有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有：ask请求，advise劝告，allow允许，beg乞求，believe相信，call on号召，cause促使，compel强迫，command指挥，direct指导，enable使…能够，encourage鼓励，expect期望，feel觉得，force迫使，get使得，hate不喜欢，have使，hear听见，help帮助，inspire鼓舞，intend 打算,invite邀请,instruct指示，know知道，lead引导，let让，like喜欢，listen to 听，look at看，make 使得, notice注意到, observe观察，order命令，permit允许，persuade说服，prefer更喜欢，press施加压力，remind提醒，request请求，teach教，tell告诉，urge敦促，want 想要，warn警告，wish希望，等等。
I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. 我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。
Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college student. 托尼知道他的女朋友是一个害羞的大学生。
They helped you to get on the bus, didn’t they? 他们帮你上了汽车， 是吗？
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有：feel觉得，have使，hear听见，help帮助，let让，listen to 听，look at看，make使，notice 注意，see看见，observe 观察，watch观看 等，一类是感官动词，一类是使役动词。
A policeman saw the accident happen. 一位警察看见事故发生。
We listened to her talk about her experience abroad. 我们听她讲国外的经历。
We’d be glad to have you work with us. 我们会很高兴有你和我们一起工作。
上述help后面的不定式省掉to与保留to都可以。在被动语态中，上述动词后面的不定式要把省去的to还原。
I heard the dog come in. 我听见那条狗进来。
=The dog was heard to come in. 有人听见那条狗进来。
I saw her go out by bike. 我看见她骑着自行车出去了。
=She was seen to go out by bike. 有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box? ? 我可以帮着搬起这个沉重的箱子吗？
You may as well help me (to)get things straight. 你不妨帮我把东西整理好。
She helped the old woman (to) cross the street. 他帮助那位老妇人过街
在had better（最好），would rather（宁愿），would sooner（宁愿），would (just) as soon（宁愿），cannot but（不能不，不由得不），cannot help but（不能不，不由得不）等成语后面也跟不带to的不定式：
He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。
He would sooner play than work. 他宁愿玩也不愿干活。
You had better go away right now. 你最好立即就走。
I would rather take this method. 我倒愿意采取这个办法。
I’d rather walk than take a bus. 我宁可走也不愿坐公共汽车。
She’d rather die than lose the children. 她宁可死也不愿失去孩子们。
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
She’d sooner stay at home.
I would as soon do it by myself.
I would just as soon stay as go. 我宁愿住下也不愿去。
We couldn’t but weep at the sad news.
You can’t but respect them.
Rather than和sooner than同义，都是“宁可”，“与其…（不如）”，“不是…（而是）”的意思。当它们放在句首时，其后跟不带to的不定式；在其它位置时其后的不定式可带也可不带to:
Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything. 他把一切都告诉了妻子，而不是冒离婚的危险。
Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. 她宁可当女招待养活自己，也不嫁给那个男人。
He decided to write rather than telephone. 他决定写信，不打电话。
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 经理相信重要的是投资买新机器，而不是增加工资。
Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to do the job myself. 与其让John干这件事情，我宁可自己动手。
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。
在Why 起首的疑问句中跟不带to的不定式：
Why not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢？ =Why don' t you come with us?
Why not go for a game of tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢
Why not relax yourself? 为什么不放松你自己呢？
Why not try to train your character? 为什么不培养你的性格呢？
Why not give the $40 to Tom? 干吗不把那40美金给汤姆呢？
For God’s sake, why bring that up again? 看在上帝的份上，干吗又提这事呢？
Why split hairs over the color of the dress? 干吗对连衣裙的颜色吹毛求疵呢？
Why run this risk? 干吗冒这个险？
Why risk breaking the law? 干吗冒犯法的险呢？
5、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时，常用it来代替不定式短语，而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有：consider认为，feel觉得，find发现，make使，think认为，等等。例如：
I think it best to go. 我想最好走。
Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 你觉得派我们的医生去对吗？
I found it strange for her not to come today. 我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。
注意：hope希望，demand要求，suggest建议，这三个词不能跟不定式作宾补。
错误的句子：
I hope you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I suggest you to take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。
We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
正确的句子：
I hope that you’ll be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I suggest that you take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。
I advise you not to take him seriously. 我建议你不要把他当回事。
We demanded that they give us a definite answer. 我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
（三）作定语。不定式短语作定语时，一般放在被修饰的词之后，有些名词的后面常用不定式作定语。常见的有：ability能力，agreement一致，协议，ambition抱负、野心，anxiety焦急，attempt试图，campaign战役，chance机会，claim声称，courage勇气，decision决定，determination决心，drive努力，eagerness殷切的心情，effort努力，failure失败，hope希望，intention目的意图，motive force动力，movement运动、协议，need需要，opportunity机会，plan计划，promise诺言，readiness乐意，refusal拒绝，reluctance勉强不愿，resolution决心，tendency倾向，right权力，struggle斗争，threat威胁，time时候，way方法，willingness愿意，wish希望。
与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如ability →be able to, refusal →refuse to 等。
作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。
There is not any one to save him. 没有任何能救他的人。
He’s a not a man to tell lies. 他不是那种撒谎的人。
He’s a man to be trusted 他是个可以信赖的人。
He needs love to strengthen his broken heart. 他需要爱来给他那破碎的心以力量。
I don’t understand his idea to send his son to the
I need to buy a box to hold my CDs. 我需要买个装CD片的盒子。
This visit is a good opportunity to learn Chinese. 这次访问是学习中文的好机会。
No investigation, no right to speak. 没有调查就没有发言权。
Not to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble. 不多言是避免麻烦的最好办法。
This is a good way to make money. 这是个赚钱的好方法。
We were given some bread to eat. 给了我们一些面包吃。
I’ve a lot of things to take care of in the office today. 今天我办公室里由于很多事情要处理。
Have you got a key to unlock this door? 你有开这个门的钥匙吗
He needs a place to live in. 他需要有个住的地方。
This is not a pen to write with but to draw with. 这不是写字而是画画用的笔。
I have not a friend to talk with. 我没有能谈心的朋友。
作定语时，也可以给不定式加上主语。例如：
The order for the army to start has been given. 已经发出了让部队开始的命令。
The power for science to serve mankind is limitless. 科学为人类服务的力量是无穷的。
The letter for you to answer is placed on your desk.. ??要你回的那封信放在你办公桌上。
（四）作表语。放在系动词之后。
例如：
To gamble is to commit suicide, but not to get rich. 赌博就是自杀，而不是致富。
To criticize others is to make enemies. 批评别人就是树敌。
To do everything is to do nothing. 什么都做等于什么也做不成。
Perhaps the most popular way of relaxing is to participate in sports. 也许最受欢迎的放松方式就是参加体育活动。
This matter is for you to consider. 这个问题是要你考虑的。
These apples are for the guests to eat. 这些苹果是给客人们吃的。
My hope is for all members to come together once a year. 我的希望是所有成员每年聚会一次。
My advice is for you to apologize to her. 我的建议是你向她道歉。
The question is where to go for help. ?问题是到哪里求助。
To respect others is to be respected. ?尊重别人就是受到别人的尊重。
To see her is to love her. ?见到她就会爱上她。
（五）不定式短语和疑问词连用（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how,还包括whether）
（1）做主语。
例如：
Who to turn to is what she wants to know. 找谁帮忙是她想知道的。
It’s problem what to do. 干什么还是个问题。
How to be wealthy, healthy and happy will always remain a question mark. 怎样才能富有，健康和幸福将永远是个问号。
（2）做表语。例如：
The question is which to take first. 问题是先拿哪一个。
What remains for you to explain is how to put the plan into practice and whose help to seek. 剩下需要你解释的是怎样实施计划以及寻求谁的帮助。
The question is which of the methods to adopt. 问题是采取这些方法中的哪一个。
（3）作宾语，常用这一结构作宾语的动词有ask, consider, decide discuss, explain, forget, find out, guess, inquire, know, learn, remember, see(=understand), show, settle(=decide), tell(=know), think, understand, wonder等。
I’ve found out where to buy them cheaply. 我发现了在哪里买这些东西便宜。
Do you remember when to switch off the machine? 你记得什么时候关掉机器吗？
I can’t tell what to do . 我说不好怎么办。
How can you tell which button to press? 你怎么知道按哪个按钮？
You know very well when to say what and how to say it. 你很清楚什么时候说什么话以及怎样说。
He can’t decide what time to leave or whether to leave at all.他不能决定何时离开或者到底是否离开。
有些双宾语及物动词，也可用这个结构做直接宾语。常用的有tell, inform, show, advise, ask, teach,等。如：
I showed her how to use the remote control. 我向她演示怎样使用遥控器。
The salesman told him which switch to turn on first. 售货员告诉他先开哪个开关。
Will you advise me which to buy? 你建议我买哪个？
Please inform me where to get the tickets. 请告诉我到哪里去弄票。
（4）做定语。例句:
I must find a pen with which to fill in this form(=to fill in this form with). 我必须找支钢笔填表用。
He offered me some hot coffee with which to refresh me spirit (=to refresh me spirit with). 他给我提供了点热咖啡提提神。
Nobel began to seek ways in which to make the explosive safer to handle.诺贝尔开始寻找那种炸药操作起来更安全的方法。
（六）作状语。不定式短语作状语，表示目的、原因、结果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。
（1）表示目的。如:
We waved flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the players. 我们摇旗擂鼓吹号，来鼓励运动员。
They went to the
为了强调，有时用in order to （为了）或so as to （以便）加动词原形，放在句首或句尾均可。例如；
In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day. 为了提高英语水平，我每天都看《中国日报》。
He took a taxi so as not to miss the train. 为了不误火车，他坐了出租车。
有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾，作独立成分。例如：
To be frank(with you), this is not satisfactory. 老实（和你）说，这不令人满意。
To be fair, she is an honest girl. 说句公道话，她是一个诚实的姑娘。
To tell you the truth, you are wrong.. 实话告诉你，你错了。
这样的短语还有to tell you the truth实话告诉你，to conclude 最后， to begin with首先，to cut a long story short 简而言之，to go back to the point回到正题，not to make too much of it 别小题大做，to put it another way 换句话说，to hear him talk听他说话的口气，等等。
（2）表示原因。例如:
To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner. 他这样说话，你会以为他是外国人。
The old father smiled to know his success. 知道他成功的消息，那位老父亲笑了。
不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用，有时说明产生这种情绪的原因，有时不是说明原因，而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。
常见的这类形容词和过去分词有：
able有能力的，afraid 害怕的，amazed 感到惊异的，angry生气的，anxious 急于的，astonished 感到惊讶的， careful小心的， certain有把握的，clever聪明的， comfortable舒服的，cruel残忍的，deep深的，delighted 高兴的， difficult有困难的， disappointed感到失望的，determined 有决心的，eager 急于的， easy容易的，fit 合适的，foolish 愚蠢的，fortunate 幸运的， free自由的，frightened感到害怕的，glad高兴的，good好的， happy幸福的，hard艰苦的，lucky 幸运的，overjoyed 高兴的， pleased高兴的，possible 可能的，proud 自豪的，ready 准备好的，relieved 感到轻松的，right正确的，sad悲伤的，shocked感到惊讶的， sorry难过的，sure 肯定的， surprised感到惊讶的， unable没能力的，useless没用的，willing 愿意的，worthy 值得的，wrong 错误的等。
例如：
He’ll be angry to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。
You’re lucky to have me as your teacher. ?有我当你们老师，你们很幸运。
He feels proud to be on the school football team. 作为校足球队队员他感到很自豪。
Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别感冒。
He’s anxious to go back straight to London. 他急于直接回伦敦。
They’ll be ready to leave in about an hour. 再有大约一小时他们就准备好了。
The new manager is easy to get along with . 新经理很容易相处。
This river is broad, deep and good to swim in. 这条河宽且深，是游泳的好地方。
Your sofa is comfortable to sit in. 你的沙发坐上去很舒服。
（3）不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词：learn得知，find 发现，see 看见，hear 听见， to be told被告知，make 使得 等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:
He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off. 他急忙赶到机场，却得知飞机已经起飞了。
He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been broken into. 他休假回家，却发现他的房子被破门而入了。
（4） 不定式还可以与“be said, be reported,…”等连用构成复合谓语。这一结构可变成“It’s said, It’s reported,…”(见被动语态部分)。如：
An explosion is reported to have happened, and three are known to have been killed.
= It’s reported that an explosion has happened and it’s known that three have been killed.
据报道发生了一起爆炸，已知三人被炸死。
（七）不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式，即一般式、进行式和完成式。
（1） 一般式（to+动词原形）：表示与主句谓语动词动作同时（或几乎同时）发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如：
We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高兴。
I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。（ 不定式go out 与 see同时发生。）
They invited me to have dinner with them. 他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你（to see发生在hope之后）
（2） 进行式（to be+现在分词）：表示主句谓语的动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。例如：
She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 据说/据信她就住在附近。
When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他进来时，我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves. 看上去他们似乎很快活。
He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound. 他听见父亲的声音，假装正在做作业。
The president was reported to be visiting the hospital. 据报道总统正在访问那家医院。
（3）完成式（to have+过去分词）：表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
如：I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。（已见过）
I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。（已经等过了）
动词不定式的完成式和下列动词的过去时连用，表示过去没有实现的事情：plan, hope, expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它们的过去时。另外还有should/would like/love。这个结构表示“本打算/想/计划…”的意思。例如：
The game were to have taken place in Room. 比赛原计划在罗马举行。
He planned to have gone abroad last week.= He planned to go abroad but he didn’t. 他原计划上周出国的。
I’d like to have been offered the job and(to have been)given the opportunity to prove myself. 我真想（当时）把这个工作给了我，给我个机会让我证明我自己。
同样的意思也可用上述动词的过去完成时加动词不定式的一般式来表达。例如：
I had hoped to visit the great pyramid .= I hoped to have visited the great pyramid.=I hoped to visit it, but I didn’t. 我本希望参观大金字塔的。
They would have liked to have your help.=They would like to have had your help.=They wanted to have your help but they didn’t have it. 他们本想得到你帮助的。
（八）不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种：
一般式：to be+过去分词
完成式：to have been+过去分词
例如：
You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。
These criminals are to be hanged . 这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
We’re glad to have been invited. 受到邀请我们很高兴。
What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么？
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
（九）为了避免重复，不定式可省略，但to有时保留，有时不保留。例如：
You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力，你会成功的。
George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to. George 说要离开上海，但是我不认为他真的愿意走。
Some of them retired, and others were ready to. 一些人退休了，还有的准备退。
He always speaks faster than he needs to. 他说话总是没必要的快。
I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to). 我倒是想现在干，但没时间。
“Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad to.” “你愿意和我一起去吗？”“愿意。”
“Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.” “你考试及格了吗？”“没有，我努力了，但没成功。
“Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.” “你愿意为他们唱首英文歌吗？”“我不想唱。”
You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to) again.如果他们再要求你，你最后唱一首英文歌。
后面常省略不定式而保留to的结构，还有：
used to 常常 be going to 打算
mean to 打算 ought to 应该
plan to 计划 want to 要想
（十）两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than 连接时，第二个可省略to，尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。例如:
I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. 我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。
I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡觉。
You’re free to talk or laugh here. 在这里你可以随便说笑。
I’m anxious to go and ask him about it. 我急于去问问他这个事。
Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? 你想现在吃午饭还是再等会儿？
We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinema. 我们无事可做，只有看看电影院外面的招贴。
He had nothing to do except talk nonsense. 除了胡说八道，他没别的事干。
I would rather die than be insulted. 我宁死也不受侮辱。
I’ll do anything but work on a farm. 除了去农场干活，我什么都干。
It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。
It’s better to take a taxi than (to) wait here. 搭出租车也比在这等强。
句子中but后面的不定式带不带to，取决于but前面的句子里含不含do，只要有与do/did有关的词（do作谓语，to do作定语等等），but后面的不定式就省掉to。例如：
I can do nothing but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去，我别无选择。
I have nothing to do but go there alone. 除了独自一个到那里去我没事可干。
He did nothing but cry all day long. 他除了整天哭，什么也不干。
Now let’s do some exercises:
1．用动词不定式结构完成下列句子：
1）Let’s _______ （早回家）. → go home early
2）I am going _____ （问问题）. → to ask some questions
3）I’ve been hoping ______ （会见格林先生）ever since I left school → to see Mr. Green
4）It is difficult ______ (照顾这么多小娃娃). → to look after so many babies
5）He likes _____ （在月光下散步）. →to walk in the moonlight
6）She is afraid ____（独自去）. → to go alone
7）I pretended ______ （睡着了）. → to be asleep
8）I should like _____ （今晚去看那个话剧）. →to go to watch that drama tonight
9）Be careful ____ (别着凉). →not to catch cold
10）Mr. Green seemed ____ （越来越不喜欢他）. →to dislike him more and more
11）It is too heavy _____ (你搬不动). →for you to carry
12) You have to work hard ____(考试及格). →to pass the examination
13) Tom intends ____(找个新工作). →to look for a new job
14) What do you want ____ (吃)？ →to eat
15) I hate _____(这么早离开),but I am afraid ____(我不得不这么早离开). →to leave so early; I have to
16）The enemy soldiers refused ____ (再战斗下去). → To fight anymore
17) He decided _____ (成为物理学家). →to become a physicist
18) The woman came out ____ (看看在发生什么事). →to see what was happening
19) I mean _____ (完成这个任务), one way or another. →to accomplish the task
20) He was planning _____ (和她一起去). →to go with her
21) He seems _____ (过去是个猎手). →to have been a hunter
22) I happened _____(看过这本书). →to have read the book
23) I happened ____ (正挨着他站着) when he was shot. →to be standing next to him
24) The enemy is believed ____ (已被击败). →to have been defeated
25) The teacher wanted the composition ______ (当堂做完). →to be finished in class
26) He appears _____ (是你的朋友) but I doubt if he is. →to be your friend
2．汉译英
1）学生们要求进来。 The students asked to come in.
2）我希望不久可以见到我奶奶。 I hope to see my grandma soon.
3）我刚才设法把门打开了。 Just now I managed to open the door.
4）我答应等他。 I have promised to wait for him.
5）那位官员拒绝见我。 The official refused to see me.
6）他们似乎误了火车。 They seem to have missed the train.
7）你想要和我一起走吗？ Do you want to go with me?
8）他没答应走开。 He didn’t promise to go away.
9）他答应不走开。 He promised not to go away.
10）记住不要和那个阿飞(teddy boy)说话。
Remember not to speak to (talk with) that teddy boy.
11）我希望不久接到他们的来信。 I hope to hear from them soon.
12）比尔好像并不明白。 Bill doesn’t seem to understand it.
13）你一定要记住，到七点钟你才能离开。
You must remember not to leave until seven o’clock.
14）那些人不愿意留在这里。 Those men don’t want to stay here.
15）望你及时把它完成。 You are expected to finish it in time.
16）登山的人没有到达山顶。 The climbers failed to reach the peak (top of the mountain).
17）他认为(expect)我会等他吗？ Does he expect me to wait for him?
18）你没有告诉他在信上贴邮票吗？ Didn’t you tell him to put a stamp on the letter?
19）你愿意帮我学习这一课吗？ Will you help me (to) learn this lesson?
20）为什么你不让她帮助你？
Why not get her to help you?或Why don’t you get her to help you?
21）请你让前面那个人把帽子摘下来。 Please ask that man in front of you to take his cap off.
22）你要我干什么呢？ What would you like me to do?
23）如果你的朋友们想留下，就让他们全呆在这里吧。
Let your friends all stay here if they want to.
24）我们尽量设法使他明白。 We tried to make him understand.
25）我不知道怎么开始。 I don’t know how to begin.
26）很抱歉，我星期六没来。 I’m sorry not to have come on Saturday.
27）李红要一个人做全部工作。 Li Hong wants to do all the work alone.
28）我很高兴见到你。 I am very glad to see you.
29）你不能使那些孩子们安静下来吗？ Can’t you make those children keep quiet.
30）你打算带多少人去看电影呢？ How many people are you going to take to the cinema?
31）我没有把药吃完，因为你叫我别都吃了。I didn’t finish the medicine because you asked me not to.
32）如果你要我给你做早饭，我就给你做。 I will cook your breakfast if you would like me to.
33）这水太脏，不能用。 The water is too dirty to use.
34）那些石头太重，你搬不动。 Those stones are too heavy for you to carry.
35）那台电视机太贵，我买不起。 That TV set is too expensive for me to afford.
36）工人们太累了（be tired enough），立刻就睡着了。The workers were tired enough to go to sleep at once.
37）那孩子很累，以致立刻就睡着了。 The boy was so tired that he went to sleep at once.
38）那个老头累得站都站不直。 The old man was too tired to stand up straight.
39）你想去看电影吗？？？不，我宁愿呆在家里。Would you like to go to the cinema? ？No, I’d rather stay at home.
40）你不愿意你的朋友先和他谈谈吗？Wouldn’t you like some of your friends to talk to him first?
41）学生们急于知道考试的结果。 The students are anxious to know the results of the exam.
42）说实话，我不懂文学。 To tell the truth, I know nothing about literature.
43）我听到他们在隔壁房间里谈话了。 I heard them talk in the next room.
44）我已下定决心要更加努力地学习。 I have made up my mind to study even harder.
45）美国有可能消灭恐怖主义吗？ Is it possible for the
46）你把你的计划向他解释一下，方便吗？ Is it convenient for you to explain your plan to him?
47）如果你有机会去西山的话，我愿意和你一起去。If you have a chance to go to the Western Hills, I’d like to go with you.
48）等你想好了，请把你的决定告诉我。After you think it over, please let me know what you have decided to do.
49）探身窗外是危险的。 It is dangerous to lean out of the window.
50）遵守法律是每个人的义务。 It is everyone’s duty to obey the law.
51）约翰感到心跳得很快。 John felt his heart beat fast.
52）汤姆到浴室去洗手。 Tom went to the bathroom to wash his hands.
53）小王站在椅子上，这样看节目就看得更清楚些。 Xiao Wang stood up on a chair so as to see the performance better.
54）他走出房间以便听不到闹声。 He went out of the room so as not to hear the noise any more.
55）孩子们急于要动身。 The children were anxious to start.
56）别惹我们笑了。 Don’t make us laugh.
57）应该把这件事告诉老师。 The teacher ought to be told about it.
58）这所房子只出租，不出售。 The house is to let, not to be sold.
59）他们是来看的，不是来给人看的。 They came to see, not to be seen.
60）这个成语难于解释，但不难（be no trouble）用。 This idiom is hard to explain, but it is no trouble to use.