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2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article documents a current disaster. Information regarding it may change rapidly as it progresses. Although this article is updated frequently, it may not reflect the most current or official information about this disaster for all areas. 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
Tokyo Sendai Map showing the epicenter of the earthquake Date 14:46:23, 11 March 2011 (+09:00) (2011-03-11T14:46:23+09:00) Duration 5 minutes[1] Magnitude 9.0 MW[2] Depth 24.4 km (15.2 mi) Epicenter location 38°19′16″N 142°22′08″E? / ?38.321°N 142.369°E? / 38.321; 142.369Coordinates: 38°19′16″N 142°22′08″E? / ?38.321°N 142.369°E? / 38.321; 142.369 Type Megathrust earthquake Countries or regions affected Japan (primary)
Pacific Rim (tsunami) Total damage flooding, landslides, fires, building and infrastructure damage, nuclear incidents Peak ground acceleration 0.35g Tsunami Yes Landslides Yes Aftershocks at least 315 (30 above 6.0 MW) Casualties (preliminary) 1217[3] dead, 1086[3] missing

The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[4]?, literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was a 9.0 MW[5][2] megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) on 11 March 2011.[6][7] The epicenter was reported to be 130 kilometers (81 mi) off the east coast of the Oshika Peninsula, Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at a depth of 24.4 kilometers (15.2 mi).[8][9]

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations from Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North America and South America.[10][11][12] The earthquake created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft) that struck Japan, with smaller waves in many other countries[7], with a significant surge and damage as far away as Chile, on the opposite side of the world from Japan. In Japan, the waves are reported to have travelled up to 10 kilometers (6 mi) inland.[13]

There have been 1217[3] officially confirmed deaths and 1086[3] people officially reported missing in twelve prefectures, but estimated numbers are far higher.[14] The earthquake caused extensive damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.4 million without water.[15] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least two nuclear reactors partially melted down,[16][17] which prompted evacuations of the affected areas,[18] and a state of emergency was established. The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant experienced an explosion almost 24 hours after the initial earthquake; however, while the blast caused the collapse of the concrete outer containment building, it was reported that the integrity of the inner core-containment vessel was not compromised.[19][20][15] Residents within a 20-kilometer (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated.

The estimates of the Sendai earthquake's magnitude made it the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began.[21][22][23]

Contents

[hide]
  • 1 Earthquake
    • 1.1 Geophysical impact
    • 1.2 Energy
  • 2 Tsunami
    • 2.1 Japan
    • 2.2 The Kuril and Aleutian Islands
    • 2.3 The western Pacific and Hawaiian islands
    • 2.4 Elsewhere on Pacific coasts
  • 3 Casualties
  • 4 Effects
    • 4.1 Nuclear power plants
      • 4.1.1 Fukushima I and II
    • 4.2 Port
    • 4.3 Dam failure
    • 4.4 Water
    • 4.5 Electricity
    • 4.6 Oil
    • 4.7 Transport
    • 4.8 Telecommunications
    • 4.9 Economic impact
      • 4.9.1 Global financial impact
  • 5 Response
    • 5.1 Government response
    • 5.2 International response
    • 5.3 Media coverage
  • 6 See also
  • 7 References
  • 8 External links

Earthquake

Map of the Sendai earthquake and aftershocks

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with a 7.2 MW event on 9 March approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) from 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of 6 MW in magnitude.[21] One minute prior to the earthquake, Earthquake Early Warning connected to about 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This is believed by the Japan Meteorological Agency to have saved many lives[24]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 kilometers (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial magnitude 9.0 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, 7.4 at 15:15 local time and 7.2 at 15:26 local time.[25] Over three hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.[26] Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly upgraded to 8.8 and then to 8.9,[21] and then again to either 9.0 or 9.1 according to some sources.[6][7] This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 kilometers (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not very straight, earthquake magnitudes are usually expected to be up to 8 to 8.5; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[27] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extends from offshore Iwate to offshore Ibaraki Prefectures.[28] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 kilometers (310 mi) and a width of 200 kilometers (120 mi).[29][30] It has been pointed out that this earthquake may have had the same mechanism as that of another large earthquake in 869, which also caused a large tsunami with magnitude Ms 8.6.[31]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[32] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

A local official at the hardest-hit city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture, in a telephone interview by Agence France-Presse (AFP), said: "We were shaken so strongly for a while that we needed to hold on to something in order not to fall. We couldn't escape the building immediately because the tremors continued... City officials are now outside, collecting information on damage."[33]

A separate earthquake measured magnitude of 6.7 by JMA occurred at 18:59 UTC, 11 March (03:59, 12 March local time).[34] Its hypocenter was in Niigata Prefecture at a depth of 10 kilometers (6.2 mi). The quake was recorded upper 6 on the JMA intensity scale in Nagano Prefecture and lower 6 in Niigata. It also resulted in numerous aftershocks.

Geophysical impact

Soil liquefaction in Tokyo

According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the earthquake's enormous strength shifted the Earth's axis by 25 centimeters (9.8 in). This deviation led a number of small changes, including those to the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth.[35] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.6 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.[36]

A report by U.S. Geological Survey said that Honshu, the main island of Japan, was shifted 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) toward the east.[37] Researcher Lucy Jones said of the precise data, "The Japanese have the best seismic information in the world... This is overwhelmingly the best-recorded great earthquake ever."[38]

Energy

This earthquake released a surface energy (Me) of 1.9±0.5×1017 joules,[39] dissipated as shaking and tsunami energy, which is nearly double that of the Sumatran earthquake in 2004 which killed 230,000 people. However, the total energy released (Mw), the USGS WPhase Moment Solution, recorded 3.9×1022 joules,[40] slightly less than the 2004 Sumatra quake. The total energy released underground was some 205,000 times that on the surface. The total energy released was equivalent to about 9.32 teratons of TNT[citation needed], approximately 600 million times that of the Hiroshima bomb, or about 80 years of global energy usage, estimated to be 4.74×1020 joules for the year of 2008.

Tsunami

Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[10][11][12]

Japan

The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be at least 10 meters (33 ft) high.[41] A wave that high was observed at 15:55 JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,[42][43] with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[44][15] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[45] A 4-meter (13 ft)-high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture.[46]

Like the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Cyclone Nargis, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, may be far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. There are reports of "whole towns gone" from tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;[47] Kuji and Ofunato have been "swept away ... leaving no trace that a town was there."[48] Also destroyed was Rikuzentakata, Iwate, where the tsunami was reportedly three stories high.[49][50][51] Other cities reportedly destroyed by the tsunami included Miyako and Yamada, Iwate, and Sōma and Minamisōma, Fukushima and Onagawa, Miyagi.[52][53]

The Kuril and Aleutian Islands

Russia’s Kuril Islands soon had a 3.3 m (11 ft) wave hit them [54]. soon after, Alaska’s Aleutian Islands also resaved a 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tsunami wave [55].

The western Pacific and Hawaiian islands

America’s Wake Island was hit by a 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tsunami[55][56]

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center had issued an alert for the entire Hawaiian island chain. Midway Island then witnessed a 1.5 m (4.9 ft) [55][55] Mau, Hawaii, USA recorded a 2.1 m (6.9 ft) [57][55] wave and a 3.7 m (12 ft) impacted on the Kona coast of the Big Island, Hawaii [55]

Elsewhere on Pacific coasts

NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation Wikinews has related news: Special report on Japanese tsunami emergency in Pichilemu, Chile

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California, to the Oregon-Washington border.[58] In California and Oregon, up to 8-foot (2.4 m) high tsunami surges hit some areas, damaging docks and harbors and causing over ten million dollars of damage.[59][60] The state of Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at $3 million.[61]

Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.[62] Peru reported a wave of 1.5 meters and over 300 homes damaged in the towns of Pueblo Nuevo de Colan and Pisco.[62] The surge in Chile, on the opposite side of the world, was large enough to cause some damage. Warnings were issued in all countries at risk, and there was plenty of time to evacuate people from coastal areas; there were very few casualties outside Japan.

Casualties

The aftermath of the earthquake in Tokyo

Both the earthquake and the resultant tsunami caused many casualties. Unlike other countries which had many hours' notice of a relatively small surge, a major tsunami struck Japan with only minutes' warning, leaving many people unable to escape.

The Japanese National Police have officially confirmed 1217[3] dead and 1217[3] 700 missing in twelve prefectures.[63] Other reports of missing persons suggested 740 were unaccounted for and that 1,040 were injured.[64] These numbers are expected to significantly increase,[65] with casualties expected to reach tens of thousands.[66]

Prefectural officials and the Kyodo News Agency, quoting local officials, said that 9,500 people from Minamisanriku in Miyagi Prefecture—about a half of the town′s population—were unaccounted for.[67] NHK has reported that the death toll in Iwate Prefecture alone may reach 10,000.[15]

Officials in Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, which was heavily damaged by tsunami waves, stated that they had found the bodies of 200–300 victims.[68]

It was reported that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[69] Two of the trains were on the Senseki Line.[68] One of the Senseki Line trains was found derailed in the morning, and all passengers were rescued by a prefectural police helicopter.[70] Der Spiegel later reported that five missing trains in the Miyagi prefecture had been found with all passengers safe, although this information could not be confirmed from primary sources.[71]

By 9:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[72][73] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese government to locate next of kin for those missing or deceased.[74]

One man was killed in Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea.[75] At the mouth of the Klamath River, south of Crescent City, California, a 25 year-old man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami was swept out to sea and was confirmed dead.[76][77][78]

Effects

Nuclear power plants

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. However, cooling is needed to remove decay heat for several days even when a plant has been shut down. The cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators, as in the case of Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant.[79] At Fukushima I and II emergency power systems failed, leading to severe problems including a large explosion at Fukushima I and leakage of radiation.[80][81] Over 170,000 people have been evacuated.

Separately, a fire broke out at the Onagawa plant.[79] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor.[82] It could be extinguished shortly after.[83]

Fukushima I and II

Wikinews has related news: Explosion at earthquake-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant Before and after images of the explosion at Fukushima I Unit 1 reactorMain article: Fukushima I nuclear accidentFurther information: Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant,[84] resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[85][82] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency have reported that radiation levels inside the plant are up to 1,000 times normal levels, and that radiation levels outside the plant are up to 8 times allowable limits.[86] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 10 km (7 mi) south.[87] This brings the total number of problematic reactors to six,[88] two of which (unit 1 and 3 at Fukushima I) experienced a partial meltdown,[89][90][17] A large explosion, thought to be caused by the buildup of hydrogen gas, blew away the roof and outer walls of the Reactor 1 building, releasing a large cloud of dust and vapor.[91][20] A similar increase of pressure is building up in Unit 3, threatening the same kind of explosion.[92] Unlike the other five reactor units, reactor 3 runs on mixed uranium and plutonium oxide, or MOX fuel, making it potentially more dangerous in an incident due to the neutronic effects of plutonium on the reactor and the carcinogenic effects in the event of release to the environment.[93][94][95]

TEPCO is trying to reduce the pressure within the plants by venting contaminated steam from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami, of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[96] Residents living within a 20-kilometer (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I plant were evacuated, as well as residents within 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) of the Fukushima II plant.[97][98][99][18] A BBC journalist reported being stopped 60 kilometers from the blast site by police.[20] Some local residents and health workers have been diagnosed with mild radiation poisoning.[100]

At 01:17 JST on Sunday 13 March (March 12, 16:17 GMT), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the Fukushima accident at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0–7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), below the Three Mile Island accident in seriousness.[101]

Port

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[102][33]

Dam failure

Kyodo News reported a dam in Fukushima Prefecture failed, washing away homes. No casualties have been counted, but the Defense Ministry reported 1,800 homes downstream were destroyed.[11]

Water

More than 1.4 million households were reported to have lost water suppliy.[15]

Electricity

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[103] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake. Rolling blackouts are planned for up to a week until power levels get back to normal.[104]

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

Oil

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo.[105] Major fires broke out elsewhere, such as in the city of Kesennuma.[106][107]

Transport

Stranded passengers on a Tokyo train. Major disruptions to train travel, as well as car and airplane travel, have occurred in places such as Tokyo and northeastern Japan.

Japan's transport network suffered severe disruption. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan were damaged.[108] All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.[109] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[110] Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day-12 March.[111] Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11-12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland.[112]

A tsunami wave was seen flooding Sendai Airport at 15:55 JST,[42] about 1 hour after the initial quake. Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports for about 24 hours.[33] Ten airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base.[113]

Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[114] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the Senseki Line, was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.[115] There had been no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended.[33] The Tōkaidō Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March; however, the Tōhoku Shinkansen remained suspended, with visible damage to electrical poles and elevated spans, and the state of the line in harder-hit areas still difficult to ascertain. A date for resumption of services has not been announced, but repairs are expected to take a considerable amount of time.[116]

Telecommunications

Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area.

Economic impact

Economic analysts posit that, ultimately, the catastrophe will improve Japan's economy, with increased job availability during restoration efforts. David Hensley of JPMorgan Chase, citing the 1989 San Francisco earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, noted that natural disasters "do eventually boost output". Takuji Okubo of Société Générale anticipated that Japan's economy will decline in March but will revive powerfully in subsequent months. He recalled that in January 1995 after the Kobe earthquake, industrial output dropped 2.6%, but increased by 2.2% the next month, and 1% the following month. Japan's economy then accelerated substantially through the next two years, at more than its former rate.[117] There are others who posit that this is harmful to the economy, and that the above analysts are falling prey to the broken window fallacy.[118]

The quake has had significant immediate impacts on businesses such as: Toyota, Nissan and Honda, who had completely suspended auto production until 14 March. Nippon Steel Corporation also suspended production, Toyo Tire & Rubber Company and Sumitomo Rubber Industries shuttered their tyre and rubber production lines, while GS Yuasa closed its car battery production. This was expected to hinder supply availability for automakers.[119] Tokyo Electric Power Company, Toshiba, East Japan Railway Company and Shin-Etsu Chemical Company were suggested as the most vulnerable companies as a result of the earthquake.[120] The northern Tohoku region, which was most affected, accounts for about 8 percent of the country's gross domestic product as it has factories that make products such as cars and beer as well as energy infrastructure. The factory shutdowns, power cuts and the consequent presumed impact on consumer confidence could hurt the national GDP for several.[121]

The Bank of Japan has set up an emergency task force to ensure liquidity in the aftermath of the disaster.[122]

Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano has said that Japan's government will convene on 13 March to gauge the economic effects of the catastrophe.[123] He also told NHK Television that about 200 billion yen that was remaining from the budget for the concurrent fiscal year that would end on 31 March would be used to fund the immediate recovery efforts. Additional measures could also hurt Japan's public debt (which is already the highest in the world). This additional spending could hurt demand for government bonds.[121]

Global financial impact

In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, Japan’s Nikkei stock market index saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[124] The Bank of Japan said that they would do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[125]

Other stock markets around the world were also affected; the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[126] Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell by 1.8%, while South Korea's Kospi index slumped by 1.3%.[127] By the end of trading on Friday, the MSCI Asia Pacific Index had dropped by 1.8%.[128] Major U.S. stock market indexes rose between 0.5% and 0.7%.[129] Oil prices also dropped as a result of the closure of Japanese refineries, despite the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia. US crude dropped as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, with Brent Crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[130] In Hong Kong, Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on each local stock market.[131]

The share prices of the biggest reinsurance companies Munich Re and Swiss Reinsurance Company fell following the earthquake on speculation that they may face losses "somewhere in the $10 billion range" even after certain costs were absorbed by Japan’s primary insurers and the government.[132]

Peter Bradford, who was a former member of the United States' Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that the impact on the nuclear power plant was "obviously a significant setback for the so-called nuclear renaissance. The image of a nuclear power plant blowing up before your eyes on a television screen is a first."[133]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[134] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[134][135] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[134] PM Kan also set up emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[135]

Prime Minister Naoto Kan called upon citizens in Japan to calmly take action responsibly after the earthquake, and promised his 100% cooperation in alleviating the situation. He declared that "the safety of Japan's citizens is the priority, and to save every possible life is his current mission". He added that the defense force, police, rescue crew and individuals are currently working at its full potential to mediate the situation, and called upon more help from all over Japan. Evacuation shelters currently are in a shortage of potable water, food, blankets and bathrooms, as the government arranges these necessities to be delivered to where it is needed as soon as possible, from various areas of Japan and abroad.[citation needed] Dropping temperatures due to the disruption in electrical and gas lines caused further problems at shelters.[15]

International response

Russians bear flowers to embassy of Japan in Moscow

Japan received condolence messages and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan.

Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, the UK, and the US;[136][137] it also requested (via its space agency JAXA) the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing diverse satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organizations.[138]

The United States moved naval vessels closer to Japan for the purposes of providing aid.[139] Germany is sending search and rescue specialists from the Technisches Hilfswerk.[140] The United Kingdom is sending 70 rescuers to Japan, including two search dogs, a medical support team and 11 tons of specialized rescue equipment.[141][142] South Korean teams arrived in Japan on 12 Mar, consisting of 5 members from the National Rescue Services and two rescue dogs, and has an additional team of 120 emergency rescue workers and medical staff on standby.[143]

Japan had asked Russia state-controlled gas giant Gazprom for additional liquefied natural gas supplies, the company was now looking how to divert two tankers, or 150,000 tons,[144] currently under other contracts, towards Japan.[145] Several Israeli organizations including ZAKA and IsraAid have sent search and rescue teams, medical professionals, and water pollution experts to assist.[146]

The People's Republic of China has sent US$167,000 in aid so far via China's Red Cross Society, the China-Japan Friendship Association and the Chinese People's Association for Friendship and with Foreign Countries, as well as a 15-member rescue team which left Beijing on Sunday, 13 March 2011.[147] President Ma Ying-Jeou of Taiwan ordered the Republic of China government to donate NT$100 million (equal to about 300 million Japanese yen or 3.3 million US dollars) to Japan and a rescue team is ready to leave for Japan.[148]

Media coverage

Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.[149] Various other nationwide Japanese TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji TV, TV Asahi, TV Kanagawa, and CNN on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011.[150]

See also

  • Historic tsunamis
  • List of earthquakes in Japan
  • Seismicity in Japan

References

  1. ^ NBC Nightly News (11 Mar. 2011)
  2. ^ a b "USGS analysis as of 2011-03-12". Earthquake.usgs.gov. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
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  4. ^ 気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency. "平成23年3月11日14時46分頃の三陸沖の地震について（第２報） 気象庁 | 平成２３年報道発表資料" (in Japanese). JMA. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1103/11c/201103111620.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
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External links

Wikinews has related news:
  • 8.9 magnitude earthquake hits Japan, causes tsunami
  • Explosion at earthquake-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2011 Sendai earthquake
  • Earthquake Report from United States Geological Survey (USGS)
  • Pacific Tsunami Warning Center at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Information at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Seismic Monitor at Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)
  • Integrated Tsunami Watcher Service
  • Japan Earthquake & Tsunami at Esri
  • Images of affected areas from Boston.com
  • Japan Earthquake: before and after aerial and satellite images from ABC News, credited to Google
  • 110311 JapanEarthquake at the Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)
  • 2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami at Google Crisis Response
  • Red Earthquake and Tsunami Alert in Japan at the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System
Live media coverage
  • Japan earthquake live coverage at Al Jazeera English
  • Japan earthquake live coverage at BBC News
  • Japan tsunami and earthquake live coverage at The Guardian
  • Quake and tsunami live coverage at The New York Times
  • Japan Earthquake live coverage at Reuters
  • NHK WORLD English live coverage at Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
[hide]v · d · e← Major earthquakes in 2011 January

Tirúa, Chile (7.1, Jan 2) · Pakistan (7.2, Jan 19)

February

Christchurch, New Zealand (6.3, Feb 22)†

March

Yunnan, China (5.4, Mar 10) · Sendai, Japan (9.0, Mar 11)†‡

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