腹痛病美男小腹剧痛:长相靓丽的人确实更聪明

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一个人的智商高低与他的外表的魅力有联系吗?如果有, 有多大的联系?科学家是如何看待这个问题的?

长相靓丽的人确实更聪明
Intelligence is just as strongly correlated with beauty as with education

智力确实像教育一样与长相靓丽有着密切的关系

Published on December 12, 2010

2010年12月12日发表

Beautiful people have higher intelligence than ugly people, especially if they are men.

长相靓丽的人比长相难看的人确实有更高的智商,特别如果他们是男士。

In a previous post, I show, using an American sample from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, that physically more attractive people are more intelligent.  As I explain in a subsequent post, the association between physical attractiveness and intelligence may be due to one of two reasons.  Genetic quality may be a common cause for both (such that genetically healthier people are simultaneously more beautiful and more intelligent).  Alternatively, the association may result from a cross-trait assortative mating, where more intelligent and higher status men of greater resources marry more beautiful women.  Because both intelligence and physical attractiveness are highly heritable, their children will be simultaneously more beautiful and more intelligent.  Regardless of the reason for the association, the new evidence suggests that the association between physical attractiveness and general intelligence may be much stronger than we previously thought.

我在以前的帖子中说过,从美国青少年健康纵向研究的抽取检查中发现,外形上更有魅力的人更加聪明。在随后的帖子中我解释了原因,外型上有魅力与智商之间的关系或许归咎两个原因之一。基因的特性或许是产生两者有联系的主要原因(基因比较健康的人同样更加有魅力更加有智慧)。另外一种说法是,这种结合源于一种多样性的选择婚配,在这种婚配中,更聪明的、有更多资源具有更高地位的男士选择与更有魅力的女士结婚。因为智力和外形上的吸引力有很高地遗传性,他们的孩子也会同样的更加有魅力更具有智慧。不去说这种结合的原因,新的证据表明外表有魅力的人和一般智商的人结婚可能比我们以前认为的要更好。

The National Child Development Study (NCDS) includes all babies born during the week of 03-09 March 1958 in Great Britain (England, Wales, and Scotland), and has followed them for more than half a century throughout their lives.  When they were 7 and again when they were 11, their teachers were asked to describe the children physically.  For the purpose of the analysis below, the children are defined to be attractive if they were described as attractive at both age 7 and age 11.  They were defined to be unattractive otherwise.  62% of the NCDS respondents are coded as attractive.  Their intelligence is measured with 11 different cognitive tests at three different ages (7, 11, and 16).  NCDS has the best measure of general intelligence available in any large-scale survey data.

国家儿童发育研究了包括所有在1958年3月3日--9日这个星期内出生在英国的婴儿(英格兰、威尔士以及苏格兰),而且一生跟踪研究他们长达半个多世纪之久。当他们7岁, 11岁时,这项研究要求他们的老师描述这些孩子的体征。目的是为了接下来的分析, 如果这些孩子在7岁和11岁时均被描述为有魅力,那么这些孩子就被定义为外型上有魅力。否则,就被定义为外形不具有魅力。62%调查对象被编码定义为有魅力。他们的智商在3个不同的年龄(7岁、11岁和16岁)用11种不同的认知测试形式进行了测试。国家儿童发育研究在大范围调查数据中使用了最好的检测智商的方法。

As the graph below shows, attractive NCDS respondents are significantly more intelligent than unattractive NCDS respondents.  Attractive NCDS respondents have the mean IQ of 104.23, whereas unattractive NCDS respondents have the mean IQ of 91.81.  The difference between them is 12.42.  This mean difference implies a correlation coefficient of r = .381, which is reasonably large in any survey data.

正如下面这个图表显示的一样, 外形有魅力的调查对象毫无疑问地比外形没有魅力的调查对象更加聪明。有魅力的调查者IQ的平均值是104.23, 而没有魅力的调查者的IQ平均值是91.81。两者之间的差是12.42. 这就是说差距暗示了一个相关系数 r=.381,这在任何调查中无疑都是一个很大的系数差。

By pure coincidence, the correlation between physical attractiveness and intelligence in NCDS is exactly the same, down to the third decimal point, as the correlation between intelligence and education.  Both correlations are .381.  Everybody knows that intelligence and education are very highly correlated.  What they don’t know is that physical attractiveness is equally highly correlated with intelligence as education is.  If you want to estimate someone’s intelligence without giving them an IQ test, you would do just as well to base your estimate on their physical attractiveness as you would to base it on their years of education.

就是有这种纯粹的巧合,调查中发现,外型有魅力和智商之间的相关系数与智商和后天的教育之间的相关系数是相当一直,到第三位小数点后。两个系数是.381。众所周知智力和教育是密不可分的。但是,人们不知道的是外形上有魅力就像教育一样对智力而言一样密不可分。如果你不想用IQ测试他们而只是估计他们的智商, 你就可以根据他们的外型上的魅力来评估他们的智商。

As the following two graphs show, the association between physical attractiveness and intelligence is stronger among men than among women.  In the NCDS sample, the attractive women have a mean IQ of 103.64, and the unattractive women have a mean IQ of 92.25.  The difference between them is 11.39.  This mean difference implies a correlation coefficient of r = .351.

下面的两个图表显示,外形上有魅力与智商之间的关系,对男士比对女士影响更大一些。在抽查的例子中,靓丽的女士平均智商是103.64,不靓丽的女士平均智商是92.25。这之间的差是11.39。这个平均差意味着相关系数是r=.351。

In contrast, the attractive men in the NCDS sample have a mean IQ of 105.00, and the unattractive men have a mean IQ of 91.39.  The difference between them is 13.61, which is almost one full standard deviation in the IQ distribution (σ = 15).  This mean difference implies a correlation coefficient of r = .414, which is very large in any survey data.

与之相反的是,在抽查中,有魅力的男士平均智商是105.00,没有魅力的男士平均智商是91.39。这之间的差是13.61,这差不多是智商分布中的一个标准偏差(=15)。这个平均差意味着相关系数是r=.414,这在任何一种调查数据中都是很大的值。

Now, given that it was the children’s teacher who was asked to assess their physical attractiveness, there is a possibility of a halo effect, where teachers believe that better, more intelligent students are physically more attractive.  The halo-effect explanation for the association between physical attractiveness and intelligence, however, runs into three different problems.  First, it presumes that the judgment of physical attractiveness is arbitrary and subjective.  As I explain in an earlier post, however, beauty is not in the eye of the beholder; it is an objective, quantifiable trait of someone like height or weight.  Second, as I note in the previous post, the association between beauty and intelligence has been found in the American Add Health sample, where physical attractiveness of the respondents is assessed by the interviewer who is unaware of their intelligence.

现在,鉴于是由孩子们的老师评价了他们在外形上有魅力,就有可能带有一定的成见效应,因为老师相信成绩较好、比较聪明的学生是那些外型上有魅力的学生。这就使得对外型上有魅力与智商之间关系的成见效应的解释陷入三种不同的问题之中。第一种,对外型上魅力的判断是随意的而且是主观的。然而,正如我在以前的贴子中解释的一样,美丽不是主观的;它是客观的,是可以计量的特质,比如:身高、体重。第二种,我在以前的解释中说道,魅力与智商之间的关系已经在美国健康抽取样品中发现,由面试者只评估调查者外型上魅力,他们并不知道被调查者的智商是多少。

Most importantly, however, the halo-effect explanation simply leads to another question:  Where does the teachers' belief that more intelligent students are more attractive come from?  The notion that more intelligent individuals are physically more attractive is a stereotype, and, just like all other stereotypes, it is empirically true, as both the American and British data show.  Teachers (and everyone else in society) believe that more intelligent individuals are physically more attractive because they are.

但是,更重要的是,这种成见效应的解释只能导致另一个问题:就是老师们认为的聪明的学生更有魅力的想法是从何而来?聪明的学生外型上很有魅力的想法是立体的、综合的。与其他的成见一样,是以经验为主的,这一点在美国和英国的调查数据中均有显示。老师(社会上的其他人也是如此)相信聪明学生外型上有魅力因为这些学生确实很有魅力。