银联入职 乙肝两对半:俄罗斯S-400“凯旋”防空导弹系统的高清照片

俄罗斯的S-400“凯旋”防空导弹系统的照片，据俄罗斯军事专家称，这套系统的性能优于美国的“爱国者”导弹防御系统，能应付巡航导弹、非战略弹道导弹以及其它空中目标。

译注：S-400是北约编号，俄罗斯编号为C-400。

2007年4月28日，新型的导弹防空系统S-400（俄文：C-400）“凯旋”正式列装俄罗斯武装力量。根据战斗训练计划，最早试验该导弹系统的防空导弹团在某发射场进行了一年一度的发射演习。

应当指出的是，这套俄罗斯的防空导弹系统的性能优于包括美国“爱国者”导弹系统在内的外国同类防空导弹系统。

这套导弹系统适用于军事集群及大兵团防空，包括敌方的飞机、巡航导弹以及弹道导弹。能应付大规模的空袭，适应全天候作战方式。

S-400（俄文：C-400）在许多方面全面超过美国的“爱国者”防空导弹系统。因为该系统采用垂直发射方式，所以不用移动发射车的位置就可以迎击任何方向的来犯之敌。导弹系统从移动状态转入发射状态所需耗用的时间也是占领先机的非常重要的因素。据说S-400的转换时间为5分钟，而美国的“爱国者”则需要30分钟。

S-400防空导弹系统具有：

- 击中250公里远的空中目标，

- 击中60公里远的非战略弹道导弹，

- 由于其特殊的导弹瞄准算法，击中空中目标的几率很高，

- 十分强的抗干扰能力，

- 可以很方便地集成到防空集群系统中。

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资料照片：

发射状态。

背景资料：

1.百度百科：

简介

C－400防空导弹，绰号凯旋，是俄罗斯研制的一种新型地空导弹武器系统，它是在改进C－300PMU1系列地空导弹系统的基础上而研制成功的，属于第四代防空导弹系统，是俄罗斯防空部队现役和在研防空导弹中最先进的一种防空导弹，可以对付当今多种空中威胁，包括各种作战飞机、空中预警机、战役战术导弹以及其他精确制导武器。它不仅能攻击高、远目标，不能对付低空飞行目标。无论是杀伤范围、杀伤效能，还是在杀伤目标的多样性方面都址分突出。

组成

C－400防空导弹主要由照射和制导雷达、发射装备、指挥控制系统、保障系统、导弹及发射装置组成。这些分系统安装在重型卡车上，从而可以保证整个导弹系统快速机动和快速反应。

特点

C－400防空导弹系统是一种具有防空和反导能力的武器系统，因其性能优于第四代地空导弹系统，所以俄罗斯军方称其为"四代半"地空导弹系统。它具有以下几个特点：

一、可以打击多种目标包括隐身目标，　它拦截200千米以高空到超低空直至几十米的空中飞行目标，包括弹道导弹和掠地飞行的"战斧"，而且它高性能的雷达可以发现隐蔽性很好的目标，隐身飞机F－117也在所难免。

二、具有很强的识别力与判断力，它能同时攻击6～10个目标，而且具有目标优先选择的能力。发射几秒钟后，即能判明哪进侦察机、哪些是轰炸机或战斗机，然后加以选择，并同时对不同方向的6个目标实施打击。

三、射程远，可在400千米范围内发现并摧毁当今世界上一切空中入性目标。

四、反应快，具有相当强的机动与瓜能力，接到作战命令5分钟之后就可进入作战状态，比西方同类系统快6～7倍。

五、具有全方位拦截目标的能力，采用垂直发射方式，具有全方位拦截目标的能力 。可拦截或摧毁进入扫描范围的所有进攻武器，其雷达可发现并引导弹头摧毁小型目标，可发现隐形飞机和其他在各个战斗使用高度的目标，同时具有很高的反导弹能力。C－400拦截飞机的最大距离为400千米，为世界之最；拦截弹道导弹的最大距离是50～60千米，比美国的"爱国者"和俄罗斯的"骄子"C－300PMU2的最大距离远10～20千米；其拦截率极高，可确保摧毁空中400千米范围内的飞机目标。

六、可使用多种型号导弹，抗干扰能力强C-400“凯旋”又出现在世人面前。

评价

俄有关专家认为，C-400在性能上已大大超过了美国最新的“爱国者”系统。俄罗斯空军方面希望能够建立完善的防空系统，覆盖俄60%国土，到2015年实现全面覆盖，真正担负起保卫国家的义务和责任。

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2.维基资料

The S-400 Triumf (Russian: C-400 «Триумф») is a new generation air defence system developed by Russia's Almaz Central Design Bureau as an upgrade of the S-300 family.

The S-400's NATO reporting name is SA-21 Growler, and the system was previously known as S-300PMU-3. It overshadows the capabilities of the other systems from the S-300 series, and its range is claimed to be at least twice that of the MIM-104 Patriot system.^[2][3]

According to Russian sources, the S-400 is capable of detecting six targets^[4] out to a range of 400 km (250 miles), including aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles up to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty limits of a range of 3,500 km and a speed of 4.8 km/s [1] and then engaging them at ranges of up to 200 km. It is designed to have improved performance against stealth aircraft.^[5][6][7] The S-400 is expected to be superseded by the future S-500, with development expected to be completed by 2012.^[4]

S-400 uses 3 different missiles to cover its entire performance envelope. These are the extremely long range 40N6, long range 48N6E3 and short range 9M96E or 9M96E2 missiles. Each has different capabilities.

Development

The development of the S-400 system began in the late 1990s. The system was formally announced by the Russian Air Force in January 1999. On 12 February 1999, the first tests were performed at Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan which were reported successful. As a result of this, the S-400 was scheduled for deployment in the Russian army in 2001.^{[citation needed]}.

In 2003 it first became apparent that the system was ready for deployment, but in August two high ranking military officials expressed concerns^{[citation needed]} that the S-400 was being tested using 'obsolete' interceptors from the S-300P and concluded that it was not ready for production.^{[citation needed]}

Finally the completion of the project was announced in February 2004. In April, a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM interceptor missile.

Description

The S-400's NATO reporting name is SA-21 Growler, and the system was previously known as S-300PMU-3. It overshadows the capabilities of the other systems from the S-300 series,^[8] having a larger engagement envelope, a longer range, a higher rate of fire, and an improved jamming immunity.^[9] Externally, the S-400 launch vehicles closely resemble those of the S-300PMU-1 and S-300PMU-2 Favorit systems, and the 48N6E and 48N6E2 missiles used by these systems can also be launched from S-400.^[9]

The S-400's own missiles include the 9M96E and 9M96E2 medium range missiles, and a long range missile which has a range of 400 km.^[9] This is more than twice of the range of the American MIM-104 Patriot system.^[3][8] The S-400 belongs to the so-called 4+ generation of air and ballistic missile defense weapons.^[9] It is considered the most modern air defense missile system in the world, and clearly superior to the American Patriot system.^[10]

The S-400 is claimed to be capable of detecting and simultaneously engaging six targets^[4] out to a range of 400 km (250 miles), including aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles up to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty limits of a range of 3,500 km and a speed of 4.8 km/s [2].Furthermore, it is designed to counter stealth aircraft.^[6][11][12] The S-400 is expected to be superseded by the future S-500, with development expected to be completed by 2012.^[

Deployment

A regular S-400 battalion reportedly consists of at least eight launchers with 32 missiles and a mobile command post.^[13]

On 21 May 2007, the Russian Air Force announced that S-400 will be put on combat duty around Moscow and Central Russia by July 1.^[14] Further sources claim that S-400 will be deployed near the town of Elektrostal.^[15]

On 6 August 2007, the first regiment equipped with S-400 entered active service in Moscow Oblast' near town of Elektrostal, according to Channel One Russia. Russian sources report the regiment based at Elektrostal is the 606th Guards 'Zenith' Rocket Regiment, 9th PVO Division, 1st PVO Corps, of the Special Purpose Command, the air defence command responsible for Moscow and the central industrial region.

On 8 February 2008, Lt. Gen. Vladimir Sviridov announced that Russia will be replacing the S-300 systems in the Northwest of Russia with the more technologically advanced S-400. This could mean that Russia plans for this system to be in place and represent a major component of their ballistic missile defense system until 2020.^[16]

A simplified version of the S-400 is also targeting the export market, with China reportedly already having spent $500 million on it. It has also been reported China may have been part of the development process.^[17] Russia has also offered the system to the United Arab Emirates and Greece.^[18] After showing of the S-400 during the IDEF 2009 in Istanbul Turkey has expressed interest in buying the system.^[19]

Perhaps the biggest impact for in particular the United States is nations like Iran expressing interest in the system.^[6] Vice Chairman of Russia's State Duma Vladimir Zhirinovsky has urged the fast delivery of the S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems to Iran. Such a move is likely seen as bolstering ties between Moscow and Tehran, something Washington has found difficult to deal with.^[20]

23 battalions (8 - 12 launchers each) of S-400 are planned for purchase to 2015.^[21]

On March 17, 2009 Russia's defence minister announced that a second regiment equipped with advanced S-400 Triumf air defense missile systems has been put into combat service.^[22]

On 23 August 2009, RIA Novosti reported that their sources indicated that Russia will not export the S-400 for the next few years.^[23]

On 24 August 2009, RIA Novosti reported that their sources indicated that Belarus had submitted a formal request for two battalions of S-400 systems.^[24]

India and Iran have also shown interest in this system.In the Turkish Long Range Anti Aircraft Missile Program S-400 is competing with Patriot Advanced Capability 3.SSM is going to make a decision in 2010.

On August 26, 2009, the General Staff said S-400 systems had been deployed in the Russian Far East to counter possible North Korean missile tests and prevent fragments from falling on Russian territory.^[13]

It was recently reported that the S-400 system is part of a two billion dollar arms deal between Russia and Saudi Arabia. Under the deal, the Saudi kingdom would be purchasing at least eight launch units and up to thirty two missiles.^[25]

South Korea is developing a simplified version of the S-400 called M-SAM Cheolmae-2 with the help of Almaz. The prime contractor is Samsung Thales, a joint venture between Samsung and Thales.^[26] The M-SAM will be composed of an X-band multi-function radar vehicle built by Samsung Thales in technical cooperation with Almaz,^[27] and fire-control vehicles and transporter erector launchers built by Doosan.^[28] LIG Nex1 will provide the missiles.^[29]

^Missile

• The S-400 is intended to intercept and destroy airborne targets at a distance of up to 400 km (250 miles).^[3]
• The ABM capabilities are near the maximum allowed under the (now void) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
• Carlo Kopp claims that the radar system possesses advanced capabilities against low flying and low RCS targets.^[30][31]
• Detection ranges of 500–600 km have been theorized for future radars.^[3]