长沙人力资源培训中心:英语中各个时态的标志和时态间的区别

（一）一般现在时。（do/does, am/is/are, 情态动词）            a. 一般现在时表示的是客观事实或平时反复做的事情通常有频率副词always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom，once a week，every day等。            如：The earth goes around the sun.            Japan lies east of China.            He is never late for school.            He often gets up at six every day.            Cats can climb trees.            I hear they have moved into a new house.            He writes to his father once a year.            b.一般现在时还可以表示、安排好的，或即将发生的事，通常使用瞬间动词come，start，begin，return，leave等。            如：My plane leaves at 6:00 a.m..            Is there any meeting today?            The game starts at 8:00.            （二）现在进行时。（am/is/are doing）            a.现在进行时表示现在或最近正在做的事情，后面一般接延续性的动词，都表示动作没有进行完。            如：Look! The boy is dancing.            He is watching a football game.            What are you doing now?            They are preparing for the exam recently.            b.还常与always，usually，constantly，forever，continually等词连用表示一种语气，“总是，老是…”，            如：He is always working late.            Why are you always making this kind of mistake?            He is continually getting into trouble with the police.            c.后面接暂转动词时表示正在反复的动作，或表示将来时（一般只有go, come, leave和have）            如：The monkeys are jumping.            They are hitting the tree.            表将来：We are going swimming this afternoon.            They are leaving here.            They are having an English class tomorrow.            试比较：            He is doing his homework until his parents come to take him home.            He will do his homework until his parents come to take him home.            注：表示知觉、感觉、看法、认识、情感或愿望的动词和大部分暂转动词不能用现在进行时。如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, like, hate, dislike, want, love, hate, want, know, forget, remember, understand, believe, suppose, mean, wish, hope, need, believe, refuse, suppose, have, fit, seem, fear, own等            （三）现在完成时            a.现在完成时中用瞬间动词表示说话时已经完成的动作，而且这个动作对现在还有影响，句中的时间副词主要有already, yet, now, by this time, by now等；用延续动词表示过去已经开始持续到现在而且还有可能继续持续下去的动作，句中的时间副词主要有this week, in the past/last/recent few years, since…, for…。            如：He has already finished his homework.            He hasn’t arrived here yet.            They have been here for ten years.            He has waited here since he came.            *与一般过去时比较，看下面一段对话：            A: Have you seen my book? I think I have lost it.            B: Yes, I ______ (see) it on your table just now. But it ______(not be) there any longer. Where and when ______ you ______(lose) it?            A: I think I ______ (lose) it yesterday.            B: ______ you ______ (find) it?            A: ______.(Yes./No.)            b.现在完成时中的瞬间动词与延续动词的相互转化：            have finished/stopped/ended     → have been over            have started/begun              → have been on            have joined                     → have been in/a member of            have turned/become/got          → have been            have left                       → have been away from            have arrived/reached/got to     → have been            have died                       → have been dead            have married/got married to sb. → have been married to sb.            （四）一般将来时。（will/shall do, am/is/are going to do, am/is/are doing, am/is/are about to do）            a.一般将来时表示将要发生或打算做的事情，            如：He will come back in two days.            When will he give the book back to me?            It’s going to rain.            We are going to hold a sports meeting next week.            They are leaving for New York.            He is about to leave.            （五）一般过去时。（did, was/were, 情态动词过去式）            a.一般过去时表示在过去的某个时间发生的具体事情，一般都要有表示过去的时间状语，            如：He went to school by bike yesterday.            We had a good time last night.            He could count to 1000 when he was three.            He was a teacher before.            注意：在直接引语转换成间接引语时时间状语的变化：            如:He said, “I did it yesterday.”→  He said he did it the day before.            today                         → that day            yesterday                     → the/a/one day before            the day before yesterday      → 2 days before            last week                     → the week before            2 weeks ago                   → 2 week before            tomorrow                      → the next day/the day after或one/a day later            the day after tomorrow        → 2 days after/later            in a week/next week           → the next week            in 2 weeks                    →  2 weeks after/later            （六）过去进行时。（was/were doing）            a.过去进行时表示在过去的某个具体时间里正在发生的事情，            如：He was reading newspaper at seven yesterday evening.            The Smiths are watching TV at nine last night.            When he got home, his mother was cooking.            b.或过去的某段时间里持续发生的事情，            如：I was studying English in London from 1990 to 1992.            He was washing the dishes from seven o’clock to seven thirty.            （七）过去完成时            a.表示在过去的一个动作之前就已经完成的动作，即过去之过去。注意与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时必须要有具体的时间状语。            如：The train had left before she got to the station.            They had learnt 2000 words by the end of last month.            He had been a doctor for 3 years before he came here.            He got back the book that he had left in the classroom.            No sooner had he got to the cinema than the film began.            Hardly had he got to the cinema when the film began.            注意：如果两个或几个动作连续发生且衔接紧密时用一连串的一般过去式即可。            如：He locked the door and went away.            Mr.Smith went to the market, bought some flowers and went to see his friends.            He sent a telegraph home before he left Paris.            （八）过去将来时。（would/should, was/were going to do, was/were doing）            a.过去将来时表示在过去某时就打算做的事情，或相对于过去将要发生的事情。            如：They were going swimming when I met them.            He said he would go to New York.            Yesterday he said it was going to rain, but it didn’t.            （九）复合时态。高中阶段所学到的复合时态主要有：完成进行时，将来完成时和将来进行时。            A.完成进行时表示到目前为止一直在做某事。过去完成进行时还可以表示刚刚结束的进行动作。            如：He has been painting the house the whole morning.            They have been promising us to rise our salary these years.            They had been doing their homework for 3 hours before I came.            I asked him what he had just been doing?            He had just been sleeping before I got there.            B.将来完成时表示，到将来某时即将结束的动作。            如：We will have learnt 3000 English words by the end of next term.            They will have finished it by 12:00 tomorrow.            C.将来进行时表示将来某时正在进行的动作。            如：We will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.            She will be waiting there at 8 a.m. if you ask her to.

区别：

一、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别
      (1) 现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。如：
                           I’m reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情)
                            I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为)

       (2) 现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表示动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如：
                            What are you doing these days? 这几天你在干什么？
                             They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学英语。
                              They read English every day. 他们每天读英语。
                              They play volleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。

        (3) 表示短促动作的动词(如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如：
                             The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子们在那边跳。
                              His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得很快。

        (4) 某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如：
                              I’m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你现在能否帮我们一下。
                               I’m hoping that you will succeed.希望你能成功。

二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
         (1) 过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如：
                               He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)
                               He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)

         (2) 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：
                               I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。

        (3) 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情色彩。如：
                                 He always got up at six. 他过去总是6点起床。
                                 He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想着工作。

        (4) 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：
                                 I thought that he would agree with us. 我认为他会同意我们的观点。
                                  I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想要说服他接受我们的建议。

三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
               现在完成时强调动作的结果对现在的影响，属于现在时的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间，属于过去时的范畴。因此，过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用，而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用。如：
                                  I read the book two weeks ago. 我两周前读了这本书。
                                 I have read the book for two weeks. 这本书我读了两周了。

四、现在完成时与现在进行时
                 现在完成时强调动作持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去，或动作刚结束；而现在进行时只强调目前的状态。如：
                                They have talked for about two hours. 他们谈了大约两个小时。(强调动作的持续)
                                 They are talking. 他们在谈话。 (强调目前的状态)

五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
                (1) 过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即：过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。如：
                               He studied there two years ago. 他在那儿学习了两年。(离现在两年)
                                 He said he had studied there two years ago. 他说他在那儿学习了两年。(离他说话时两年)
                   (2) 表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and, then, but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。如：
                                He said he went the shop and bought some food. 他说他去商店买了一些食品。

六、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
                  (1) 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。如：
                                 He has changed his idea. 他改变了想法。

                    (2) 在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行时。如：
                                 We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习两年了。

                     (3) 有些延续性动词(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等)，用于现在完成时或现在完成进行时的区别不大。如：
                                 I have lived here for many years.

                              =I have been living here for many years. 我在这儿住了多年了