陌上猪猪天才纨绔:英语书面表达值得注意的几个方法

    近年来，随着高考英语书面表达的命题标准及答题要求的提高，以及题材的多样化，不少高考英语考生对书面表达不相适应的情形愈发突出。实际阅卷发现，相当多的书面表达水准较低，考生缺乏写作的基本常识和训练。针对这一现象，本文提出高考英语书面表达值得注意的几个写作方法。
    　　　　一、以有形或无形的三段式写作
    以有形或无形的三段式写作是指写任何文章，都要有开头，正文，以及结尾。有形则指文章呈明显的三段式，而无形则指文章呈显一大段，但细读则可感到三段。具体讲：文章开头段则用开门见山的方法，比如讲明什么时间，谁干了或要干什么，目的是什么；文章正文段则是写作的关键部分，要用到较多的技巧和手段；结尾段可考虑以抒发内心活动或感想为特征。请看例题：
    Dear Bob，
    开头：[I’m so glad to learn that you’re coming in September.I’ve found a place for you.]正文：[It’s a small flat of 25 square metres，with a bedroom，a bathroom and a kitchen.In the bedroom there is a bed，a sofa，a desk and a chair.The rent is 500 yuan per month.The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street，which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school.In fact，it’s only one stop.]
    结尾：[Do you think you’d like it？If not，I can try and find another place for you.Just let me know.]
    Yours，
    Li Hua
    　　　　二、用尽可能多样的句式丰富文章的表现力
    高考英语书面表达对具有较强的语言运用能力文章的评价标准是，语法结构或词汇方面虽有些许错误，但应能尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇，此点应引起考生的极大关注。现举实例如下：
    ①I[was walking]along Park Road towards the east[when]an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
    句式：be doing something when...正在做某事就在这时……
    表达法：make a right turn朝右转弯
    ②The car didn’t stop but[drove off]at great speed[heading west]
    表达法：drive off heading west高速向西开去
    ③On the other side，[where the playground used to be]now[stands another new building-our library].
    →该句含一个由where引导的非限定性的定语从句，在此处插入，令人感到自然、得体，其中还使用了表达法‘used to be’，准确、地道。该句的后半部由一个倒装句组成，在对主语作进一步说明时，使用了破折号，语言既利落，结构又紧凑。
    ④After a short rest，we[had great fun singing]and dancing，telling jokes or stories.
    句式：have fun（in）doing sth
    ⑤The time passed quickly.[Before]we knew it，we had to say goodbye to the workers.
    →使用before译成：“还未来得及……，就”。
    ⑥My brother was riding[with]me sitting on the seat[behind].
    →该句使用with结构，其结构为[with+宾语+宾语补足语]。
    该结构的情景描述功能十分突出。此外，behind一词用作seat定语的用法也十分轻巧。
    ⑦There is[sure]to be a lot of fun.
    →在There is句式中加入be sure to等表达是十分有用的写作技巧，又如：There happened to be...There seems to be...
    　　　　三、补述的写作手法
    补述技巧是高考英语写作最重要的技巧之一，值得重视。补述分并列补述和后位补述两种。补述的特点是既可以使语言连贯，又可以收到简练、生动的效果，有时又能适时地表现当事人内心的思想活动，常用于事实表述后的情感感受，引发的感想或对事实细节补充的场合，一般会收到好的效果。
    并列补述常用并列连词and，后位补述常用分词短语作状语，which引出非限定性定语从句，以及由[with+宾语+宾语补足语]等。
    　　1.并列补述
    （1）要点1上午：学校活动
    要点2下午：游览市区
    I know the school will organize a lot of things for you to do in the morning，but in the afternoon，I’ll show you around and take you to some places of interest.
    （2）要点：大约4点离开
    Around four o’clock，we said goodbye to one another，and felt very happy on the way home.
    （3）要点：昨天我和李明参加了野外生存训练。
    Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday，and it has been one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school.
    　　2.后位补述——分词短语作状语
    用分词短语作状语，文字较为精练
    （1）要点：晚上：看电视，玩游戏，聊天
    We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV，playing games，and meeting people.
    （2）住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。
    　　3.后位补述——非限定性定语从句
    （1）The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street，which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.
    （2）It was quite an experience for us both，which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life.
    （3）At 8 o’clock in the morning，we arrived at the 712 bus station，where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors.
    （4）Staff members of the bus station and our classmates then took part in a general knowledge quiz on the Olympic Games in the afternoon，which was great fun for both sides.
    　　4.后位补述——with复合结构
    要点：住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。（注：图例含卧室一间，浴室一间，以及厨房一个。）
    It’s a small flat of 25 square metres，with a bedroom，a bathroom and a kitchen.
    　　　　四、注意使用连词and
    　　1.恰如其分地使用连词and容易收到流畅的效果
    连词and可以交代连接的双方的相互关系，如并列关系、先后关系、因果关系等。并列连词代替从属连词的特点是让读者自己去补充所连接的两部分间的逻辑联系，根据两部分的思想内容去推论，从而达到思想表达生动、有力和鲜明的修辞效果。
    （1）要点：你的美国朋友Peter正在北京一所大学学中文，你觉得他应去试一试。
    I know you like singing，and you are in Beijing during that period.I think this is a good chance for you to show your singing talent，and how well you’ve learned Chinese.
    （2）（要点）理由：去机场接人
    My uncle is returning home from France，and I have promised to meet him at the airport at 3：30 tomorrow afternoon.
    类例：It is true he is young，but/and yet he is really good at go（围棋）.
    →It is true...but...=It is true...and yet...
    =Indeed...but=Indeed...and yet（的确……，然而……）
    　　2.and表因果关系
    （1）The teacher came，and class began.
    （2）Tom is very tired，and really he should go to bed.
    并列句的修辞作用在于它把两个或几个平行或对立的相关的思想联系在一起，成一比较完整的思想，因而它比两个或几个孤立的简单句的思想内容要丰富得多，逻辑关系要清楚得多。
    　　　　五、英语逗号出现的场合、时机与提升英语作文品质
    英语逗号功能较多，用法灵活。凡逗号出现的场合和时机多体现出英语的使用习惯或固定的表达方式，值得重视。逗号的主要用法如下，并按在书面表达中的重要性排序：
    （1）插入语前须用逗号隔开
    要点：周末活动（减负后）就寝时间：10：30
    What’s more，I can go to bed earlier.
    As far as I know，everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
    （2）插入句中的however（但是），therefore（因此），indeed（的确），namely（即）等副词，或in fact（其实），in general（一般来说），in short（约言之），no doubt（无疑）等副词短语的前后要用逗号隔开。
    要点：一站地的路途
    In fact，it is only one stop.
    要点：电子贺卡传递速度快。
    Besides，it’s faster to send an elctronic card.
    要点：减负给学习和生活带来变化
    In short，things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.
    （3）分词短语做状语要用逗号隔开
    我预习好了明天的功课，便上床睡觉。
    Having prepared tomorrow’s lessons，I went to bed.
    （4）用作追述的定语从句要用逗号隔开
    学生花了93分钟，占到了大部分时间，在做作业上。表格中在接下来的一行则是看电视，占到了46分钟。
    The students put the most time—93 minutes—into their homework，and next in line is watching TV，which takes up 46 minutes.
    （5）副词短语放在句首，大多用逗号隔开
    通过这种方式，他们会更健康，精力更充沛。
    This way，they may be healthier and more energetic.
    （6）并列句和逗号
    并列句中各句的主语不同，即各句独立的话，要用逗号。
    I wonder if it is possible for the talk to be recorded，and if so，could I borrow the tape？
    主语若相同，用and连结时，不用逗号；用but连结时，要用逗号。
    He went and came back at once.他去了又马上回来。
    He went，but came back at once.他去了，但很快又回来了。
    （7）句首的副词从句用逗号隔开
    If you would like to try，you’ll have to go to the TV station to sign up before the end of June.
    提示：汉语中的逗号与在英语中的作用并非一致，英语中句与句之间的联系绝不依靠逗号，而是借助连接词。缺少连接词，句与句之间也就不存在其合理性。
    ①老师问了我一个问题，我不会回答。
    Wrong：The teacher asked me a question，I couldn’t answer it.
    Right：The teacher asked me a question,and/but I couldn’t answer it.
    ②我没出去，而是呆在家里看书。
    I didn’t go out；instead，I stayed home and read.
    ③我们捡柴火，他们搭帐篷。
    We gathered the wood and they set up the tent.
    　　　　六、书面表达写作过程提示
    阅读下面摘自“China Daily”的一则简讯，写一篇读后感。
    River Pollution
    A great deal of dead fish can be found floating on the surface of the Huaihe River because of the serious pollution this summer.In a report，Anhui Duily called on people to help protect the river against Pollution.
    要求全文包括以下内容：
    （1）这种河水污染情况，除淮河外，不少别的地区也存在。
    （2）除河水污染外，其他的污染如空气污染、土壤污染等也给人类带来灾难。
    （3）越来越多的人已开始认识到污染的严重性，政府已采取措施治理污染。
    （4）谈一谈你自己对污染问题的看法。
    Hints for Writing：（写作过程提示）
    （1）写好开头与结尾，并有某种呼应的关系，即以情绪开头，以信心结尾：
    I’m shocked...
    ……
    But we’re sure that we will win the battle against pollution in the end.It is our duty to protect the environment.
    （2）在文章正文段，使用起链接作用表达方式，使得叙事过程流畅、自然。
    这些起链接作用的表达方式隐藏在写作内容要点之间，却又是高分书面表达必不可少的手段：
    （1）As far as I know，river pollution...
    （2）Besides river pollution，there are...
    （3）Fortunately，more and more people have come to...
    （4）Though we have done a lot，we still have...
    习作：
    I’m shocked to have learnt about pollution in Huaihe River.As far as I know,river pollution exists not only in Huaihe River but also in many other rivers in our country.Besides river pollution,there are air pollution,soil pollution,sound pollution and so on.All kinds of pollution do great harm to human beings.Fortunately,more and more people have come to realize how serious the problem is.Our government has been trying to take measures to fight against pollution.Though we have done a lot,we still have a long way to go.But we’re sure that we will win the battle against pollution in the end.It is our duty to protect the environment.
    习作：
    Not only Huaihe River,but also many other rivers have been polluted seriously.Aside from water pollution,we are suffering from air pollution and soil pollution as well.I’m a little bit delighted,though,as the report claimed that Anhui Daily had called on people to help protect the river against pollution.It seems more and more people are concerned,and the government has already started some movements to protect the enviroment.The more modernized life we are living,the more civilized we should be.To reduce the pollution and make it a better place,we should throw ourselves into the battle against the pollution of all kinds,not only for ourselves,but also for the future generations.^