金丝玉帛是假货:研究发现汶川地震造成滑坡效果超过造山作用

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浅源地震是造山运动的主要推动力量，但大型浅源地震却可能会同时诱发大范围的滑坡，抵消了岩石隆升，造成了巨大的净损失。根据《自然地球科学》上的报告，杜汉姆大学的科学家发现，2008年的7.9级汶川大地震触发了超过5.6万次滑坡，块体坡移远大于岩石隆升。他们利用高分辨率卫星图像研究造山和滑坡的体积变化，研究人员估计同震滑坡产生了5–15 ?km3的侵蚀性材料，而同震岩石隆升只增加2.6±1.2km3，汶川大地震导致了龙门山出现了净损失。

Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth

  • Robert N. Parker,
  • Alexander L. Densmore,
  • Nicholas J. Rosser,
  • Marcello de Michele,
  • Yong Li,
  • Runqiu Huang,
  • Siobhan Whadcoat
  • & David N. Petley

Nature Geoscience
 
4,
 
449–452
 
(2011)
 
doi:10.1038/ngeo1154
Received
 
 
Accepted
 
 
Published online
 
Shallow earthquakes are the primary driver of rock uplift in mountain ranges1. However, large shallow earthquakes also trigger widespread, coseismic landslides that cause significant but spatially heterogeneous erosion2, 3, 4. The interplay between rock uplift and the distribution and magnitudes of coseismic landslides thus raises a fundamental question as to whether large earthquakes and their associated landslides create or destroy mountainous topography. The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China triggered more than 56,000 landslides5, with a spatial distribution that was only partly related to the pattern of tectonic deformation6. Here we examine the potential changes in orogen volume using landslide area–volume scaling relationships4, 7 applied to high-resolution satellite imagery. We estimate that coseismic landsliding produced ~5–15?km3 of erodible material, greater than the net volume of 2.6±1.2?km3 added to the orogen by coseismic rock uplift8. This discrepancy indicates that, even if only a fraction of the landslide debris is removed from the orogen over the likely ~2000–4000?yr earthquake return period6, the Wenchuan earthquake will lead to a net material deficit in the Longmen Shan. Our result challenges the widely held notion that large dip-slip or oblique-slip earthquakes build mountainous topography, and invites more careful consideration of the relationships between coseismic slip, mass wasting and relief generation.

Figures at a glance

Figure 1: Coseismic uplift and landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.

Black polygons show individual landslides. Heavy black lines show surface rupture traces18 and the star indicates the epicentre. Grey outlines show the extent of imagery used in landslide mapping. Background is the coseismic rock uplift fiel…

Figure 2: Along-strike variations in landslide occurrence and coseismic displacement.

All data are projected onto a rupture-parallel line A–A′ (Fig. 1) at 1?km intervals. a, Total area of landslides within each 1-km wide strip.b, Landslide volume derived from the global bedrock landslide scaling relationship4 applied to indi…



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